微生物制剂对河蟹育苗水质控制作用的研究

通过在河蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)育苗池中添加微生物制剂调控水质,降低育苗过程中的用药和换水量,提高幼体的变态率.在试验组中分别添加光合细菌和芽孢杆菌及二者混合制剂,与批次的对照池进行比较.试验组的水质状况均好于对照组,幼体变态率平均提高了20%,抗生素等药品使用量平均减少85%,病害发生率平均降低31%,对照组的换水率为485%,而微生物制剂处理组均为150%,平均减少换水量56%,生产成本平均降低21%.微生物制剂在河蟹育苗中能有效控制氨氮等有害物质,降低换水成本,减轻环境污染.     

益生菌在凡纳滨对虾育苗中的应用

实验研究了在凡纳滨对虾育苗中添加益生菌(芽孢杆菌、光合细菌或芽孢杆菌 光合细菌)对水体中pH值、H2S、COD、NH 4N、NO-2N和幼体成活率的影响。结果表明:光合细菌对提高水体的pH值有一定作用,而芽孢杆菌对pH值无显著影响;益生菌能显著降低水体中的H2S、NH 4N和NO-2N含量,其中光合细菌去除H2S和NO-2N的效果略优于芽孢杆菌,而芽孢杆菌去除NH 4N的能力比光合细菌强;实验中COD均在较适宜范围,益生菌对COD无显著影响。5mg·L-1芽孢杆菌和1mg·L-1芽孢杆菌 10mg·L-1光合细菌能显著提高育苗成活率。在实验中,1mg·L-1芽孢杆菌 10mg·L-1光合细菌的综合效果最佳,芽孢杆菌和光合细菌具有协同作用。     

微生态制剂对糙海参生长、消化酶活性及水质的影响

以受精后24 h孵化出的糙海参(Holothuria scabra)耳状幼体为研究对象,探讨养殖水体不同微生态制剂对糙海参苗期生长、存活、消化道消化酶活性和养殖水体水质变化的影响。实验设5个处理组,每隔5 d分别向4个试验组育苗池泼洒乳酸菌(浓度为1×108cfu·mL-1)15g(G1)、芽孢杆菌(总菌数为5×109·g-1)10 g(G2)、光合细菌(浓度为1×1011cfu·mL-1)50 mL(G3)和复合菌(G4,包含光合细菌30 mL、乳酸菌10 g和芽孢杆菌3 g),对照组(C)不添加微生态制剂。实验结果表明:试验组的糙海参出苗体重显著高于对照组(P0.05),而G1的体重明显大于其余试验组(P0.05),G3和G4之间的差异不显著(P0.05);成活率由高到低依次为G4、G3、G2、C、G1,其中G2和C之间差异不显著(P0.05),其余组之间差异显著(P0.05)。微生态制剂的添加还能不同程度地影响糙海参苗体消化道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性,G3和G4的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于其它组(P0.05),两组之间差异不显著(P0.05);G1和G4的纤维素酶活性显著高于其它组(P0.05),两组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。各试验组苗池水质的氨氮、亚硝酸盐和COD值分别在实验第10天、20天和30天显著低于对照组,微生态制剂对糙海参苗期养殖池的总磷(TP)影响不大(P0.05)。研究结果表明,糙海参育苗池中泼洒微生态制剂可以促进幼体的生长,提高消化酶活性和成活率,并有改善育苗水体水质的作用。     

微生物制剂对养殖池塘细菌群落影响的PCR-DGGE分析

为了解微生物制剂在水产养殖环境修复中的作用机制,采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究不同微生物制剂对养殖池塘上覆水和沉积物中细菌群落的影响。结果显示,施用微生物制剂前后,试验塘上覆水样品中细菌的DGGE优势条带无明显变化,细菌群落组成没有明显差异,提示微生物制剂对试验塘上覆水中的细菌群落组成影响很小。相对而言,施用过微生物制剂的池塘相对于对照池塘其细菌群落结构发生的变化较大;泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加芽孢杆菌原粉750 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落2 d内发生了较大变化,之后相对稳定,对照池塘和泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加光合细菌原粉1 500 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落组成变化很小。     

