纳滤膜孔径对沼液超滤透过液养分富集与膜污染行为的影响

超滤（ultrafiltration，UF）能有效浓缩沼液，但透过液中仍含有大量养分，可进一步采用纳滤（nanofiltration，NF）等精密膜浓缩利用。NF膜的孔径会直接影响膜的截留特性和通量，从而影响浓缩性能。为了探究NF膜孔径对沼液浓缩过程养分富集效果和膜污染行为的影响，该研究以鸡粪沼液的UF透过液为研究对象，分别采用800 D、500 D、100 D的NF膜（平均膜孔径分别为2.0、1.0、0.5 nm）进行浓缩，重点分析养分截留效果和膜污染特征。结果表明：不同孔径的NF膜均能高效截留化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand，COD）和总磷（total phosphorus，TP），截留率可达68%以上，但对总氮（total nitrogen，TN）和总钾（total potassium，TK）的截留较低，仅为19%～35%。随着膜孔径降低，NF对COD、TN、TP、TK的截留效果略有提高，但整体差异不明显。不同孔径NF膜在沼液浓缩过程均出现了明显的水通量降低。与1.0 nm的NF膜相比，0.5 nm膜较小的孔径和2.0 nm膜较大的初始通量均会导致膜表面有机-无机致密污染层的形成，从而造成水通量快速降低；而1.0 nm膜表面形成的以无机晶体为主的污染层较为疏松，通量下降较为缓慢。综合养分截留效果和水通量变化规律，确定孔径为1.0 nm的NF膜更适用于浓缩沼液的UF透过液，研究结果可为推动沼液膜浓缩的发展与工程应用提供理论与技术支撑。     

纳滤膜法处理阿斯巴甜高含盐有机废水试验

为获取纳滤膜法处理阿斯巴甜高含盐有机废水的最佳操作工艺参数,建立了阿斯巴甜高含盐有机废水纳滤膜处理试验平台。对不同操作压力（1.6、2.0、2.4、2.8、3.2 MPa）、不同pH值（2、3、6、8、10）、不同温度（30、35、40、45、50 ℃）和不同进液流速（0.02、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 m/s）条件下,纳滤膜处理阿斯巴甜高含盐废水的膜通量、体积浓缩比、氯化钠去除率、氨基酸截留率和氨基酸回收率特性进行了试验研究。研究表明：采用纳滤膜处理阿斯巴甜高含盐有机废水,操作压力,温度、pH值和进液流速对纳滤膜的分离性能有不同程度的影响,试验得出的最佳操作压力为2.4 MPa,pH值为6,进液温度为40 ℃,进液流速为0.1 m/s,在该操作参数下,纳滤膜运行3 h,平均膜通量为21.5 L/（m2·h）,体积浓缩比为5.9,氯化钠去除率为96%,有机物L-苯丙氨酸和L-天冬氨酸截留率分别为89%和77%,L-苯丙氨酸和L-天冬氨酸回收率分别为90.6%和80.3%。试验研究为高含盐有机废水处理的工业应用提供了基础。     

纳滤技术对干酪乳清脱盐性能的影响

为了开发经济可行的乳清脱盐技术,提高乳清产品品质及其附加值,该研究采用截留液全循环连续错流纳滤操作装置对干酪甜乳清进行纳滤脱盐处理。考察了不补水纳滤浓缩及不同补水透析方式对乳清脱盐率的影响,以脱盐率为指标进行工艺优化,选取适宜的脱盐操作工艺。结果表明,在1.1 MPa的操作压力下,控制溶液温度为30℃,系统流量为4.5 L/min,纳滤至体积浓缩比（VCR）为1.5时,以渗透速率向截留液中补充等同于浓缩液体积的去离子水,在相同的纳滤时间内,脱盐效果较好。纳滤乳清经喷雾干燥后,相对原料乳清粉脱除了45%的盐分,乳清蛋白和乳糖基本完全截流。     

中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白工艺及膜清洗方案

以燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度、浓缩效率及膜通量恢复率为指标,优化了中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白的工艺参数及膜的清洗方案。在温度35℃、压力0.02 MPa、pH值=8、流量25 L/h条件下利用MOF503分离经滤纸预处理的燕麦蛋白提取液,燕麦蛋白回收率、总糖清除率、膜的污染度及浓缩效率分别为80.3%、79.5%、41%、 43.5 L/(m2·h),同时,若采用分批超滤方式并辅以定期在线负压反冲清洗更有利于MOF503超滤处理燕麦蛋白提取液;通过物理和化学清洗方法对MOF503清洗效果的研究,表明物理清洗中的负压反冲清洗效果要明显优于等压水力清洗,化学清洗中HCl(pH值=2)和NaOH+H2O2+HCl比其他的效果要好,若物理和化学清洗协同作用,可使MOF503膜通量恢复率达94.74%。该研究表明利用中空纤维膜分离燕麦蛋白是可行的,并且将为膜分离蛋白的研究提供一定的技术依据。     

