烟台浅海区不同养殖系统养殖效果的比较

于１９９８年４月５日至６月２３日,在山东烟台市四十里湾海区进行了３种养殖模式养殖效果比较的模拟实验。在该海区岸边建立了栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）单养,栉孔扇贝和海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）混养,栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）混养等３个系列、９个养殖系统和１个对照系统（５．０ｍ＊２．０ｍ＊１．０ｍ,日换水量１００％）,进行对比实验。     

菲律宾蛤仔和栉孔扇贝的呼吸与排泄研究

对菲律之后人蛤仔和栉孔扇贝的呼吸与排泄进行了实验研究。结果表明：温度和贝体重对两种贝类的耗氧率的氨排泄率都有明显的影响，且两者间存在着交互作用。菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率（Ｑｏ，ｍｇ／ｇ／ｈ）和氨排泄率（ＱＮ，μｇ／ｇ／ｈ）与温度（Ｔ，℃）（Ｗ，ｇ）存在下列关系：Ｑｏ＝０．３０７Ｗ＾－０．７３８ １．００４＾Ｔ，ＱＮ＝７．８４１Ｗ＾－０．９１９ ０．９９０＾Ｔ；栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和氨排泄率与温度、湿重存在下     

烟台四十里湾栉孔扇贝、海带和刺参负荷力的模拟测定

利用模拟养殖系统,实测了四十里湾海区对栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｉ）、海带（Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）和刺参（Ａｐｏｓｔｉｃｈｏｐｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）的负荷力。结果表明,模拟养殖系统,单养和贝藻参混养系统对栉孔扇贝的负荷力分别为１８４．６和２０１．７ｇ／ｍ＾２;混养系统对海带和刺参的负荷力分别为１０６．８和７４７．７ｇ／ｍ＾２。该海区对单养和贝藻参混养系统栉孔扇贝的负荷     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝不同养殖方式及适宜养殖水层研究

在桑沟湾内，对栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓ（Ａｚｕｍａｐｅｃｔｅｎ）ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ（ＪｏｎｅｓｅｔＰｒｅｓｔｏｎ）的笼养与串耳养殖等不同养殖方式及不同水层（１ｍ、２ｍ、３ｍ、４ｍ）的养殖效果进行了综合试验和分析。结果表明：（１）串耳养殖的扇贝平均壳高增长比笼养扇贝生长快，两种方式效果差异极明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）串耳养殖方式以２ｍ为最佳养殖水层，其次为１ｍ和３ｍ，４ｍ水层最差，而且２ｍ与４ｍ的养殖效果存在明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）笼养方式的最佳水层为４ｍ，其养殖效果依次为４ｍ＞１ｍ＞３ｍ和２ｍ。试验显示，在不同的养殖方式下，栉孔扇贝最佳生长的养殖水层是不同的。本文还对产生这一差异的原因进行了分析讨论     

桑沟湾海水养殖现状评估及优化措施

桑沟湾湾内外海带现养殖总水面为７５００ｈｍ＾２，平均养殖量为９００ｋｇ／１５００ｍ＾２左右，平均养殖容量约为６００ｋｇ／１５００ｍ＾２，养殖量高于养殖平均容量约５０％。该湾栉孔扇贝现养殖总量为２０亿粒，平均养殖密度为５０粒／ｍ＾２。与养殖容量相比，壳高３￣４ｃｍ的孔扇贝的养殖密度尚未达到其养殖容量，有进一步增加养殖密度的潜力；壳高４￣５ｃｍ的中等大小的栉孔扇贝的养殖密度已基本增加密度的潜力；壳高４     

杂交鲫（白鲫♀×散鳞镜鲤）及其双亲染色体组型的研究

采用ＰＨＡ和秋水仙素体内注射法制备杂交鲫（Ｆ１）及其双亲的染色体。结果表明，白鲫染色体的２ｎ＝１００，其组型是２ｎ＝２０ｍ＋２８ｓｍ＋３８ｓｔ＋１４ｔ，ＮＦ＝１４８；散鳞镜鲤的２ｎ＝１００，组型是２ｎ＝２０ｍ＋２６ｓｍ＋３０ｓｔ＋２４ｔ，ＮＦ＝１４６；杂交鲫的２ｎ＝１００，组型是２ｎ＝２０ｍ＋２７ｓｍ＋３４ｓｔ＋１９ｔ，ＮＦ＝１４７．经分析比较证实，杂交鲫的染色体是由双亲各提供一组单倍体而组成的。此外，在受检的２０尾杂交鲫中存在一尾三倍体（３ｎ＝１５０±３）的个体。     

