Dynamical response of the tropical Pacific Ocean to solar forcing during the early Holocene

We present a high-resolution magnesium/calcium proxy record of Holocene sea surface temperature (SST) from off the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, a region where interannual SST variability is dominated today by the influence of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Temperatures were lowest during the early to middle Holocene, consistent with documented eastern equatorial Pacific cooling and numerical model simulations of orbital forcing into a La Ni?a-like state at that time. The early Holocene SSTs were also characterized by millennial-scale fluctuations that correlate with cosmogenic nuclide proxies of solar variability, with inferred solar minima corresponding to El Ni?o-like (warm) conditions, in apparent agreement with the theoretical "ocean dynamical thermostat" response of ENSO to exogenous radiative forcing.     

The Holocene Asian monsoon: links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate

A 5-year-resolution absolute-dated oxygen isotope record from Dongge Cave, southern China, provides a continuous history of the Asian monsoon over the past 9000 years. Although the record broadly follows summer insolation, it is punctuated by eight weak monsoon events lasting approximately 1 to 5 centuries. One correlates with the "8200-year" event, another with the collapse of the Chinese Neolithic culture, and most with North Atlantic ice-rafting events. Cross-correlation of the decadal- to centennial-scale monsoon record with the atmospheric carbon-14 record shows that some, but not all, of the monsoon variability at these frequencies results from changes in solar output.     

Radiative climate forcing by the mount pinatubo eruption

Radiative flux anomalies derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment were used to determine the volcanic radiative forcing that followed the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. They are the first unambiguous, direct measurements of large-scale volcanic forcing. The volcanic aerosols caused a strong cooling effect immediately; the amount of cooling increased through September 1991 as shortwave forcing increased relative to the longwave forcing. The primary effects of the aerosols were a direct increase in albedo over mostly clear areas and both direct and indirect increases in the albedo of cloudy areas.     

Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from southern Oman

A high-resolution oxygen-isotope record from a thorium-uranium-dated stalagmite from southern Oman reflects variations in the amount of monsoon precipitation for the periods from 10.3 to 2.7 and 1.4 to 0.4 thousand years before the present (ky B.P.). Between 10.3 and 8 ky B.P., decadal to centennial variations in monsoon precipitation are in phase with temperature fluctuations recorded in Greenland ice cores, indicating that early Holocene monsoon intensity is largely controlled by glacial boundary conditions. After approximately 8 ky B.P., monsoon precipitation decreases gradually in response to changing Northern Hemisphere summer solar insolation, with decadal to multidecadal variations in monsoon precipitation being linked to solar activity.     

Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States

Columnar stalagmites in caves of the Guadalupe Mountains during the late Holocene record a 4000-year annually resolved climate history for the southwestern United States. Annual banding, hiatuses, and high-precision uranium-series dating show a present day-like climate from 4000 to 3000 years ago, following a drier middle Holocene. A distinctly wetter and cooler period from 3000 to 800 years ago was followed by a period of present day-like conditions, with the exception of a slightly wetter interval from 440 to 290 years before the present. The stalagmite record correlates well with the archaeological record of changes in cultural activities of indigenous people. Such climate change may help to explain evidence of dwelling abandonment and population redistribution.     

Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate

Recent extreme events such as the devastating 2003 European summer heat wave raise important questions about the possible causes of any underlying trends, or low-frequency variations, in regional climates. Here, we present new evidence that basin-scale changes in the Atlantic Ocean, probably related to the thermohaline circulation, have been an important driver of multidecadal variations in the summertime climate of both North America and western Europe. Our findings advance understanding of past climate changes and also have implications for decadal climate predictions.     

The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing

Calculations of the effects of both natural and anthropogenic tropospheric sulfate aerosols indicate that the aerosol climate forcing is sufficiently large in a number of regions of the Northern Hemisphere to reduce significantly the positive forcing from increased greenhouse gases. Summer sulfate aerosol forcing in the Northern Hemisphere completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the eastern United States and central Europe. Anthropogenic sulfate aerosols contribute a globally averaged annual forcing of -0.3 watt per square meter as compared with +2.1 watts per square meter for greenhouse gases. Sources of the difference in magnitude with the previous estimate of Charlson et al. are discussed.     

Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: results from the Earth radiation budget experiment

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global shortwave cloud forcing [-44.5 watts per square meter (W/m(2))] due to the enhancement of planetary albedo, exceeded in magnitude the longwave cloud forcing (31.3 W/m(2)) resulting from the greenhouse effect of clouds. Thus, clouds had a net cooling effect on the earth. This cooling effect is large over the mid-and high-latitude oceans, with values reaching -100 W/m(2). The monthly averaged longwave cloud forcing reached maximum values of 50 to 100 W/m(2) over the convectively disturbed regions of the tropics. However, this heating effect is nearly canceled by a correspondingly large negative shortwave cloud forcing, which indicates the delicately balanced state of the tropics. The size of the observed net cloud forcing is about four times as large as the expected value of radiative forcing from a doubling of CO(2). The shortwave and longwave components of cloud forcing are about ten times as large as those for a CO(2) doubling. Hence, small changes in the cloud-radiative forcing fields can play a significant role as a climate feedback mechanism. For example, during past glaciations a migration toward the equator of the field of strong, negative cloud-radiative forcing, in response to a similar migration of cooler waters, could have significantly amplified oceanic cooling and continental glaciation.     