利用苹果浓缩汁生产中的蒸发冷凝水制备营养水饮品

为再利用苹果冷凝水,该文以苹果浓缩汁实际生产中的蒸发冷凝水为原料,采用化学及仪器分析方法确定其成分组成与含量;在此基础上利用超滤、反渗透等膜分离技术手段对其进行净化和营养物质的浓缩,继而将此冷凝水开发成一种天然的植物水饮料。试验结果表明：苹果浓缩汁生产中的冷凝水其还原糖、总酸、香气成分、总酚质量浓度依次为150、98.5、166、1.046μg/mL;未检出铅、砷、汞,而嗜酸耐热菌超标,为43 CFU/100mL,但采用超滤膜分离技术（40℃,0.06 MPa）可去除苹果冷凝水中的嗜酸耐热菌,使其含量小于1 CFU/100mL;采用反渗透膜分离技术（0.5 MPa、5℃）可使苹果汁加工的冷凝水中营养成分浓缩,对还原糖、总酸、香气、总酚成分的截留率分别为95.07%、97.61%、87.71%、94.52%;以此浓缩液为原料,再适量添加维生素B和C即可制备富含苹果香气的营养水饮品。研究结果可为苹果浓缩汁企业再利用其浓缩工序的蒸发冷凝水和节约水资源提供思路以及试验基础数据。     

γ射线辐照协同水热处理制备油茶壳低聚木糖的工艺研究

为采用低成本、可再生的农林生物质制备高价值低聚木糖以提升木质纤维素生物炼制经济效益,本研究以茶油加工副产物油茶壳为原料,选择吸收剂量(A)、水热处理温度(B)、水热处理时间(C)和固液比(D)4个因素,以低聚木糖转化率为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化γ射线辐照协同水热处理油茶壳制备低聚木糖的工艺条件。单因素试验结果表明,油茶壳低聚木糖转化率随吸收剂量、固液比的增加而逐渐升高,随着水热处理温度的升高、反应时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势。正交试验优化得出,各因素对油茶壳低聚木糖转化率影响的主次顺序为A>B>D>C,综合考虑确定最优工艺条件为A₂B₃C₁D₂,即吸收剂量400 kGy、水热处理温度200℃、水热处理时间20 min、固液比1∶10 g·mL^-1,此条件下的油茶壳制备低聚木糖转化率为74.33%,比对照提高22.61个百分点。本研究为油茶壳资源高值化制备低聚木糖提供了技术参考。     

超滤膜分离纯化花生壳中水溶性膳食纤维

为探索花生壳中水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)的有效分离纯化方法和效果,选择适宜的膜组件,采用不同截留分子量的超滤膜以及优化膜分离过程的操作条件,对SDF提取液进行超滤分离,试验结果表明:选用PS-30聚砜膜,在压力为0.08MPa、料液比为1:75g/mL、温度为30℃时,分离纯化效果最为显著。其中,膜通量达到127.2L/(m2·h)、SDF的得率达到67.56%,非淀粉多糖(NSP)的质量分数由49.85%提高到92.36%,蛋白质量分数从5.53%降到0.92%。与传统的提取法比较,超滤膜分离纯化花生壳水溶性膳食纤维具有生产周期短,成本低,产品纯度高等优点。     

超滤-反渗透组合膜分离偶联真空浓缩鸡骨素中试

该研究以鸡骨素为原料,中试条件下对比分析了真空浓缩与2种膜组合偶联真空浓缩工艺的优劣。通过测定真空浓缩工艺的浓缩速率和水分去除率,微滤-反渗透和超滤-反渗透组合膜的膜通量、物料损失率、干物质损失率和蛋白损失率,研发了梯度膜分离与真空浓缩偶联的新型骨素浓缩工艺并进行了中试研究。结果显示:真空浓缩前期60 min内可溶性固形物含量升高缓慢,浓缩速率低,耗能大;微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜分离的物料损失率为0.5%、6.25%、4%、7.1%,干物质损失率为1.6%、19.4%、22.4%、20%,蛋白质损失率分别为35.8%、25.7%、22%、16%,膜通量衰减速率与膜孔径呈现负相关;膜组合结果表明超滤-反渗透膜组合能够提高反渗透膜通量,显著减少物料损失和干物质损失(P0.01)。中试结果表明,超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩工艺耗时110 min,耗资27.85元,耗煤11.018 8 kg,污染气体SO2和NOx的排放量分别为0.010 1 kg和0.014 6 kg。超滤-反渗透-真空浓缩新型工艺缩短了浓缩时间,降低了生产成本,污染气体的排放显著(P0.01)减少,一定程度上实现了节能减排,可以作为一种新型工艺用于鸡骨素浓缩生产。     

