干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Zn复合污染下重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

通过模拟基于Cd-Zn复合污染下干旱区绿洲土壤的胡萝卜盆栽试验,用Tessier连续提取法对胡萝卜土壤中Cd、Zn的形态分布进行分析,同时就生物利用性形态的变化研究了Cd、Zn的生物有效性。结果表明:1)原状土壤中Cd和Zn主要以残渣态存在,随着复合胁迫浓度的增加,Cd的主要赋存形态逐步转变为碳酸盐结合态和可交换态,Zn主要赋存形态逐步转变为以铁锰氧化态和残渣态,但有效态和潜在有效态的比例大大增加。2)胡萝卜对Cd、Zn的富集作用均为地上部分大于地下部分,对Cd的富集能力远远大于Zn。3)胡萝卜吸收的Cd和Zn不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态。     

玉米芯基和污泥基生物质炭对盐碱土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响

为了解玉米芯基和污泥基生物质炭应用于盐碱土壤改良的可行性,以玉米芯和剩余活性污泥为原料,在300℃~500℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,通过扫描电镜对其微观结构进行分析,并通过培养试验研究不同温度制备的生物质炭对盐碱土壤基本理化性质及重金属有效性的影响。结果表明：玉米芯、污泥碳化后微观结构更发达,比表面积更大;添加混合生物质炭能够显著增加盐碱土壤中有机碳含量,是对照土壤的3.66~10.13倍,而土壤中总氮、总磷、有效磷、速效钾含量变化幅度较小,水溶性盐含量降低明显,最大降低5.06 g·kg^-1,且加入生物质炭后大幅度提高了土壤阳离子交换能力,提高了3~9.25倍,但混合生物质炭对土壤pH值影响不大;生物质炭能够有效降低土壤重金属有效态含量,且随着施用量增加而显著降低。     

不同草地类型土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

以贺兰山西坡不同草地类型土壤为对象,研究了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效态含量特征及土壤有机碳、pH值、黏粉粒含量与气候因素之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量随着海拔的降低而逐渐降低,有效态Cu含量的积累顺序为:山地草原>荒漠化草原>高山草甸>草原化荒漠。4种元素在各种草地类型的积累量变化为:高山草甸Fe>Mn>Zn和Cu;山地草原和荒漠化草原Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn,草原化荒漠土壤中Fe和Mn含量差异不大,并大于Zn和Cu。土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量与年均降水量、土壤有机碳、<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量都呈显著正相关,而与年均温度和土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤有效态Cu含量与年降水量、年均温度、土壤有机碳含量和<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量基本呈二次多项式,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。影响土壤有效态Fe和Mn含量的关键因素,0~20 cm土层为有机碳、年降水量和年均温,而20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳是其最重要的影响因素。0~20 cm土层土壤有效态Zn主要受土壤pH、黏粉粒含量和年降水量的影响。     

宝鸡某冶炼厂周边土壤铅镉总量及形态空间分布特征

采用克里金插值法对宝鸡某冶炼厂周边农田土壤中铅镉含量及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并分析了土壤中铅镉总量及各形态含量与小麦中铅镉含量的相关性,目的在于为冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染的表征提供依据。结果表明,土壤中Pb形态的高低顺序为：残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态>可交换态,Cd形态为：可交换态>残渣态>有机硫结合态>铁锰氧化态。土壤中Pb总量及Pb、Cd铁锰氧化态在距离冶炼厂500 m处含量均显著高于1 500 m和2 500 m处,后两者之间无差异;而Cd总量及Pb、Cd可交换态、有机硫结合态和残渣态在三个采样距离并没有表现出显著性差异。克里金插值分析表明,除Pb可交换态外,Pb和Cd其余形态在一定程度上均显示出与风向的一致性。相关分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd可交换态、铁锰氧化态与小麦Pb和Cd含量均有显著的相关性,表明冶炼厂周边旱地土壤中,Pb、Cd可交换态和铁锰氧化态都可能作为土壤重金属污染空间分布和有效性表征的指标。     

