解放钟和早钟6号枇杷果实的贮藏性与采后生理变化比较

较研究解放钟与早钟6号枇杷果实在20℃贮藏条件下果实的贮藏性及采后生理变化规律.结果表明,解放钟枇杷果实比早钟6号枇杷果实较耐贮藏,耐贮藏的解放钟枇杷果实贮藏期间果实失水率较低,保水能力较强.贮藏期间,枇杷果实的总酸含量快速下降,但解放钟枇杷果实能保持较高的总酸含量,而且极显著高于早钟6号枇杷果实;可溶性糖和还原糖含量在贮藏前期(0～5 d)略有上升而后缓慢下降;超氧歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现为先升后降的趋势,而且有酶活力峰出现,与解放钟枇杷果实相比,早钟6号枇杷果实SOD和CAT活性变化幅度大、酶活力峰提早出现,代谢不稳定;早钟6号枇杷果实H2O2和MDA含量均比解放钟枇杷果实高,表明早钟6号枇杷果实活性氧代谢加强,从而加快果实衰老,缩短果实保鲜期.     

采前喷施复硝酚钠对杧果果实品质和采后发病率的影响

探明采前喷施复硝酚钠对‘贵妃’杧果果实品质和采后发病率的影响,以期为复硝酚钠在杧果生产中的使用提供科学合理的理论依据。选用‘贵妃’杧果为试材,于盛花期后第15天开始喷施质量浓度为500 mg/L的复硝酚钠,每隔9~12 d喷施1次,共喷施6次。测定果实发育期间的纵横径、成熟期的单果质量、成熟过程中的果皮颜色参数（L、a、b值）、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量和果实病害等指标。试验结果表明,采前喷施复硝酚钠能够促进果实膨大,显著增加‘贵妃’杧果成熟期的单果质量,促进果实果皮转红和成熟期果皮转黄,延缓果肉硬度下降和可溶性固形物含量的上升,总酸含量基本保持不变,极大地降低了采后病害发病率和发病指数。     

李果实生长发育过程中糖酸和花青苷含量的变化及相关分析

以‘黑珍珠’李为试材,测定其色泽参数及其发育过程中的糖酸种类与含量、花青苷的种类与含量,并进行花青苷含量与色泽参数的相关性分析、花青苷含量与糖酸含量的通径分析。结果表明:果实中检测到6种有机酸。苹果酸含量最高,其次是顺乌头酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸和富马酸。果实中葡萄糖和果糖含量变化不大,山梨醇含量相对较低,蔗糖含量随着果实发育逐渐升高。黑珍珠李中主要有矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷,果实发育前期果皮和果肉花青苷含量相差不大,而从花后(DAF)85 d开始,果皮花青苷含量急剧增加,此时色泽参数也有相应变化,但果肉花青苷含量与色差变化不大。相关性分析发现,李果皮发育过程中,花青苷含量与L*和b*成负相关,与a*成正相关,果肉花青苷含量与色泽参数相关性不大;通径分析表明,果皮中苹果酸通过其他糖酸对总花青苷的影响较大,果肉中琥珀酸对于其他5个酸起着较大的贡献,而顺乌头酸起着负作用,葡萄糖对于其他3个糖在花青苷的合成上也起着负作用。     

枇杷果实发育过程中山梨醇含量及相关酶活性的变化

以果型和品质差异较大的黄肉枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)‘解放钟’和白肉枇杷‘白梨’的果实为试材,测定果实发育过程中山梨醇、果糖、葡萄糖含量及与山梨醇代谢相关酶--山梨醇脱氢酶(Sorbitol dehydrogenase,SDH)和山梨醇氧化酶(Sorbitol oxidase,SOX)活性的变化,并探讨山梨醇代谢与枇杷果实生长发育和品质形成的关系。结果表明:2个枇杷品种果实中山梨醇含量均随果实发育进程呈下降趋势,且‘白梨’枇杷果实中山梨醇含量高于‘解放钟’。在花后35~80 d,2个枇杷品种幼果中葡萄糖和果糖含量均较低且相对稳定,而花后95~140 d果实中葡萄糖和果糖含量逐渐上升,并在花后125~140 d果实成熟期急剧增加而达到峰值;果实中葡萄糖含量在2个品种间差异不显著(p0.05),花后125~140 d的果实成熟期,‘白梨’果实中果糖含量显著高于‘解放钟’(p0.05)。果实发育过程中SDH和SOX的活性均呈先降后升的变化趋势。说明2个枇杷品种果实发育过程中山梨醇、果糖、葡萄糖含量及SDH和山SOX的活性表现出相似的变化规律,但果实山梨醇含量与SDH和SOX的活性在果实膨大期均存在显著差异(p0.05),这可能是黄肉枇杷与白肉枇杷品质差异的关键。     

