代谢产物对犊牛肝细胞MTPmRNA丰度的影响

通过向体外-培养的新生犊牛肝细胞添加非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)和葡萄糖,采用内对照RT-PCR方法检测代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞MTPmRNA丰度的影响.结果显示,随着培养液中NEFA和葡萄糖浓度升高,MTPmRNA的丰度呈现剂量依赖性上调(P<0.01);随着BHBA浓度的增加,MTPmRNA的丰度先升高后降低(P<0.01或P<0.05).表明,NEFA和葡萄糖对肝细胞MTPmRNA表达具有促进作用,呈剂量依赖性;BHBA对肝细胞MTPmRNA表达具有低剂量促进高剂量抑制的双重作用.     

NEFA和BHBA对体外培养的脂肪细胞HSL、ADPN mRNA表达的影响

在体外培养的牛脂肪组织和脂肪细胞中,分别添加5个浓度梯度的NEFA和BHBA,均设3个重复,通过荧光定量PCR技术,观测不同浓度的NEFA和BHBA对牛脂肪细胞ADPN mRNA与HSL mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明:NEFA在一定浓度范围内(0.2~0.8 nmol/L)对ADPN mRNA表达有显著促进作用并呈剂量依赖性,而高浓度(&gt;1.6 nmol/L)时又显著下调其表达;0.2~0.8 nmol/L NEFA对HSL mRNA的表达有抑制作用,呈剂量依赖性,但在高浓度时(&gt;0.8 nmol/L)反而促进了其表达(P&lt;0.05)。低浓度的BHBA对HSL mRNA的表达无显著抑制作用,高浓度(1.2 mmol/L)的BHBA显著下调HSL mRNA的表达,并呈剂量依赖性;低浓度(&lt;0.6mmol/L)的BHBA对ADPN mRNA的表达无明显作用,但高浓度的BHBA(&gt;0.6 mmol/L)对ADPN mRNA的表达具有明显的抑制作用(P&lt;0.05)。结论:代谢中间产物可通过促进ADPN mRNA或抑制HSL mRNA的表达来调节脂肪代谢。     

代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明代谢产物非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）和葡萄糖（GLU）在乳牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用实时荧光定量PCR法观察了NEFA、BHBA和GLU对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果，随着培养液中NEFA、BHBA和GLU浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA的表达量逐渐增加（P〈0．01）。表明，代谢产物NEFA、BHBA和GLU直接调控乳牛肝胰高血糖素受体mRNA的表达。     

神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞MTP mRNA表达的影响

为了阐明神经内分泌因子在奶牛肝脂蛋白组装与转运过程中的调控作用,通过向体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞添加胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦蛋白,采用内对照RT-PCR方法检测神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋白(MTP)mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示,随着细胞培养液中胰岛素和胰高血糖素浓度升高,MTP mRNA的丰度呈现剂量依赖性下降(P<0.01);随着瘦蛋白浓度的增加,MTP mRNA的丰度先升高后降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。这表明胰岛素和胰高血糖素对肝细胞MTP mRNA表达具有抑制作用,呈现剂量依赖性;瘦蛋白对肝细胞MTP mRNA表达具有低剂量促进而高剂量抑制的双重作用,且均呈现剂量依赖性。     

神经内分泌因子、代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明神经内分泌因子胰岛素（In）、胰高血糖素（GLN）、瘦素（LEP）和代谢产物非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）、β-羟丁酸（BHBA）、葡萄糖（GLU）在奶牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用荧光定量PCR（fluorescent quantitative PCR）法观察了神经内分泌因子、代谢产物对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（glucagon receptor，GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示：随着培养液中In、NEFA、BHBA和GLU的升高，GI。NRmRNA表达逐渐增加（P〈0．01）；随着培养液中GLN浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA表达逐渐降低（P〈0．01）；而随着培养液中瘦素浓度的升高，GLNRmRNA的表达呈先升高后降低的趋势（P〈0．01）。表明：神经内分泌因子In、GLN、LEP和代谢产物NEFA、BHBA、GLU直接调控新生犊牛肝细胞GLNRIT／RNA的表达。     

