2个杂交籼稻和2个粳稻品种SSR指纹图谱的构建及双重PCR技术的初步研究

 用460对水稻SSR引物对5个杂交籼稻及其双亲和16个粳稻品种（系）进行了PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,筛选出12对稳定性好、多态性高、杂带少的SSR引物作为核心引物,构建了国稻6号和两优培九的SSR指纹图谱。另外,还筛选出9对核心引物,构建了粳稻品种盐稻8号和徐稻4号的分子指纹图谱。其中,筛选出国稻6号的特异性标记5个,两优培九的特异性标记3个,盐稻8号的特异性标记1个,徐稻4号的特异性标记2个。这些特异标记可用于种子纯度的快速鉴定。另外,挑选扩增条带稳定、特异性较好的引物组合,进行了双重PCR分析。     

基于荧光标记SSR的CID法快速鉴定福建茶树品种

茶树品种真实性鉴定是茶树种质资源研究的重要组成部分,是茶树品种知识产权保护的前提。在茶树基因组上按照均匀分布的原则选择45个SSR标记合成荧光标记引物,利用这些标记引物对54个福建无性系茶树品种进行PCR扩增,标记基因型分型后进一步筛选出9个SSR标记核心引物。这批核心引物的多态性信息含量(Polymorphism information content,PIC)均大于0.5,等位位点数在3~5之间,基因型数在5~10之间,属于高度多态性引物且方便进行基因型数据统计,适宜用来进行无性系茶树品种的真实性鉴定。利用其中的6个标记核心引物建立了54个福建无性系茶树品种的品种鉴别图(Cultivar identification diagram,CID),该CID能直观地提供对其中任意品种进行鉴定所需要的标记引物以及相应的标记基因型,且能够方便地进行扩容以用来对更多的无性系茶树品种进行真实性鉴定。利用该方法对无性系茶树品种进行真实性鉴定,操作方便、快速准确、稳定性高、实用性强。本实验所获得的茶树品种鉴定图(CID)对茶树品种知识产权保护,以及促进茶树品种选育工作健康可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

梧州茶树种质资源的遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析

基于SSR标记对梧州六堡镇群体种和南渡镇野生大茶树种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析,并筛选出用于该种质资源鉴别的核心分子标记。研究结果如下：（1）17对SSR引物在供试材料中共扩增得到98个等位基因,每对SSR引物扩增的等位位点为3~8个,平均每个位点5.764 7个等位基因;（2）从17个SSR分子标记中筛选出8个核心标记组合即可区分每份种质资源;（3）六堡镇茶树种质资源的平均等位基因数（A）、基因型数、基因多样性（H）、多态性信息含量（PIC）分别为4.647 1、7.000 0、0.675 4、0.628 3,高于南渡镇野生大茶树种质资源,与栽培种茶树群体接近;（4）聚类分析表明,六堡镇茶树群体部分种质资源单独聚为一类,部分与云南的大叶种茶树,少量与浙江、贵州地方栽培种聚为一类;而南渡镇野生茶树种质资源单独聚为一类,仅有2个六堡镇的种质材料散落其间。综上所述,梧州茶树种质资源丰富,遗传多样性较高,研究结果为进一步开发和利用该资源奠定了基础。     

基于SSR标记评价江西赣东北茶树遗传多样性

遗传多样性评价是茶树种质资源鉴定和新品种选育的重要内容.本研究采用筛选的9对SSR引物对17份江西赣东北茶树种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明:9对SSR标记在17个品种中共检测到32个等位基因,平均每个标记3.56个,PIC和遗传多样性指数平均值分别为0.54和1.07,参试品种的Nei's遗传距离(D)在0.1...     

柱花草种质遗传多样性的SSR和SRAP分析

应用SSR和SRAP标记,对20份柱花草种质的遗传多样性进行研究。从113对SSR引物中筛选出41对多态性较好的引物,共扩增出229个位点,多态性比率达76.86%,平均每个引物扩增多态性位点4.29个。从224对SRAP引物中筛选出25对多态性较好的引物,共扩增出359个位点,平均每个引物扩增多态性10.72个,多态性比率达74.65%。综合SSR和SRAP两种标记对20份材料计算出的遗传相似系数(GS)为0.65~0.90,表明柱花草种质遗传多样性比较丰富;通过UPGMA聚类分析,把这20份材料聚为3个类群,其中类群Ⅰ又分为4个亚类。     

热辣2号辣椒纯度鉴定及优良自交系遗传多样性分析

为了提高种子质量和充分利用辣椒种质资源,应用SSR分子标记对热辣2号杂交种纯度进行鉴定并对部分辣椒优良自交系进行遗传多样性分析。以热辣2号母本材料CAYB02和父本材料CAYB01为模板筛选85对辣椒SSR引物,其中12对引物在亲本间能扩增出明显的多态性,多态性比率为14.12%,多态性标记分别位于辣椒1、3、4、6、7、9、11、12号染色体,利用3对位于不同染色体上的SSR标记对热辣2号黄灯笼椒杂交种的纯度进行鉴定,热辣2号种子纯度为98.79%,标记鉴定结果与田间鉴定结果一致。研究结果表明,利用SSR标记鉴定辣椒杂交种纯度是切实可行的。利用12对多态性明显、稳定可靠的SSR引物对部分辣椒自交系进行遗传多样性分析,共扩增出60条条带,多态性位点比率为100%,平均每对引物检测出5个等位基因。30份辣椒自交系间遗传相似系数变幅为0.33~1.00,平均为0.65,表明供试材料间具有丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明,在遗传相似系数为0.47时,可以将中国辣椒和一年生辣椒区分开来。在遗传相似系数为0.85时,30份辣椒优良自交系分为11个类群,辣椒种质遗传关系与地理来源和农艺性状具有一定的相关性。     