淤泥湖近太湖新银鱼的生长研究

对生活在湖北淤泥湖中的近太湖新银鱼进行了生长研究。结果为：①全长与体重的相关关系：Ｗ＝２．３１２×１０＾－６Ｌ＾３．００；②全长生长方程：Ｌｔ＝７２．３（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１）），体重生长方程Ｗｔ＝０．８７３８（１－ｅ＾－０．３（ｔ＾－０．１））＾３。③Ｌ∞＝７２．３（ｍｍ），Ｗ∞＝０．８７３８（ｇ），ｋ＝０．３ｔ＝０．１，拐点年龄ｔｉ＝３．７月龄，拐点体重Ｗｉ＝０．２５ｇ。     

桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量的研究

通过计算单位面积的初级生产量生产的有机碳供应量、单位面积滤食性附着生物量及其对有机碳的需求量，首次对桑沟湾栉孔扇贝养殖容量进行了估算。结果显示，当栉孔扇贝壳高为３￣４ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量为１１０亿粒左右，单位面积养殖容量估算值为９０粒／ｍ＾２；当壳高为４￣５ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量降为７５亿粒，单位面积养殖容量估算值为６０粒／ｍ＾２；当壳高为５￣６ｃｍ时，其养殖总容量仅为４０亿粒，单位面积养殖容量为３     

栉孔扇贝对环境变化适应性研究一温度对存活,呼吸,摄食及消化？…

取体长分别为３和５ｃｍ栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌｙｍｙｓ ｆａｒｒｅｒｉ）置室内水泥池流水暂养１周后进行实验。结果表明,栉孔扇贝９６ｈ的半致死温度为２７～２８℃,导致其耗氧率突然升高和滤水率急剧下降的温度为２６℃,体内淀粉酶活性下和的温度为２７℃。因此确定,栉孔扇贝的适宜极限高温为２７℃。在水温２７℃持续９６ｈ后,扇贝呼吸量迅速增大,随后减弱,摄食和消化能力逐渐降低;在２７℃持续５ｄ,死亡率为５０％,７ｄ时     

三倍体长牡蛎浮筏养殖技术的研究

本文报道了两个相邻海区近５００ｈｍ＾２三倍体长牡蛎Ｃｒａｓｓｏｔｒｅａ ｇｉｇａｓ（Ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇ）浮筏养殖的研究结果。三倍体牡蛎的采苗器为栉孔扇贝壳,每片采苗器采苗１０￣１２个,以１５￣２０ｃｍ间距夹于３股聚乙（丙）烯蝇间并吊养在浮筏上。三倍体牡蛎在个体重、出肉率和条件指数等养殖经济性状方面比二部体分别增加４２．１％、１６．２％、５６．７％,成活率也有一定的提高。三部体在生长等方面性状优势的生     

栉孔扇贝三倍体与二倍体的呼吸代谢比较

对栉孔扇贝三倍体的基础耗氧率进行了研究，结果表明，栉孔扇贝三倍体的基础耗氧率在18－20℃范围内随温度的升高而增加，其耗氧与温度的关系可用以下公式表示：0＝0.017e^0-1945tr^2=0.943(2N-A),O=0.072e^0-0958tr^2=0.9955(2N-B),O=0.0492e^0.1185tr^2=0.9088(2N-C),O=0.049e^0.1282t,r^2=0.9882(3N-A),0=0.1265e^0.0802t,r^2=0.9512(3N-B),O=0.0927e^0.0063tr^2=0.9861(3N-C),(O为耗氧率，t为温度）三倍体栉孔扇贝的基础耗氧率存显的昼夜节律，在上午9：00－10：00达到最高，为1．301－0.823mg/(g.h)，在夜间21：00－22：00最低，为0．0002－0.243mg/(g.h)，其基础耗氧率和昼液节律均与二倍体没有明显的差异。     

Induced triploidy in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, and its effects on growth and gametogenesis

Triploidy was induced in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, by treating newly fertilized eggs with cytochalasin B. Treatment for 20 min duration 10 min after fertilization resulted in 66% triploidy of scallops in the 0.05 mg/l cytochalasin treatment group and 94% triploidy of scallops in the 0.1 mg/l cytochalasin treatment group, detected by measuring the relative DNA content of scallop granulocytes using flow cytometry. Individually labelled scallops of known ploidy were grown in the Damariscotta River estuary in south-central Maine, U.S.A. from May 24 to September 15, 1982. Mean adductor muscle weight in triploid scallops was 73% greater than that of diploid controls and mean total body tissue wet weight was 36% greater. Shell inflation was significantly greater in triploids, while shell height and length were unaffected. The indexes of weight and glycogen content of the adductor muscle were significantly greater in triploids at the end of the growing season. The majority of triploid scallops failed to ripen during the summer months, while diploid scallops ripened and spawned.     