基于芒果果肉颜色的品质检测技术

以芒果品种‘贵妃’为试材,利用光谱仪测定L、a、b值,同时测定果实的硬度及糖酸度,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立基于颜色值的可溶性固形物(SSC)、硬度及可滴定酸(TA)的品质预测模型。预测模型的建模相关系数R可溶性固形物含量、硬度及可滴定酸含量分别为0.962 2、0.946 4和0.959 2;均方误差分别为0.658 1%、0.992 7 kg/cm~2及0.827 5 g/L。预测集拟合方程的相关系数分别为0.965 6、0.949 0和0.925 7;均方误差分别为0.626 7%、1.159 0 kg/cm~2和0.999 2 g/L。结果表明:芒果预测模型的预测准确度,可溶性固形物高于硬度和可滴定酸,基于‘贵妃’芒果采后品质的果肉颜色值快速检测可行。     

采后枇杷果皮细胞壁代谢和果实超微结构与贮藏性的关系

研究‘早钟6号’枇杷果实裸藏和聚乙烯薄膜袋藏下果皮的细胞壁代谢。结果表明:裸藏与袋藏的‘早钟6号’枇杷果实采后8℃下贮藏期间,果实失重率不断增大,果皮细胞膜相对渗透率、果胶酯酶(PE)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性逐渐升高;果皮细胞膜相对渗透率与PE、PG活性呈显著正相关效应(p0.01);但袋藏可极显著(p0.01)地减少果实失重率,延缓果皮的细胞膜相对渗透率、PE和PG活性升高,说明薄膜包装贮藏能抑制果实失水、降低细胞壁降解酶(PE、PG)活性和维持果皮细胞膜的完整性。进一步通过扫描电镜观察比较了不同贮藏性的5个枇杷品种果实的超微结构,结果表明:枇杷果皮多皮孔,果顶与果蒂部位绒毛少且稀疏,果肉肉质细、具有大的细胞间隙和胞间腔,这些超微结构易引起采后枇杷果实失水和病原微生物侵染,从而导致果实贮藏性和抗病性下降。     

4个粉蕉品种后熟过程中果实色泽及质构特性变化规律比较

目前,对粉蕉品种果实后熟过程中的质地特性变化规律的研究相对较少,以‘矮粉1号’‘金粉1号’‘广粉1号’和‘粉杂1号’4个主栽粉蕉品种为供试材料,采用质构仪P/5探头进行整果穿刺试验,研究其果实质地相关参数的变化规律,可为粉蕉的果实质构特性的客观评价方法提供理论依据。结果表明:在后熟过程中,4个粉蕉品种的果肉粘连性、果肉紧实度和红绿值a^*上升,黄蓝值b^*和饱和度C^*波动上升,果皮破裂距离和果皮韧性呈先上升后下降趋势,果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性、果肉硬度和色度角h°呈下降的趋势;4个粉蕉品种的果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮韧性、果皮脆性、色度角h°间均呈极显著正相关,果肉粘连性、果肉紧实度、亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*间均呈极显著正相关;果肉硬度与亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*值间呈极显著负相关,果肉粘连性与果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性和果肉硬度间呈极显著负相关;果皮破裂距离与果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性、亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*和色度角h°间的相关性不显著。利用主成分分析对4个粉蕉品种的果实成熟期质地进行综合评价,结果表明:‘粉杂1号’质地最优,其次是‘金粉1号’,然后是‘广粉1号’和‘矮粉1号’。     