SRAP和SSR标记构建的甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱比较

利用SRAP ( sequence - related amp lified polymorphism)和SSR标记构建了甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱,并对 两种标记方法进行了比较。结果表明: (1)每对SRAP引物扩增出20. 36个条带,其中4. 44个是清晰、易于辩认的 多态性带;每对SSR引物扩增出3. 88个条带,均为多态性条带。(2)采用25对SRAP和SSR引物分别构建40个和 75个品种的特异指纹图谱, SRAP指纹中具有特异图谱的比例(82. 5%和50. 7% )高于SSR指纹图谱的结果( 60. 0%和44. 4% ) 。品种数越多具有特异指纹的品种越少。(3)运用引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱,大大地提高了指 纹图谱的特异性。25对SSR引物组合扩增97个多态性谱带,两个不同的品种具有相同谱带的概率只有6. 3108 × 10 - 30。组合指纹图谱比组合数码图谱更直观。与SRAP标记相比, SSR标记以其扩增谱带少、易于识别和统计而 更适合用于引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱。     

湖北巴东县野生茶树种质资源遗传多样性及种群结构亲缘关系分析

野生茶树种质资源具有较高的遗传多样性,是开展茶树品种选育的优质基因库。收集了来自湖北省巴东县的26份野生茶树资源,利用简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeat,SSR）分子标记并结合对照栽培型茶树品种对野生茶树资源的遗传多样性及种群结构等进行分析。结果如下：（1）16对引物在供试材料中共扩增得到82个等位位点,每对引物扩增所得的等位基因范围为3～8个,平均检测出等位位点5.12个,有效位点数量3.65个,香农多样性指数平均值1.378。（2）从16对引物中筛选出6个核心引物位点,可对26份野生茶树进行有效检测并鉴别。（3）UPGMA进化树将48份材料分为7个类别,野生茶树与栽培型茶树能通过SSR标记进行有效划分;进一步种群遗传结构分析发现26份野生茶树可分为2个亚群。（4）依据生化成分含量,筛选得出2份高EGCG含量的茶树种质资源及2份适制红茶的茶树种质资源。研究结果显示,巴东野生茶树多样性丰富,种群内部遗传变异高,为进一步保护、开发和利用巴东野生茶树种质资源奠定了基础。     

黑龙江省不同年代主栽春小麦品种的遗传多样性分析

为了从分子水平探讨黑龙江省春小麦种质资源的遗传多样性,对黑龙江省34份不同年代主栽春小麦品种进行SSR标记分析,计算遗传相似系数(GS)和位点多态性信息含量(PIC),并利用SSR标记的数据结果对供试品种进行聚类分析.14对SSR引物共扩增出73个等位变异,平均每对引物扩增出5.2个等位变异.遗传相似系数的变化范围为0.32～0.88,总体平均值为0.64.位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.16～0.87,平均0.56.聚类分析表明,SSR标记将34个品种相互区分开并分为五大类,分类结果与品种系谱比较吻合.据此认为,SSR标记揭示出黑龙江省主栽小麦品种具有较高的遗传多样性.     

基于转录组测序的油梨 EST-SSR 引物开发

利用转录测序技术,开发油梨表达序列标签-简单重复序列（EST-SSRs）,为 SSR 标记在油梨种质资源鉴定、品种选育及遗传连锁图谱构建奠定基础。采用 Illumina 二代测序的技术,共获得 37 639 条无冗余的序列,对其进行 SSR搜索,共获得 6 419 条简单序列重复（SSR）。利用 Primer 3.0 软件设计 SSR 引物,并以 11 份油梨种质筛选多态性引物。基于转录组序列开发出的 EST-SSR 的分布频率为 17.05%。在油梨 EST-SSR 中,单核苷、二核苷和三核苷的重复占主导,占总数的 99.07%。单、二、三核苷酸重复单元分别占总 SSR 的 37.47%、31.80%和 29.80%;出现频率最高的二核苷酸重复基元是 AG/CT,占总数的 29.15%,出现最高的三核苷酸重复基元为 AAG/CTT,占 12.01%。随机选择 315 个SSR 位点合成引物,经 11 份油梨种质筛选鉴定,227 对引物可扩增获得产物,有效扩增率为 72.06%;其中 34 对引物表现出良好多态性,占有效引物的 12.78%,占总引物的 10.79%。在 34 对多态性引物中,每对引物扩增等位基因数 2~12个。利用高通量测序开发 SSR 引物有较好的实性,开发获得的 34 个具有多态性的油梨 SSR 标记可用于研究油梨及其相关近缘物种的遗传变异。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).