赤眼鳟耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的初步研究

采取封闭流水式的实验方法,研究了对不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃)对体质量小规格(6.98±1.19)g和大规格(22.45±1.79)g的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率以及窒息点的影响。结果表明,温度(X)对小规格和大规格赤眼鳟的耗氧率(Yo)和排氨率(YN)有显著性影响,其两两间的相关关系可分别用方程式:小规格赤眼鳟Y_o=0.012x-0.135(R~2=0.969),大规格赤眼鳟Y_o=0.007x-0.058(R~2=0.991);小规格赤眼鳟Y_N=0.001x-0.010(R~2=0.981),大规格赤眼鳟Y_N=0.001e~(0.085 x)(R~2=0.943)来表示。在16~28℃范围内赤眼鳟幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率随着温度的升高而呈显著上升。在16℃时赤眼鳟的排氨率要显著性的低于20~28℃,而在20~28℃之间赤眼鳟幼鱼的排氨率差异性不显著。耗氧率昼夜变化表明大、小规格赤眼鳟白天平均耗氧率高于夜间。16℃条件下,小规格和大规格赤眼鳟的窒息点最低分别为0.860和0.960mg/L,显著性低于20~28℃。     

三倍体栉孔扇贝的生殖腺观察

在栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri)的繁殖季节，对人工诱导的三倍体栉孔扇贝的生殖腺进行了外观，组织学及电镜观察，结果表明，三本栉孔扇贝的生殖腺外观呈透明状，分不出雌雄，组织切片观察，三倍体雌性的生殖腺滤泡细胞数量少，为一大的空腔，沿滤泡壁排列着单层不连续的卵原细胞，呈不规则形态，另外有许多三倍体的生殖腺组织内含有大量的不定性细胞，可能是尚未分化的生殖细胞，分布在稀少的滤泡内及及其周围，未发现卵原细胞和精原细胞，无法根据滤泡的组织学牧场生区分雌雄，在检查的样品中未发现雄性个体，电镜下观察到了三倍体的精母细胞，细胞结构呈梭形，核开始收缩，细胞质内线粒体较发达，但与二倍体相比细胞及线粒体数量稀少，说明三倍体栉孔扇贝存在着雄性个体，生殖细胞增殖分化出精原细胞和少数初级精母细胞后即停止了发育。     

Feces Production and Ammonia Excretion of Pacific Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai,Fed Kelp,Laminaria japonica,in Relation to Water Temperature and Shell Length

Nitrogen excreted by aquatic animals mainly takes the form of metabolic wastes such as feces and ammonia, which is accumulated in the intensive aquaculture system and causes serious environmental contamination. So it is very important to determine the waste excretion characteristics of aquatic animals for the development of practical and nonpolluting land‐based aquaculture. Abalone has a unique feeding habit and feeding regime, different from those of finfish; abalone gnaw feed seaweed to produce feces and ammonia continuously. In this study, the rates of feces production and ammonia excretion of pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, of three shell lengths (3, 5, and 7 cm) were investigated under three different temperature conditions (12, 16, and 20 C). All experiments were performed in triplicate in a semirecirculating aquaculture system. Feces were collected for 5 d, and ammonia concentrations (total ammonia nitrogen [TAN]) in the tank inlet and outlet were monitored every 4‐h interval for 24 h at the fourth day of the feces collection. The regressions for the weight‐specific feces production rate (g feces/kg abalone/d) and the weight‐specific TAN excretion rate (mg TAN/kg abalone/d) in relation to water temperature (T, C) and shell length (L, cm) were weight‐specific feces production rate = exp(1.575 ? 281.2/T² – 0.142L), r² = 0.9550, and weight‐specific TAN excretion rate = exp(5.052 ? 277.1/T² ? 0.136L), r² = 0.9598. Pacific abalone produced 108.3–111.7 g feces and excreted 3.83 g TAN/kg seaweed ingested (dry weight).     

二、三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体核型分析

以二、三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤为材料,采用植物血球凝集素(PHA)体内注射,肾组织细胞短期培养,常规空气干燥法制备染色体.其核型分析结果:二倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体2n=100核型公式为:26m+30sm+30st+14t,染色体臂数NF=156;三倍体乌克兰鳞鲤染色体的核型公式为3n=150=39m+45sm+45st+21t,染色体臂数NF=234,二、三倍体染色体数之比为1:1.5.二倍体核型与已报道的鲤鱼染色体核型相似.未发现性染色体.     

