水肥一体化施磷对滴灌高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率的影响

磷肥的施用方式和施用量对提高作物的产量和磷肥利用效率有重要影响。研究常规一次性施肥和滴灌分次施肥以及不同磷肥用量对玉米生长及磷肥利用效率的影响,为进一步提高滴灌密植高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率提供理论依据。结果表明,在滴灌水肥一体化分次施磷模式下,磷肥用量在90 kg/hm2时玉米产量达到最大(16.66～17.29 t/hm2),比一次性基肥施入产量高8.3%～12.6%,经济效益平均提高11.0%;磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率比一次性基肥施入处理分别提高44.4%～50%和59.5%～73.65%。在滴灌水肥一体化条件下,在玉米开花前随水分次滴施水溶磷肥能有效提高玉米产量和磷肥利用率,同时能减少磷肥用量,提高经济效益。     

滴灌施肥下菠萝氮磷钾的营养特性

菠萝(Ananas comosus)生产上存在着较多的施肥不合理现象,导致肥料利用效率偏低,限制产量提高。另外,菠萝产区的季节性干旱,对肥料利用效率和产量也有明显的限制作用。为有效缓解这一系列问题,以期为指导菠萝合理施肥、提高肥料利用效率、提高自动化管理水平、实现增产增收提供理论参考,在田间试验条件下展开菠萝滴灌施肥技术研究,探索滴灌施肥条件下菠萝需肥特性。结果表明:(1)滴灌施肥下,菠萝植株对K的需要量最大、N次之、P最少,各时期N、P、K养分比例为1∶0.06~0.11∶2~3;(2)滴灌施肥下,N、P、K肥料养分利用率显著提高,与常规施肥相比,分别提高了23.41%、11.39%和33.94%;(3)滴灌施肥下,旺盛生长期和果实膨大期对养分的吸收量最大,施肥需重点集中在旺盛生长期和果实膨大期。     

滴灌量对新疆高产春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响研究

通过设置不同灌溉量处理,研究新疆滴灌高产玉米(≥15 000 kg/hm2)的需水规律及其灌溉量对产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,两年两地(伊宁县、奇台)均表现为玉米产量随着灌水量增大而显著增加,灌水量显著影响穗粒重,而对收获穗数无显著影响;相同灌水量不同基因型间的耗水量无显著差异,但同一基因型不同灌水量处理间的耗水量均表现为随着灌水量增大而显著增大;同一灌水量不同基因型的水分利用效率有差异,不同基因型间均表现出较低灌量处理的水分利用效率较高。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率,现行高产田灌溉量减少10%或20%,可在不影响产量的同时达到节水的目的。     

微喷灌模式冬小麦产量形成及水分利用特性研究

为了解微喷灌技术的节水潜力及其对冬小麦生理特性和产量形成的影响,采用裂区试验设计,以灌溉方式(微喷灌和畦灌)为主区,灌溉量和灌水时期为副区,微喷灌和畦灌分别设置了6个和12个灌水量水平,分析了微喷灌冬小麦部分生理指标的变化以及产量和水分利用特点。结果表明,两种灌溉模式下小麦供水量(降水+灌溉水)与产量均呈2次曲线关系,达到最高产量的微喷灌、畦灌供水量分别为228.7和325.8 mm,相应耗水量分别为386.3和449.7 mm,微喷灌的最高产量和WUE较畦灌分别提高5.8%和16.3%。供水量190.0 mm下微喷灌小麦达到最高产量,相应耗水量为348.8 mm,WUE较畦灌提高26.7%。在较低灌水量范围内,相同灌水量下微喷灌小麦叶片渗透势、叶绿素含量和光合速率均高于畦灌小麦,尤其是在生育后期;在最高产量时微喷灌小麦叶片各项生理指标明显高于畦灌或与之相当。与传统畦灌比较,在限水灌溉条件下,微喷灌能显著提高小麦生育后期叶片生理活性,增产效果突出,节水潜力较大。     

水肥管理对东北不同密度春玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响

采用大田试验,研究自然降雨+氮肥底施、表施氮肥+大水漫灌、滴灌水氮一体化不同水肥管理对东北地区低、中、高不同密度下春玉米产量、干物质及水氮利用的影响。结果表明,滴灌水氮一体化处理在各密度下均较自然降雨+氮肥底施显著提高玉米产量,在高密度时滴灌水氮一体化处理产量最高为14 268.9 kg/hm2,显著高于表施氮肥+大水漫灌处理。在高密度时,与表施氮肥+大水漫处理相比,滴灌水氮一体化处理可获得较高的总干物质积累量,显著提高花后氮素积累量,总氮量增加78.2%,进而提高氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率。滴灌水氮一体化处理能够在高密度下提高东北玉米产量的同时提高水氮利用效率。     