铅锌尾矿中重金属形态分布与毒性浸出特征研究

以铅锌尾矿为研究对象,用改进BCR法探讨Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu五种重金属形态分布特征,TCLP法研究重金属毒性浸出特征,并将金属形态含量与浸出含量做相关分析。结果表明:表层尾矿金属含量低于下层尾矿,Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr主要以残渣态为主,Pb主要以弱酸提取态为主,表层尾矿中Pb、Zn、Cd的弱酸提取态比例系数高于下层尾矿;下层尾矿浸出含量均高于表层,Zn、Pb、Cd浸出含量均超标;在本文既定的实验条件下,不考虑重金属性质、含量差异的情况下,重金属弱酸提取态和可还原态与浸出含量呈极显著正相关;铅锌尾矿应重点关注Pb、Zn、Cd的环境污染,尾矿堆积过程中会造成下层尾矿中重金属含量增加和金属Zn、Pb、Cd活性降低,以弱酸提取态和可还原态之和评价尾矿重金属有效性较合理。     

干旱区绿洲土壤共存重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的吸收积累及形态分布实验研究

通过盆栽试验和室内分析初步研究了共存重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni在干旱区绿洲土壤-芹菜系统中的吸收积累和形态变化特征。结果表明:Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni四种共存重金属元素在芹菜不同部位的吸收量均为根部地上部,累积率大小顺序依次为CdZnNiPb;供试绿洲土壤原状土中Pb、Zn、Ni均以稳定的残渣态为主要存在形态,Cd以铁锰氧化态为主要存在形态,随着重金属元素添加量的增加,土壤中的Cd主要以碳酸盐态存在,Pb主要以碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化态存在,而Zn和Ni主要以铁锰氧化态存在;逐步回归分析表明,干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd的可交换态对芹菜地上部Cd含量的贡献最大,Ni的铁锰氧化态对芹菜根部Ni含量的贡献最大,而对芹菜地上部和根部吸收Pb和Zn量贡献最大的形态分别为Pb和Zn的可交换态。     

新乡小冀工业区周边土壤重金属污染评价与形态分析

通过实地调查和实验分析,对小冀工业区周边土壤中六种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)进行了总量测定。参照GB15618-1995二级标准,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了现状评价,并采用Tessier五步连续萃取法对超标重金属Cd、Ni和Zn进行了形态分析及生物活性分析。结果表明:1)Cr、Cu和Pb含量均未超过国标二级标准,Cd、Ni和Zn三种重金属含量均超标,工业区综合污染非常严重,主要污染元素是Cd;2)Cd、Ni和Zn在土壤中的形态分布差异性较大,Cd主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Ni和Zn主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在;3)金属生物活性系数大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Ni,迁移系数的大小顺序是Cd>Zn>Ni,其中Cd的生态风险很大。     

绿洲区土壤镍的吸附解吸特性

土壤重金属的移动性和生物有效性与重金属的吸附解吸及形态分布密切相关.通过序批试验、单步提取和连续提取的方法,研究绿洲区土壤镍(Ni)的吸附解吸特性.结果发现:①所研究的土壤呈现碱性,具低有机质含量和高碳酸盐含量特征,土壤未被镍所污染;②Freundlich可以用来模拟绿洲区土壤对镍的吸附行为.吸附能力与土壤粉粒、黏粒、全磷、有机质、CEC成显著正相关,而与砂粒成显著负相关,土壤pH并不是影响绿洲区土壤吸附镍的重要因子,绿洲区土壤对镍的吸附不是哪一个土壤理化参数所控制,而可能是土壤理化参数的联合控制;③绿洲区土壤镍的解吸量随土壤中镍吸附量的增加而增加,土壤镍解吸量与解吸前吸附量的关系可以用幂函数进行模拟;④在添加50 mg/L镍的条件下,绿洲区土壤吸附的镍主要以铁-锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态和可交换态为主.     