Handling time and predation behaviour by the crab, Cancer pagurus, preying on cultured scallop, Pecten maximus

We investigated handling time, persistence time and shell‐breaking techniques by crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) (13–15 cm carapace width), offered cultured scallops, Pecten maximus(L.), within the recommended release size for bottom culture. Three shell height groups were used: 50–55, 60–65 and 70–75 mm. The results showed that the crabs managed to open scallops from all the three size groups. The median handling time in the 50–55 mm group (788 s) was significantly different from the median handling time of the 60–65 mm (2482 s) and 70–75 mm (2980 s) groups. The median persistence time increased significantly with each scallop size, from 89 s in the 50–55 mm group to 97 s in the 60–65 mm and 125 s in the 70–75 mm group. We observed a change in the shell‐breaking techniques from a dominance of smashed scallops in the 50–55 mm group to more punched and chipped scallops in the 60–65 and 70–75 mm groups. The shift in predation behaviour when crabs were offered 50–55 mm scallops compared with the larger groups is discussed in relation to strategies in the release of scallops to seabed cultures.     

Comparison of freshwater and marine performances of all‐female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The performance of all‐female diploid (AF2N) and triploid (AF3N) Atlantic salmon were compared in fresh water, under commercial production conditions in 1995 and 1996 year classes. The performance of the 1996 year class was also assessed for 14 months in a commercial sea farm. Freshwater mortality was higher in the triploid groups. The majority of losses occurred in the early stages of egg development and during the first feeding period, when the incidence of non‐feeding fry was consistently higher. In growth studies, although diploid fry were significantly heavier during first feeding there were no significant differences in weight between groups some 8 months after fertilization or in presmolt growth periods from February to April in 1996 and 1997. Smolting rates were high (range 93.5–95.3%) and the incidence of deformities was low (< 1%) in both groups. Marine survival was lower in the triploid group, largely as a consequence of higher losses sustained during a period of chronic stress, when triploid losses were 9% higher. Growth patterns were similar for the first 11 months in sea water. Although graded triploid salmon were heavier in January 1998 (AF3N 1.62 ± 0.033 kg, AF2N 1.46 ± 0.36 kg, P < 0.05), when the fish were harvested in May 1998 diploid salmon were significantly heavier than triploid salmon although there was no significant difference in weights after evisceration (AF3N 2.40 kg ± 0.04 AF2N 2.49 kg ±0.03). The increase in weight of the diploids between winter and harvest reflects the growth spurt that occurs in maturing fish in the spring. Overall yields of triploid salmon in salt water were lower as a result of inferior survival.     

三倍体大黄鱼的诱导及其对生长、性腺发育的影响

自20世纪50年代以来,采用染色体操作技术人工诱导多倍体在鱼类遗传育种领域已得到广泛的应用。国内外已先后在三棘刺鱼[1]、鲤[2]、水晶彩鲫[3]等30多种鱼类成功获得三倍体。在理论上,由于三倍体性腺发育受阻,其用于性腺发育的能量可全部用于生长。因此鱼类育种学家期望通过诱导三倍体,使经济鱼类生长更快,经济效益更高。但历经30余年的研究,诸家看法仍未统一。一些学者认为三倍体鱼比二倍体生长快[4,5],另一些学者则认为三倍体鱼并不比二倍体生长快[6,7]还有一些学者的研究表明三倍体鱼在性成熟以后比二倍体生长稍快[8,9]。对于三倍体…     

Comparison of shell strength in wild and cultured scallops (Pecten maximus)

Shell strength development of the scallop Pecten maximus collected from wild stocks and from suspended cultures was described over the culture period when most of the growth takes place (20–110 mm shell height). Shell strength, shell height and shell thickness were determined in scallops of age groups 2–5 years. Wild and cultured scallops showed a strong divergence in shell strength development in scallops older than age group 3, which was not reflected in the concurrent development of shell height and thickness, indicating that factors other than shell height and shell thickness explain the differences in observed shell strength. In wild scallops, shell height, shell thickness and age accounted for about 65% of the variation in shell strength, while the same variables accounted for about 30% in cultured scallops. Wild scallops had stronger shells than the cultured scallops of the same size (53–68 mm shell height) grown at the same site, suggesting that factors related to suspended culture could explain the weak shells in cultured scallops. The results indicate that conditions related to suspended culture can have a negative impact on shell strength development in P. maximus. As the shell is the primary protection against decapod predation in scallops, a better understanding of what affects the shell strength is of importance for the development of release strategies in bottom culture of P. maximus.