玉米籽皮稀酸水解液脱毒发酵制备丁二酸的可行性

丁二酸是一种重要的碳四平台化合物,利用非粮生物质替代淀粉制备丁二酸可保证粮食安全并降低原料成本。玉米籽皮是一种廉价的非粮生物质,该文采用稀酸水解玉米籽皮制备混合糖液,并对玉米籽皮稀酸水解液的脱毒条件进行了优化,优化结果为：活性炭用量1%（m/V）、pH4.0、作用温度30℃、作用时间30 min。在此工艺条件下,水解液的脱色率为92.27%,糠醛脱除率75%,5-羟甲基糠醛脱除率53%,多酚类化合物脱除率98%,总糖损失低于5%。经过脱毒处理后,产琥珀酸放线杆菌 NJ113均能利用水解液中的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖,培养基总糖浓度为50 g/L时,丁二酸分批发酵的质量收率可达0.68 g/g,浓度可达34.2 g/L,生产强度达0.83 g/(L·h),总糖浓度为68.2 g/L时,丁二酸质量收率仍可达0.62 g/g,浓度42.3 g/L,生产强度0.98 g/(L·h)。发酵试验表明脱毒的玉米籽皮稀酸水解液作为碳源厌氧发酵制备丁二酸具有可行性。     

酪蛋白胶束粉的陶瓷膜分离生产工艺

为尽快建立酪蛋白胶束粉(micellar casein concentrate, MCC)的中试生产线,实现MCC在国内的工业化生产,该研究通过测定牛乳蛋白粒径,选取孔径40和100 nm的中空纤维陶瓷膜进行膜分离效果的对比,并选用膜分离效果较佳的陶瓷膜进行最佳操作参数的确定及稀释过滤工艺的研究,最后将自制MCC和进口MCC进行品质特性对比并分析其工业化生产的可能性.结果表明:孔径40 nm中空纤维陶瓷膜与孔径100 nm中空纤维陶瓷膜相比,渗透液中不含酪蛋白,能够减少酪蛋白损失,更适合于酪蛋白和乳清蛋白的分离,孔径40nm中空纤维陶瓷膜的最佳操作参数为操作压力2×105 Pa,料液温度50℃;采用四段式的连续稀释过滤工艺,可使料液中酪蛋白占真蛋白的比例从69.39%提升至93.34%,真蛋白占干物质的比例从38.45%提升至88.15%;稀释过滤完毕后膜的纯水通量衰减了39.98%,经生物酶清洗液清洗后膜的纯水通量恢复至初始的98.02%;自制MCC在成分组成上与加拿大Proteinco公司生产的MCC相比差异不显著(p<0.05),但在溶解度和粉粒的微观形态上优于Proteinco MCC;生产1 kg MCC需要原料乳46.24 L,成本为244.58元,可实现其国内工业化生产.研究结果为实现MCC在国内工业化生产及其应用性研究提供参考.     

Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks

Xylooligosaccharide (XO) production was performed from xylan, which was obtained by alkali extraction from cotton stalk, a major agricultural waste in Turkey. Enzymatic hydrolysis was selected to prevent byproduct formation such as xylose and furfural. Xylan was hydrolyzed using a commercial xylanase preparation, and the effects of pH, temperature, hydrolysis period, and substrate and enzyme concentrations on the XO yield and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. Cotton stalk contains about 21% xylan, the composition of which was determined as 84% xylose, 7% glucose, and 9% uronic acid after complete acid hydrolysis. XOs in the DP range of 2-7 (X6 approximately X5>X2>X3) were obtained with minor quantities of xylose in all of the hydrolysis conditions used. Although after 24 h of hydrolysis at 40 degrees C, the yield was about 53%, the XO production rate leveled off after 8-24 h of hydrolysis. XO yield was affected by all of the parameters investigated; however, none of them affected the DP of the end product significantly, except the hydrolysis period. Enzyme hydrolysis was maintained by the addition of fresh substrate after 72 h of hydrolysis, indicating the persistence of enzyme activity. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as 40 degrees C, pH 5.4, and 2% xylan. The obtained product was fractionated via ultrafiltration by using 10, 3, and 1 kDa membranes. Complete removal of xylanase and unhydrolyzed xylan was achieved without losing any oligosaccharides having DP 5 or smaller by 10 kDa membrane. After a two-step membrane processing, a permeate containing mostly oligosaccharides was obtained.     

