湖北小麦材料穗发芽抗性评价

通过整穗发芽和子粒发芽试验评价了湖北省85个材料的穗发芽抗性。结果表明,品种间穗发芽抗性差异显著,红粒小麦材料休眠性和抗穗发芽性较强,而白粒小麦抗穗发芽种质匮乏;根据穗发芽率和子粒发芽指数两个指标聚类分析,供试材料可以分为5类,13份材料具有较强的休眠性和抗穗发芽能力;湖北省大面积推广和新选育出的品种中,郑麦9023对穗发芽高度敏感,湖北省选育的品种大多有较好的抗性,其中鄂麦352表现优异。研究结果为湖北小麦生产品种布局和抗穗发芽品种改良提供了重要依据。     

四川小麦地方品种抗穗发芽特性的研究

本试验对１１３个小麦品种（其中１０６个四川小麦地方品种）在开花后２５、３０、３５天分别进行小麦种子发芽及穗发芽的测定。结果表明，不同品种的抗穗发芽性存在着极显著差异。红皮品种以资中大红花的抗性最强，白皮品种以渠县光头麦抗性最强。同时本文对穗发芽测定的最佳时期及穗发芽的评定标准进行了讨论。     

白皮小麦抗穗发芽性的鉴定及抗性机理的探讨

１９９３～１９９４年度对３０个白皮小麦品种（系）穗发芽抗性复写结果表明，在白皮品种（系）中也有抗性较强的品种，白皮品种宁麦７号抗性强，休眠深度超过了红皮对照品种杨麦５号和扬麦１５８。小麦穗发芽抗性与籽粒吸水速率有关，而与含水量无关。穗发芽指数是衡量抗生强弱的可靠指标。     

小麦穗粒发芽敏感性分析

1999～2002年三个生长季节，选用长江中下游地区常见的和扬州大学农学院小麦育种研究组选育的25个小麦品种(系)，测定了其穗、粒发芽敏感性。对穗、粒发芽率数据的方差分析表明：小麦的穗、粒发芽敏感性受阴雨时问长短和品种的遗传基础共同作用；收获前小麦的穗发芽性和种子的休眠性存在极显著的相关性。对25个品种(系)进行聚类分析，根据其抗性可分为强、中、弱三类。     

江苏省白皮小麦地方品种抗穗发芽性的研究

１９９４￣１９９７年选用原产江苏的４９份白皮地方小麦品种为试验材料,用周转箱保湿法进行抗穗发芽性筛选鉴定,每年保留穗发芽率在５％以下的材料进行复鉴。筛选出１１个抗穗发芽性强而稳定的白皮地方品种,其抗性不仅明显强于国内外抗穗发芽对照品种,而且还强于大面积推广种植的红皮品种“扬麦５号”。剥粒发芽试验结果表明,筛选出的１１个白皮抗穗发芽地方品种中,除“大玉花”为非种子休眠因素所致外,其余１０个品种的抗性     

小麦抗穗发芽白皮新品种(系)的筛选

小麦穗发芽是淮南麦区推广白皮品种的重要限制性因素,筛选白皮抗穗芽品种是该麦区的育种目标之一。通过对３１ 份白皮高代品系的抗穗发芽的鉴定,筛选到了６ 个抗性较好的品系和一个抗性较好的组合,并指出小麦品种鄂６１５０６ 所配组合后代具较好的抗穗发芽性。     

湖北省白皮小麦品种穗发芽抗性鉴定及改良

鉴定了湖北省本省育成和外引的12个白皮小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种的穗发芽抗性,比较了室内整穗发芽法和田间自然鉴定法的优劣,分析了系谱法经验选择的效果。结果表明,湖北省本省育成的白皮小麦品种具有一定的穗发芽耐性,而外引品种高感穗发芽;室内整穗发芽法和田间自然鉴定法均可提高穗发芽选择,以室内整穗发芽法效果较好,采用改良系谱法结合室内整穗发芽法鉴定是抗穗发芽育种的一种有效途径。     

从长江流域白粒小麦地方品种中开拓抗穗发芽种质的研究

从长江流域收集保存的白粒小麦地方品种中筛选出8份抗穗发芽种质,其抗性主要是由种子形成后直至成熟的休眠性获得的,在育种中这种休眠性易与丰产性状相结合。     

从长江流域白粒小麦地方品处中开拓抗穗发芽种质的研究

从长江流域收集保存的白粒小麦地方品种中筛选出８份抗穗发芽种质，其抗性主要是由种子形成后直至成熟的休眠性获得的，在育种中这各休眠性易与丰产性状相结合。     

小麦穗发芽敏感性测定方法初探

１９９３年用完整麦穗沙床保湿发芽法、完整麦穗吸水保湿发芽法和脱粒种子直接发芽法测定小麦穗发芽敏感性。结果表明，以完整麦穗吸水保湿发芽法较理想可靠；如仅为了解品种休眠特性对穗发芽的影响，用胶史料一种子直接发芽更显简便可靠。前法第１４天，后法第７天的出芽百分数衡量发芽敏感可靠的指标。     

抗收获前发芽小麦品种的初步研究

将36个普通小麦品种的完整穗卷在纸巾里做发芽试验,测定了穗发芽度和穗发芽率,并在皮氏培养皿里测定了22个品种的种子休眠性。在本研究中,腊熟期种子休眠的白粒地方品种“宜宾白麦子”最抗穗发芽。讨论了影响穗发芽的其它因素。     