基质酸度对马铃薯植株生理特性及微型薯结薯能力的影响

以移栽于蛭石中的马铃薯夏波蒂和费乌瑞它两品种的脱毒试管苗为试验材料,采用不同pH值[3、4、5、6、6.5(CK)]的MS营养液浇灌幼苗,研究基质pH值对马铃薯植株生理特性及微型薯结薯能力的影响.结果表明,马铃薯叶片中叶绿素含量、SOD活性、硝态氮含量、磷钾含量、微型薯结薯数和平均单株产量均随pH值的升高而增加,pH值6时达最大值,pH值3时值最小,且夏伯蒂品种的pH值6处理在叶绿素含量、SOD活性等性状方面与对照(pH 6.5)间差异显著;脯氨酸含量则随pH值的升高呈降低趋势,pH值6时最低,pH值3时最高.结果表明,pH值6是马铃薯植株生长及微型薯形成的最适酸度值.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤微量元素空间变异特征及其影响因素

以安塞县为研究区,运用地统计学和GIS技术相结合的方法研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤中有效态Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:四种微量元素的变异系数在14.81%～22.49%之间,都属于中等变异性;块金效应值在11.76%～46.94%之间,Zn的空间相关性较强,Fe、Mn和Cu的空间相关性中等;各微量元素含量在空间分布上呈现出由北部和南部向中部递减的趋势。土壤类型对Mn和Cu的含量有显著影响,灰褐土中Mn和Cu的含量高于黄绵土。相对高程与Fe、Mn和Zn呈极显著负相关;坡度与Mn和Cu呈显著或极显著负相关;地形起伏度与Fe和Cu呈显著或极显著负相关。有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾与Cu呈显著或极显著负相关,与Zn呈极显著正相关;速效钾与Fe和Mn呈极显著正相关;pH值与各微量元素均呈显著或极显著负相关。     

Leaf stoichiometry of Leontopodium lentopodioides at high altitudes on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Altitude affects leaf stoichiometry by regulating temperature and precipitation, and influencing soil properties in mountain ecosystems. Leaf carbon concentration(C), leaf nitrogen concentration(N),leaf phosphorous concentration(P), and their stoichiometric ratios of Leontopodium lentopodioides(Willd.)Beauv., a widespread species in degraded grasslands, were investigated to explore its response and adaptation strategy to environmental changes along four altitude gradients(2500, 3000, 3500, and 3...     

供锌和添加碳酸钙对不同基因型小麦幼苗生长及锌磷吸收的影响

以Hoagland营养液为介质,在不同Zn与CaCO3用量下,将以下5种基因型冬小麦进行营养液混合培养,探讨小麦幼苗生长及Zn与P吸收的状况。根据生长量及缺Zn症状的严重程度,把S02-8、远丰998判定为缺Zn敏感型,而中育6号、小偃22及西杂1号为缺Zn非敏感型;适量供Zn比高量供Zn更有利于小麦生长;低量Ca-CO3可在一定程度上促进小麦幼苗生长而高量CaCO3会抑制生长,缺Zn敏感型的生长量显著低于非敏感型,且前者的根冠比小于后者。加入CaCO3后对小麦植株Zn、P吸收的影响较小,但地上部P/Zn随CaCO3添加量的增加而递减。根系与地上部含Zn量与吸收量均随供Zn量的增加而增加,而高量供Zn时Zn在根部大量累积,同时高Zn用量在一定程度上抑制小麦植株对P的吸收,P/Zn随Zn用量的增加而降低。与不供Zn相比,高量供Zn显著降低了小麦植株根系及地上部的P/Zn值,而低量供Zn时,地上部的P/Zn仅有轻微的降低。供试的5种基因型小麦的P含量均未超过P中毒临界值,因此小麦幼苗出现的缺Zn症状与P无关。相对于缺Zn非敏感型小麦,缺Zn敏感型更易于在根系中累积Zn,吸P量较低,且地上部P/Zn较高。     

Variation of Zn content in soils under different land-use types in the Hetao oasis,Inner Mongolia of China