Chelating resin membrane method for estimation of soil cadmium phytoavailability

Abstract

A metal chelating exchange resin membrane was used to extract soil cadmium (Cd) and to evaluate the plant uptake of Cd from soils. Eight soils with widely varying properties and Cd levels were tested. Soil suspensions (4 g in 40 mL deionized water) were equilibrated with 5 cm² Ca‐Chelex membrane which was retained inside a polypropylene bag and shaken at 150 rpm for 24 hrs. Resin membrane extractable Cd of the soils were correlated with Cd uptake by young wheat seedlings grown in these soils and compared with soil Cd extracted by several commonly used chemical extractants. The amounts of Cd extracted by the Ca‐Chelex membrane from all tested soils were correlated with those absorbed by young wheat seedlings or those extracted by the tested chemical extractants. The Ca‐Chelex membrane extractable Cd of the soil, however, had the strongest correlation with plant uptake Cd. It was demonstrated that the Ca‐Chelex membrane extraction is an appropriate method in estimating Cd phytoavailability of soil and is applicable to a wide range of soils.     

Antioxidant and membrane effects of procyanidin dimers and trimers isolated from peanut and cocoa

The antioxidant and membrane effects of dimer (Dim) and trimer (Trim) procyanidins isolated from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (B- and C-bonded) and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) skin (A-bonded) were evaluated in phosphatidyl choline liposomes. When liposomes were oxidized with a steady source of oxidants, the above dimers and trimers inhibited to a similar extent lipid oxidation in a concentration (0.33-5 microM)-dependent manner. With respect to membrane effects, Dim A1, Dim B, Trim A, and Trim C increased (Dim A1 = Dim B and Trim A = Trim C), while Dim A2 decreased, membrane surface potential. All of the procyanidins tested decreased membrane fluidity as determined by fluorescent probes at the water-lipid interface, an effect that extended into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer. Both dimers and trimers protected the lipid bilayer from disruption by Triton X-100. The magnitude of the protection was Dim A1 > Dim A2 > Dim B and Trim C > Trim A. Thus, dimers and trimers can interact with membrane phospholipids, presumably with their polar headgroup. As a consequence of this interaction, they can provide protection against the attack of oxidants and other molecules that challenge the integrity of the bilayer.     

Moving toward a more physiological model: application of mucin to refine the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system

The objective of this study was to determine if a combination of commercially available mucin and an 8 microm microporous membrane insert can be used to replace the 15 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) dialysis membrane used in an established in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system. Although the current model with the 15 kDa membrane correlates well with human studies, use of mucin may improve the system as the mucus layer is suspected to play a physiological role in Fe absorption. Use of mucin may also enable more complete assessment of iron bioavailability from large molecular weight forms of Fe such as heme and ferritin Fe. A range of foods or Fe (i.e., FeCl(3) +/- ascorbic acid, cooked beef, red bean, white bean, soybean, horse spleen ferritin and plant-type ferritin) were subjected to in vitro digestion. In the presence of mucin, significantly more Fe was taken up from the heme Fe (86%) and ferritin (91%) samples and significantly less Fe was taken up from the white bean samples ( approximately 70%) relative to the 15 kDa membrane. The results indicated that the forms of iron interact with mucin. The mucus layer has a significant effect on Fe uptake. Further refinement and characterization of the mucin method is needed before it can be deemed to be a suitable replacement for the dialysis membrane.     

A Comparative Study of Batch and Continuous Bulk Liquid Membranes in the Removal and Recovery of Cu(II) Ions from Wastewater

The aim of this work was to compare the performance between a batch bulk liquid membrane (BBLM) and a continuous bulk liquid membrane (CBLM) in the removal and recovery of Cu(II) ions from wastewater. Effects of operating parameters affecting the resistance of Cu(II) ion transfer such as stirring speeds of phases in BBLM, flow rates of phases through CBLM and operating temperature of both BBLM and CBLM on the removal and recovery of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions were explored. The variations in Reynolds number and thickness of boundary layer of all phases with stirring speed in BBLM and with flow rate in CBLM, as well as changes in the viscosity of membrane phase with temperature in both BBLM and CBLM were also investigated. A comparison of performance between BBLM and CBLM in the treatment of real industrial wastewater was also conducted and evaluated. It was found that BBLM achieved higher extraction (removal) and stripping (recovery) of Cu(II) ions of up to 16% than CBLM over the range of experimental conditions studied. Both BBLM and CBLM were found to remove and recover Cu(II) ions effectively from real industrial wastewater.     