锦鲤不同养殖模式下水体中氨氮含量变化规律的比较研究

为研究锦鲤不同养殖模式下水体中氨氮含量的变化规律,在肥水池塘、新水池塘、工厂化循环水养殖池、水泥池、定期换水的水泥池、定期投放微生物制剂的水泥池中进行了锦鲤养殖试验,测定水体中氨氮的含量并进行分析。结果表明:各试验组间氨氮含量的变化差异显著(P0.05);各组氨氮含量与时间的相关关系均达到极显著水平(P0.01),其中工厂化循环水养殖池为显著负相关,其余各组为显著正相关。肥水池塘、新水池塘、不换水的水泥池、定期换水的水泥池4个试验组的氨氮含量随时间的延长呈上升趋势。工厂化循环水养殖池的氨氮含量在鱼种投放后第4天达到最高值0.42 mg·L-1,而后随时间的延长,氨氮浓度处于波动下降的状态。定期投放微生物制剂水泥池的氨氮浓度分别在试验第10天和第20天出现了两个波峰,在第14天和第25天出现了两个波谷,整体随时间的延长呈上升趋势。     

不同水温和水质理化因子对糙海参摄食、生长影响研究

分别以不同水温15、20、25、30℃为4个试验组,研究糙海参成参的摄食和生长。试验结果表明:糙海参体重的增长与水温的变化密切相关;糙海参的最适生长水温为20~30℃,在25℃时生长最快,日增重量和日增重率分别为7.667 g和1.48%,而且显著高于其他试验组。在水温15℃时,日增重量和日增重率分别为0.1 g和0.022%,有时会出现负增长。当水温达到15℃时,糙海参摄食活动减少,停止摄食,体重不再增加。在水质因子研究方面,分为不换水试验组、换水1/3试验组(每日)、全部换水试验组(每日),研究了不同水质对糙海参生长的影响。经过15 d养殖,结果表明:其他水质指标波动在正常范围,3个试验组间无明显差别,只有NO2-含量有明显的差异。不换水组、换水1/3组和全部换水组的亚硝酸盐质量浓度分别是1.34 mg/L、0.55 mg/L和0.23 mg/L。亚硝酸盐质量浓度大小与海参生长有密切关系,两者呈负相关。全部换水组亚硝酸盐质量浓度显著低于其他试验组,糙海参生长最快;不换水试验组,部分糙海参日增重量和日增重率呈负增长,部分已经吐脏。     

微生态制剂在加州鲈养殖中的应用

正微生态制剂是利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质制成的微生物制剂,换而言之,一切能促进正常微生物群生长繁殖的及抑制致病菌生长繁殖的制剂都称为微生态制剂。微生态制剂包括:(1)单一菌类,如乳酸菌、光合细菌、芽孢杆菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌等;(2)复合微生态制剂,如益生菌、EM菌等,其中EM菌一般由光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌等80余种有益菌种复合培养而成。     

光合细菌在暗纹东方鲀养殖上的应用

初步研究了施加不同浓度光合细菌在暗纹东方鲀养殖中的效果。试验表明：添加光合细菌浓度在50μg／L以上时能有效地改善养殖水环境，使COD、BOD、氨态氮、亚硝基盐浓度下降并保持在正常范围，与对照池相比，鱼苗成活率增加，体长体重增加，不受病原微生物的侵害。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖业中的应用(连载二)

2、复合微生物制剂:是一类多菌种的微生物制剂。在光合细菌研究的基础上,随着研究的不断深入,又开发出许多优于光合细菌的产品应用于水产养殖业。(1)益生素:是一种全面改善水质的微生物制剂,其主要成分有芽孢杆菌、枯草杆菌、硫化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌等多种微生物。它能分解水中的有机物,降解氨态氮、亚硝酸盐、硫化氢等,改善池底的厌氧环境,抑制水体中藻类过量繁殖,保持养殖水体微生态平衡。益生素中的硝化细菌能将水体中的亚硝酸盐转化为硝酸盐;反硝化细     

有效微生物制剂（Effective Microorganism）发展前景

本刊讯：有效微生物制剂，简称EM，它由光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、放线菌以及发酵型丝状真菌等80余种有益菌种复合培养而成。与一般生物制剂相比，它具有结构复杂、性能稳定、功能齐全的优势。用EM用作饵料添加剂，提高动物对饵料的消化吸收利用率，提高动物的抗病力，杀死病原体微生物，提高成活率；     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.