法国小麦种质及其突变体农艺性状表现

将法国小麦材料在山东济南环境下与当地品种进行比较,结果显示,引进种质具有穗长、小穗数多、分蘖成穗多等有利性状;穗粒数表现突出,但基因型间差异较大;同时也表现出红色籽粒、植株偏高的不利特点。法国小麦种质较当地推广品种抽穗期延后8～11天,灌浆后期高温逼熟,导致粒重降低,不经改造很难直接利用。经过诱变处理选出的法国小麦种质早熟突变体生育期明显缩短,有的抽穗期已经接近当地品种,同时也选育得到白粒突变体;试验中突变体有效分蘖数多于当地品种,穗长和小穗数也优于当地品种;多数突变体株高虽得到降低,但生产中直接利用仍有难度,只能作为"中间体"为育种利用。     

玉米和小麦种子休眠性QTL的比较研究

对玉米和小麦种子休眠性QTL（Quantitative Trait Locis）的比较研究结果表明：玉米和小麦种子休眠性QTL在染色体上的分布表现出了高度的同源性。分析发现在玉米第1、3和8染色体上已定位了的7个种子休眠性QTL,在与之同源的小麦染色体上均有种子休眠性QTL的分布。这种同源性关系将有助于研究和理解玉米及整个禾本科作物基因组的构成和进化。     

Identifying the limiting factors driving the winter wheat yield gap on smallholder farms by agronomic diagnosis in North China Plain

North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers' fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha~(–1). The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha~(–1), respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers' fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(6.598×10~6 ha~(–1)),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha~(–1), seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90~(–1)80 kg ha~(–1). Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers' practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers' nutrient management practices in the NCP.     

长江中下游麦区小麦材料穗发芽抗性评价

通过籽粒发芽法和大田穗发芽法,综合评价目前长江中下游麦区主要推广的小麦品种(33份)和选育品系(19份)及对照(2份)的抗穗发芽特性。研究结果表明,小麦穗发芽特性在不同材料间存在显著差异,红粒小麦抗穗发芽能力极显著高于白粒小麦,大部分红粒小麦休眠期长,较耐穗发芽;白粒小麦总体上休眠期短,不抗穗发芽。材料储存时间对小麦穗发芽有显著影响,随材料储存时间增加,小麦休眠期渐渐解除。通过聚类分析可将长江中下游麦区54份小麦材料分为4类,第1类抗穗发芽能力强,包括扬麦11、CD-11、扬11-04、华麦5号、扬麦20、镇麦5号共13份材料,全部为红粒小麦;第4类不抗穗发芽,包括扬麦13、扬麦14、镇麦8号、鄂麦18、襄麦25、漯6010、CD-4共17份材料,其中郑麦9023也属于此类,几乎无休眠期,极易发芽。     

黑龙江省春小麦产量突破的育种策略

针对春小麦品种产量水平提高慢,种植春小麦与其他作物比较效益低,黑龙江省小麦种植面积不断下降,引起种植业结构不合理问题,从5个方面阐述了春小麦产量突破的育种策略。从产量构成因素方面,在高收获穗数基础上,育种上应突出增加品种穗粒数的遗传改良;由于穗粒重的提高必将增大倒伏的风险,增强抗倒伏能力的育种更需加强;春小麦产量潜力的突破口在于提高春小麦品种干物质积累量方面;协调高产与稳产及产量与品质间矛盾等。     

安徽省小麦区试品种产量与产量构成因素的相关分析

揭示安徽省淮北地区产量构成因素对产量的影响,为小麦高产品种选育和大田生产提供参考依据.对2014-2019年度参加安徽省小麦区试半冬性组的284个品种产量与产量构成因素进行相关分析,结果显示,产量的变异系数最大,产量构成因素的变异系数由大到小为穗粒数、穗数、千粒重;相关性分析表明,产量构成因素与产量均呈极显著正相关,相...     

关于冬小麦低温春化、南繁加代的初步探讨

以京冬8号、冬春杂交06F0代217份、06F2代7份、06F3代12份、06F4代55份、06F6代9份为试验材料,通过低温春化、南繁加代,得出以下结论:冬春杂交F0代,在杂交后18 d收获,子粒培养至幼苗为三叶期时定植;采用高低温破眠方式时,还须采取一些辅助手段完全打破种子休眠;冬小麦春化阶段对低温最敏感的部位在叶片。     

Heterosis and Combining Ability for Major Yield Traits of a New Wheat Germplasm Shannong 0095 Derived from Thinopyrum intermedium

The wheatgrass, Thinopyrum intermedium （Host） Barkworth ＆ DR Dewey, shows many beneficial characteristics, such as big spikes and high resistance to many diseases. To transfer the beneficial genes of this species, many wheat- Thinopyrum intermedium alien chromosome lines were developed. Of them, Shannong 0095 （SN0095）, a disomic substitution, has long spikes and flag-leaves, and thus may be an important genetic resource for wheat yield improvement. In order to realize its heterosis and combining ability on major yield traits, a 7 ×7 complete diallel design was made according to Griffing＇s Method-1. The results showed that heterosis for spike length （SPL）, flag-leaf area （FLA）, number of spikes per plant （NSP）, number of spikelets per spike （NSL）, kernels per spike （KPS）, 1 000-kernel weight （TKW） and grain yield per plant （GYP） existed in all the crosses by SN0095, but heterobeltiosis occurred only for KPS, TKW, and GYP. The relative mid-parent heterosis （RMH） and relative high-parent heterosis （RHH） for GYP, which valued as high as 35.32 and 29.92% respectively, were the highest among all the traits mearsured. Though additive and non-additive gene effects and cytoplasmic effects （or cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction effects） were found in governing all the traits measured above, additive gene action played a predominant role. The results also showed that SN0095 was the best-general combiner for SPL and FLA, and high-general combiner for NSP amongst all the parents. Estimates of specific combining ability （SCA） showed that SN0095 could also make high-SCA combinations for GYP, such as SN0095 × Jimai 19 （JMI9）. SN0095 could be a unique and important parent in hybrid wheat breeding programs.