利用集成膜工艺澄清与浓缩紫甘蓝花青素

为实现紫甘蓝花青素活性成分水提液的高效浓缩,该文集成了超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜技术澄清、浓缩紫甘蓝花青素水提液的工艺。采用"总循环模式"和"批处理模式"研究优化操作工艺。测定总花青素、pH值、总可溶性固形物和颜色指标。澄清工艺中:无机陶瓷超滤膜效果较好,较佳工艺为:陶瓷膜、跨膜压力0.3MPa、循环流量40L/min。浓缩工艺中:纳滤膜工作效率略高于反渗透膜,纳滤和反渗透较佳参数分别为跨膜压力1.0MP、循环流量25L/min,跨膜压力1.47MPa、循环流量10L/min。2种工艺均可得到品质优越的花青素浓缩产品。因此逐级膜过滤可利用于花青素的澄清和浓缩,为天然活性成分水提物的非热澄清及浓缩产业化生产提供参考。     

Lipoxygenase distribution in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) berries

In this paper lipoxygenase (LOX) presence was investigated in coffee berries to determine its involvement in lipid degradative metabolism of plants grown in organic and conventional cultivations. An immunochemical analysis has evidenced a ca. 80 kDa protein, cross-reacting with an anti-LOX antibody, only in the pulp fraction of berries obtained from plants of both cultivations. LOX activity in this fraction could be monitored either as conjugated diene formation or reaction products (determined by HPLC) and was mainly associated with a heavy membrane fraction (HMF, enriched in tonoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and mitochondria) and a light membrane fraction (LMF, enriched in plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, with low levels of tonoplast and mitochondria). The LOX activity of LMF from berries of both cultivations showed an optimum at pH 8.0. The HMF exhibited a different activity peak in samples from conventional (pH 8.0) and organic (pH 5.5) cultures, suggesting the presence of different isoenzymes. These findings were also confirmed by variation of the ratio of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides in organic (1:1) and conventional cultivations (1:10), indicating that the organic one was subjected to an oxidative stress in the coffee pulp fraction leading to the expression of an acidic LOX. Such de novo synthesized LOX activity could be responsible for the production of secondary metabolites, which may interfere with the organoleptic profile of coffee.     

Interaction of antioxidant biobased epicatechin conjugates with biomembrane models

(-)-Epicatechin conjugates with sulfur-containing moieties are strong free radical scavengers with cell-protecting activities, which may be in part modulated by their capacity to bind to biological membranes. We present here a study of the interaction of these conjugates with membrane models such as multilamellar vesicles and a phospholipid-coated silica column (immobilized artificial membrane), monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The nonpolyphenolic moiety significantly influenced the membrane behavior of the whole molecules. Bulky and hydrophobic conjugates clearly interacted with the phospholipids and may have a tendency to penetrate into the hydrophobic core of the vesicles. In contrast, the smaller cationic 4beta-(2-aminoethylthio)epicatechin may be located at the outer interface of the lipid membrane. The outcomes from both experimental set-ups were in good agreement. The differences detected in the biological activities of the conjugates may be explained in part by their tendency to penetrate the cell membrane.     

Interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with watermelon chromoplasts and examination of the organization of lycopene within the chromoplasts

The properties of plant-derived precipitates of watermelon lycopene were examined in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as part of an ongoing effort to develop simpler, more economical ways to quantify carotenoids in melon fruit. Levels of SDS >0.2% were found to increase the water solubility of lycopene in the state in which it was isolated from watermelon. Electron microscopy and chemical analyses suggested that the watermelon lycopene as isolated is packaged inside a membrane to form a chromoplast. Spectral peaks in the visible region of the watermelon chromoplasts in SDS exhibited a bathochromic shift from those in organic solvent. Watermelon chromoplasts in SDS exhibited pronounced circular dichroic activity in the visible region. Binding measurements indicated that about 120 molecules of SDS were bound per molecule of lycopene inside the chromoplast; likely, the detergent molecules are bound to the chromoplast membrane. Around 80% of the chromoplast-SDS complexes were retained on a 0.45 mum membrane filter. Together, these observations are consistent with lycopene in a J-type chiral arrangement inside a membrane to form a chromoplast. The binding of SDS molecules to the chromoplast membrane form a complex that is extensively more water-soluble than the chromoplast alone.