Understanding the status and distribution of the micronutrient Zn in soils is important for managing plant growth and preventing soil pollution for agricultural irrigation systems in arid and semi-arid regions.In this study,a total of 195 soil samples from five soil layers(0–20,20–40,40–60,60–80 and 80–100 cm) in the three land-use types(wasteland,forestland and cropland) after long-term agricultural fertilization and irrigation with Yellow River water were collected in the middle of the Hetao oasis,i.e.the Yongji irrigation sub-oasis.We analyzed the vertical and spatial distributions of Zn content and its relationship with soil properties to determine whether differences of Zn content existed in the soil profiles.The results revealed that the mean content of Zn was 107 mg/kg,1.9 times higher than the background value(55.7 mg/kg) of the Hetao oasis and much lower than the secondary standard value(300 mg/kg) of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils when p H7.5.Soil Zn contents were not significantly different and the coefficients of variation of Zn contents were less than 50% in the five soil layers.Soil Zn content was similar from southern to northern parts but increased from western to eastern parts in the sub-oasis.Soil Zn contents did not differ significantly among the three land-use types,but soil total nitrogen(TN) contents were significantly higher in the agriculturally managed forestland and cropland than in the wasteland(P0.05).Zn was significantly and positively correlated with TN(F=36.6,P0.001).The use of fertilizers may increase the content of Zn in soils,but flooding irrigation may minimize the differences in the spatial distribution of soil Zn content in the whole sub-oasis.This research is of important value for soil pollution control and sustainable land use management in arid and semi-arid regions.     

新疆民丰县农田土壤微量营养元素含量及分布

基于新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中的6种微量营养元素(Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo)的实测含量,运用地统计学方法对研究区土壤中微量营养元素的含量及空间分布进行分析。结果表明:Cu、Fe、Mn元素的块金系数在25%~75%,为中等程度的空间自相关性,空间变异同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响;土壤B、Zn、Mo元素的块金系数小于25%,具有强烈程度的空间自相关性,空间变异受到影响的因素主要有成土母质、气候等自然条件。Fe、B、Zn元素的平均含量处于较缺乏水平,Mn、Cu元素的平均含量处于中等水平,Mo元素的平均含量处于较丰富水平。研究区土壤中6种微量元素之间存在一定程度的相关性。土壤有机质和pH对土壤微量营养元素含量均有不同程度的影响。     

新疆民丰县农田土壤微量营养元素含量及分布

基于新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中的6种微量营养元素（Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo）的实测含量,运用地统计学方法对研究区土壤中微量营养元素的含量及空间分布进行分析。结果表明：Cu、Fe、Mn元素的块金系数在25%~75%,为中等程度的空间自相关性,空间变异同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响;土壤B、Zn、Mo元素的块金系数小于25%,具有强烈程度的空间自相关性,空间变异受到影响的因素主要有成土母质、气候等自然条件。Fe、B、Zn元素的平均含量处于较缺乏水平,Mn、Cu元素的平均含量处于中等水平,Mo元素的平均含量处于较丰富水平。研究区土壤中6种微量元素之间存在一定程度的相关性。土壤有机质和pH对土壤微量营养元素含量均有不同程度的影响。     

土壤环境因素对水稻纹枯病菌腐生定殖能力的影响

 研究了土壤含菌量、温度、含水量和pH值对水稻纹枯病菌在土壤中腐生定殖能力的影响。研究结果表明:土壤含菌量越大,腐生后的定殖率越高,但未达到腐生处理前的水平;随着腐生温度的升高,定殖率逐渐下降,当腐生温度达到40℃时,定殖率迅速下降到8.0%;土壤含水量在15%时腐生能力最强、定殖率最高,达到84.0%,而在土壤含水量较大或较小时腐生定殖能力都不高;另外,该病菌喜好酸性的土壤环境,在pH6.0时腐生能力最强、定殖率最高,达到85.3%。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤酶活性及其影响因子