NEFA BHBA对体外培养牛肝细胞的HP和SAA mRNA表达的影响

为了验证奶牛酮病发病过程中机体会产生大量的NEFA(非酯化脂肪酸)、BHBA(β-羟丁酸)可能是脂类代谢关键的调节因素。本试验通过对培养的牛肝细胞添加NEFA和BHBA研究NEFA以及BHBA对牛肝细胞的结合珠蛋白(hap-toglobin,HP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A (serum amyloid A protein,SAA) mRNA表达的影响。根据荧光定量PCR法测定NEFA、BHBA对体外培养牛肝细胞的HP和SAA mRNA表达的影响,以及NEFA、BHBA等代谢产物对急性期反应蛋白HP、SAA表达影响的结果,得出结论,中等浓度的NEFA对于体外新生犊牛肝细胞中的HP、SAA基因的表达具有促进作用,高浓度的NEFA对HP、SAA基因的表达影响较小;中等浓度的BHBA体外新生犊牛肝细胞中的HP、SAA基因的表达具有一定的抑制作用,中高浓度抑制作用不明显,对于SAA基因,只有BHBA在1. 2 mmol/L浓度下抑制作用明显,高浓度的BHBA对HP、SAA基因的表达影响很小。     

生糖底物和神经内分泌因子对新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA表达水平的影响

在原代单层培养的新生犊牛肝细胞培养液中分别加入不同浓度丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦蛋白，培养12h后，应用半定量RT-PCR方法检测体外培养的肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的丰度。结果显示，随着丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠浓度的升高，肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的丰度均先升高后下降（P〈0．01）；随胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦蛋白浓度的升高，肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的丰度分别剂量依赖性地降低、升高（P〈0．01）和无显著变化。表明，丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠能通过上调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的表达而促进肝糖异生代谢，但上调作用是有限的；胰岛素能通过下调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的表达而抑制肝糖异生代谢，且下调作用呈剂量依赖性；胰高血糖素与胰岛素作用刚好相反；瘦蛋白未起直接的调节作用。     

胰岛素、胰高血糖素和神经肽Y对体外培养犊牛肝细胞硬脂酰CoA去饱和酶mRNA表达的影响

在应用实时荧光定量PCR法观察胰岛素(In)、胰高血糖素(GLN)、神经肽(NPY)对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞硬脂酰CoA去饱和酶(Stearoyl CoA desaturase,SCD) mRNA丰度的影响.结果显示,随着培养液中In含量的升高,肝细胞中的SCD mRNA表达逐渐升高(P＜0.05),呈现明显的剂量依赖促进效应;随着培养液中GLN含量的升高,肝细胞SCD mRNA丰度表达逐渐减弱,高血糖素处理组SCD mRNA表达均极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);而随着NPY质量浓度在0～1 000 ng/L之间逐渐上升,肝细胞SCDmRNA的表达水平不断升高,各处理组显著高于对照组,除50 ng/L处理组和500 ng/L处理组之间差异不显著外,其他处理组之间差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,胰岛素和神经肽Y促进SCD mRNA表达,胰高血糖素抑制SCD mRNA表达.     

瘦素对体外培养新生犊牛脂肪细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明瘦素在奶牛脂肪代谢中的调控作用,应用荧光定量RT-PCR法观察了瘦素对体外单层原代培养脂肪细胞胰高血糖素受体(glucagon receptor,GLNR)mRNA丰度的影响。结果表明:随着培养液中瘦素浓度的升高,GLNR mRNA的丰度呈现先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.01),瘦素对GLNR mRNA的表达具有双重作用;研究结果表明,瘦素直接调控新生犊牛脂肪细胞GLNR mRNA的表达。     

神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体mRNA丰度的影响

为阐明神经内分泌因子胰岛素(In)、胰高血糖素(GLN)、瘦素(LEP)在奶牛肝糖代谢、脂代谢中的调控作用，应用实时荧光定量PCR ( real time fluorescent quantitative PCR)法观察了神经内分泌因子对体外培养新生犊牛肝细胞胰高血糖素受体（glucagon receptor，GLNR）mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示：随着培养液中In的升高，GLNR mRNA表达逐渐增加（P<0.01）；随着培养液中GLN浓度的升高，GLNR mRNA表达逐渐降低（P<0.01）；而随着培养液中LEP浓度的升高，GLNR mRNA的表达呈现先升高后降低的趋势（P<0.01）。表明：神经内分泌因子In、GLN、LEP直接调控奶牛肝脏GLNR mRNA的表达。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。