4个粉蕉品种后熟过程中果实色泽及质构特性变化规律比较

目前,对粉蕉品种果实后熟过程中的质地特性变化规律的研究相对较少,以‘矮粉1号’‘金粉1号’‘广粉1号’和‘粉杂1号’4个主栽粉蕉品种为供试材料,采用质构仪P/5探头进行整果穿刺试验,研究其果实质地相关参数的变化规律,可为粉蕉的果实质构特性的客观评价方法提供理论依据。结果表明:在后熟过程中,4个粉蕉品种的果肉粘连性、果肉紧实度和红绿值a^*上升,黄蓝值b^*和饱和度C^*波动上升,果皮破裂距离和果皮韧性呈先上升后下降趋势,果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性、果肉硬度和色度角h°呈下降的趋势;4个粉蕉品种的果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮韧性、果皮脆性、色度角h°间均呈极显著正相关,果肉粘连性、果肉紧实度、亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*间均呈极显著正相关;果肉硬度与亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*值间呈极显著负相关,果肉粘连性与果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性和果肉硬度间呈极显著负相关;果皮破裂距离与果皮硬度、果皮强度、果皮脆性、亮度值L^*、红绿值a^*、黄蓝值b^*、饱和度C^*和色度角h°间的相关性不显著。利用主成分分析对4个粉蕉品种的果实成熟期质地进行综合评价,结果表明:‘粉杂1号’质地最优,其次是‘金粉1号’,然后是‘广粉1号’和‘矮粉1号’。     

贵州主栽杧果品种果实品质及香气成分分析

为了解贵州主栽杧果品种的果实品质特性,分析了‘金煌杧’‘贵妃杧’‘玉文杧’‘桂七杧’‘红玉杧’5个主栽杧果品种果实的12个品质指标和香气成分。结果表明：5个杧果品种的平均单果重在380~898 g,果形指数在1.60~2.14,可食率72.10%~77.74%,水分含量82.06%~85.10%,总灰分含量1.30%~1.70%,粗纤维含量在0.90%~1.10%,可溶性糖含量在7.75~13.90 g/100 g,可溶性固形物含量在11.05%~17.10%,总酸含量在0.120~0.233 g/100 g,维生素C含量在0.0018~0.0073 g/100 g,糖酸比在40.26~123.88,固酸比在61.30~153.39;5个杧果品种共检测出50种香气成分,以萜烯类化合物为主;‘金煌杧’‘贵妃杧’‘玉文杧’‘桂七杧’‘红玉杧’分别检测出香气组分14种、14种、21种、21种、16种,其中萜烯类化合物的含量分别达56.34%、73.95%、82.47%、97.32%、64.16%。5个杧果品种的香味均以松木香味为主,略带青香、苹果香和柠檬香等香味。     

不同品种枇杷果实微量元素分析及综合评价

本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定23种枇杷果实中9种微量元素含量,并对果实的外观品质指标进行测定,运用主成分分析、聚类分析方法及结合SPSS 19.0统计软件对测定结果进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）不同品种枇杷果实中微量元素含量顺序均为：Mn>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Co>Mo>Se>V。其中Mn、Fe和Zn 3种微量元素是枇杷果实中主要微量元素,主成分分析筛选出4个主因子,枇杷果肉中Mn、Co、Cu和Se是枇杷的特征微量元素,综合得分较高的前3个品种依次是‘新霄’、‘卓南1号’和‘少核大红袍’。（2）根据微量元素含量将枇杷分为3个类型,即高Zn、Fe含量类型,包括‘木鱼种’、‘小毛枇杷’等共计19个品种;高Cu含量类型,包括‘少核大红袍’和‘湖北二六’;高Mn、Co含量类型,包括‘卓南1号’和‘新霄’。（3）对果实中微量元素之间相关性分析发现,元素Mn和Co、Cu之间表现为极显著性相关,相关系数分别为0.852和0.538;此外元素V和Fe、Zn,元素Co和Cu之间表现出显著相关,元素Ni和Se表现为显著相关。同时对微量元素与果实品质之间做相关性分析表明,Fe与果肉中的可溶性固形物呈极显著相关;元素Cu与果实横径表现为极显著相关。综合分析表明,枇杷中富含Fe、Zn、Mn等有益微量元素,且含有特征微量元素Se。‘新霄’是23个品种中营养价值最高的品种。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.