采用通径分析的方法对辽宁省章古台地区10~60 a沙地樟子松人工林的多种土壤理化因子与5种土壤酶活性进行分析。结果表明：5种土壤酶活性与多数土壤理化因子相关性显著,土壤酶活性能够表征该区域土壤综合肥力状况。不同土壤酶活性主要影响因子不同,蔗糖酶主要影响因子综合作用排序为：有机质>黏粒>速效磷>pH;蛋白酶主要影响因子综合作用排序为：碱解氮>速效钾>含水率;磷酸酶主要影响因子综合作用排序为：全磷>速效钾>粉粒;过氧化氢酶主要影响因子综合作用排序为：pH>容重>全磷>全钾;脲酶主要影响因子综合作用排序为：pH>黏粒>全氮>含水率。与简单相关分析相比,通径分析方法能更深入地了解土壤酶活性和土壤理化因子的关系,期望通过对土壤酶活性主要影响因子的研究为樟子松人工林的抚育和土壤改良提供依据。     

Hierarchical responses of soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics to soil acidification in a dryland agroecosystem,China

Soil acidification is a major global issue of sustainable development for ecosystems. The increasing soil acidity induced by excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization in farmlands has profoundly impacted the soil carbon dynamics. However, the way in which changes in soil p H regulating the soil carbon dynamics in a deep soil profile is still not well elucidated. In this study, through a 12-year field N fertilization experiment with three N fertilizer treatments(0, 120, and 240 kg N/(hm~2·a)) in a dryland agroecosystem of China, we explored the soil p H changes over a soil profile up to a depth of 200 cm and determined the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) to the changed soil p H. Using a generalized additive model, we identified the soil depth intervals with the most powerful statistical relationships between changes in soil p H and soil carbon dynamics. Hierarchical responses of SOC and SIC dynamics to soil acidification were found. The results indicate that the changes in soil p H explained the SOC dynamics well by using a non-linear relationship at the soil depth of 0–80 cm(P=0.006), whereas the changes in soil p H were significantly linearly correlated with SIC dynamics at the 100–180 cm soil depth(P=0.015). After a long-term N fertilization in the experimental field, the soil p H value decreased in all three N fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the declines in soil p H in the deep soil layer(100–200 cm) were significantly greater(P=0.035) than those in the upper soil layer(0–80 cm). These results indicate that soil acidification in the upper soil layer can transfer excess protons to the deep soil layer, and subsequently, the structural heterogeneous responses of SOC and SIC to soil acidification were identified because of different buffer capacities for the SOC and SIC. To better estimate the effects of soil acidification on soil carbon dynamics, we suggest that future investigations for soil acidification should be extended to a deeper soil depth, e.g., 200 cm.     

Reduced severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry by manipulation of soil pH, soil organic amendments and crop rotation

Strawberry (Fragaria?×?ananassa) is one of the most important berry crops worldwide. Fusarium wilt poses a serious threat to commercial strawberry production worldwide and causes severe economic losses. Our previous surveys suggested that soil pH, soil amendment with organic matter and/or crop rotation could offer opportunities for improved management of strawberry disease. Studies were conducted for the first time to determine the effects of soil pH, soil amendments with manure compost and crop residue, and crop rotation on the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. At soil pH 6.7, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root dry weight (DW) of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in acidic soil at pH 5.2 or 5.8. In soil amendment with manure compost at 5.0?%, plants showed the least severe disease and the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in the other three levels of manure compost. In soil amendment with crop residue at 2.5?% or 5.0?%, shoot and root disease of plants and reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease were significantly lower than those of plants in soil without crop residue or excessive crop residue amendment at 10.0?%. Plants in soil rotated with tomato not only showed the least severe disease but also showed the lowest reductions in shoot and root DW of plants from disease, significantly lower than those of plants in soil continuously planted with strawberry without rotation or rotated with capsicum. Soil pH, soil amendment with manure compost or crop residue, and crop rotation, all significantly reduced the severity and impact of Fusarium wilt on strawberry. There is great potential for manipulating soil pH, adding soil organic amendments and utilizing crop rotation, not only to successfully manage Fusarium wilt on strawberry, but to do so in a sustainable way without current reliance upon chemical fumigants.