渭北旱塬小麦高效施肥的产量及水分效应

为给旱地小麦资源高效利用提供依据,通过不同养分配置及相应集成栽培技术处理,研究了旱作条件下小麦高效施肥的产量和水分利用效应。结果表明,在高量施肥水平基础上氮肥减少75 kg.hm-2的情况下,小麦产量增加569.85 kg.hm-2,增产幅度达8.1%;高量减氮施肥处理比农民习惯施肥处理（CK）增产11.3%,其增产幅度比高量施肥处理高8.4个百分点;高量减氮处理养分效益为4.25元.kg-1,比CK提高250.3%;肥料对产量的贡献率为12.3%,比CK高9.9个百分点;水分利用效率达到19.8 kg.mm-1.hm-2,比CK提高16.5%。旱地在目前氮磷肥投入水平基础上增施钾肥,单位有效养分经济产量、生物产量和收益分别增加10.0%、30.6%和8.2%,说明增施钾肥是促进旱地小麦肥料有效利用和增产的有效途径之一。     

PAL肥料增效剂对黄土旱塬春玉米产量及光合特性的影响

2008～2010年在陇东黄土旱塬进行春玉米田间试验,研究PAL肥料增效剂对黄土旱塬春玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及光合特性的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮量情况下,配施凹凸棒(PAL)肥料增效剂玉米增产效果明显,施氮量180 kg/hm2、配施PAL肥料增效剂90 kg/hm2的处理春玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,3年平均分别为11 637.6 kg/hm2和43.8 kg/(mm.hm2),较不施肥处理分别增加14.4%和13.0%,较相同施氮量不配施PAL处理分别增加6.0%和5.4%,产量性状优,具有较高的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片水分利用效率。     

氮肥减施对夏玉米生长及水氮利用效率的影响

为探索夏玉米减氮增效科学生产模式,研究滴灌水肥一体化条件下氮肥减施对夏玉米形态生长指标、子粒产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响。以传统畦灌施氮模式(CK,施氮量300 kg/hm²)为对照,滴灌水肥一体化处理依据0～20 cm土层含水率进行补灌,设4个施氮水平(DN120:120 kg/hm²、DN180:180 kg/hm²、DN240:240kg/hm²、DN300:300 kg/hm²)。结果表明,滴灌条件下各处理夏玉米生育期灌水量差异不大,滴灌水肥一体化夏玉米的株高、叶面积指数和地上部干质量随施氮量增加均呈增大趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg/hm²时,处理间各项指标差异不显著。随着氮肥用量的增多,滴灌夏玉米子粒产量和土壤硝态氮残留量逐渐增大,水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增大后减小趋势,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)逐渐降低。与CK和DN300处理相比,DN180处理玉米子粒产量无显著差异,施氮量减少40%,耗水量减少10.10%～19.99%,WU...     

氮肥运筹对华北平原限水灌溉冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了解不同氮肥运筹处理对华北平原限水灌溉条件下冬小麦产量、水分和氮素利用效率的影响,在中国农业大学吴桥试验站限水灌溉(播种前灌充足底墒水,春浇拔节水和开花水)条件下,开展了6个不同氮肥运筹处理(157.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥88.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥69 kg N/ha;基施88.5 kg N/ha 追施138 kg/ha;226.5 kg N/ha全部做基肥;基肥157.5 kg N/ha 追肥138 kg N/ha)的大田试验。结果表明,限水灌溉条件下,不同氮肥运筹处理的冬小麦经济产量和产量构成因素(有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)间无显著差异。冬小麦水分利用效率(1.78~1.87 kg/m3)和氮素生理利用效率(39.65~44.42 kg/kgN)随氮肥施用量加大呈下降趋势,而氮肥生产力则随施氮量增加而显著降低。冬小麦氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)均表现为叶片>茎鞘>穗颖。氮肥一次性基施处理的氮素转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率(%)在各氮肥运筹处理中均较高。在华北平原地区,施氮水平在157.5 kg N/ha且一次性基施,是限水灌溉冬小麦高产、高效、简化的适宜施肥方式。     

覆膜滴灌对玉米光合特性、物质积累及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,以雨养条件为对照,研究3种灌溉处理(滴灌、覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌)对玉米相对叶绿素质量浓度(SPAD值)、光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响,探讨不同膜下滴灌节水增产的效果及内在机制。结果表明,覆膜增加玉米苗期叶绿素质量浓度,在拔节期覆膜的作用减弱,抽雄期SPAD值依次为覆膜限量补灌覆膜滴灌滴灌雨养。与对照相比,覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌玉米地上部干物质重分别增加22.8%~52.8%和20.3%~48.0%;玉米产量增加1 261 kg/hm2和1 300 kg/hm2,增产12.7%和13.1%;提高水分利用效率0.83 kg/m3和1.23 kg/m3,提高水分生产效率0.30 kg/m3和0.36 kg/m3。覆膜限量补灌在不影响光合产物积累的基础上,比覆膜滴灌节水60%。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.