Local orbital forcing of antarctic climate change during the last interglacial

During the last interglacial, Antarctic climate changed before that of the Northern Hemisphere. Large local changes in precession forcing could have produced this pattern if there were a rectified response in sea ice cover. Results from a coupled sea ice-ocean general circulation model supported this hypothesis when it was tested for three intervals around the last interglacial. Such a mechanism may play an important role in contributing to phase offsets between Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate change for other time intervals.     

Cultural responses to climate change during the late Holocene

Modern complex societies exhibit marked resilience to interannual-to- decadal droughts, but cultural responses to multidecadal-to-multicentury droughts can only be addressed by integrating detailed archaeological and paleoclimatic records. Four case studies drawn from New and Old World civilizations document societal responses to prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban abandonment, and state collapse. Further study of past cultural adaptations to persistent climate change may provide valuable perspective on possible responses of modern societies to future climate change.     

内蒙古日光温室草莓促成栽培技术规程

通过对多年多点试验研究结果的总结和集成,编制形成了一套技术规程。该技术规程明确了日光温室草莓促成栽培的品种选择、整地施肥、种苗选择、定植、定植后管理、病虫害防治和采收等内容,适用于内蒙古地区日光温室草莓的生产。该规程的应用可以规范日光温室草莓的种植,促进日光温室草莓促成栽培技术的推广和草莓生产水平的提高。     

Efficiency of convection and time variation of the solar constant

Variations in the efficiency of convection resulting from its stochastic nature could be manifested as small ( less, similar1 percent) fluctuations in the solar constant. This could result in changes in the earth's climate with time scales of decades to centuries.     

Direct measurement of solar luminosity variation

Two rocket flights of an absolute pyrheliometer, separated by 30 months, indicate an increase in solar luminosity (solar constant) of 0.4 percent. The significance of this result is considered in light of the instrument performance during the rocket flights and of pre- and postflight intercomparisons with independently maintained pyrheliometers. There is a high probability that the measured difference is real. Additional observations are required to determine whether the difference results from random fluctuations in solar luminosity, a nonrandom change of short duration, or a sustained change that has climatological significance.     

Length of the solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate

It has recently been suggested that the solar irradiance has varied in phase with the 80- to 90-year period represented by the envelope of the 11-year sunspot cycle and that this variation is causing a significant part of the changes in the global temperature. This interpretation has been criticized for statistical reasons and because there are no observations that indicate significant changes in the solar irradiance. A set of data that supports the suggestion of a direct influence of solar activity on global climate is the variation of the solar cycle length. This record closely matches the long-term variations of the Northern Hemisphere land air temperature during the past 130 years.     

广西植被时空变化及其对气候响应

植被是生态系统中的主要组成部分,是连接土壤圈、大气圈和生物圈的纽带,植被的时空变化及分布影响着地球的水、碳等物质循环和光、热等能量循环。以遥感数据为基础,应用遥感图像处理平台和Arc GIS软件,提取广西壮族自治区2007—2016年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)值。通过一元线性回归方法、偏相关方法,对比分析不同地质类型、植被类型的NDVI值变化特征及其对气候的响应。结果表明,2007—2016年广西NDVI值在0.78~0.82之间波动变化,呈上升趋势,高植被覆盖区面积最大,低植被覆盖区面积最小;岩溶区植被覆盖得到改善,植被覆盖改善的面积大于退化的面积,其中NDVI轻度增加的比重最大;岩溶区和非岩溶区的NDVI变异程度以稳定为主;NDVI与降水、气温的正偏相关性与负偏相关性并存,呈负偏相关的面积大于正偏相关的面积。     

Trajectory shifts in the Arctic and subarctic freshwater cycle

Manifold changes in the freshwater cycle of high-latitude lands and oceans have been reported in the past few years. A synthesis of these changes in freshwater sources and in ocean freshwater storage illustrates the complementary and synoptic temporal pattern and magnitude of these changes over the past 50 years. Increasing river discharge anomalies and excess net precipitation on the ocean contributed approximately 20,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to the Arctic and high-latitude North Atlantic oceans from lows in the 1960s to highs in the 1990s. Sea ice attrition provided another approximately 15,000 cubic kilometers, and glacial melt added approximately 2000 cubic kilometers. The sum of anomalous inputs from these freshwater sources matched the amount and rate at which fresh water accumulated in the North Atlantic during much of the period from 1965 through 1995. The changes in freshwater inputs and ocean storage occurred in conjunction with the amplifying North Atlantic Oscillation and rising air temperatures. Fresh water may now be accumulating in the Arctic Ocean and will likely be exported southward if and when the North Atlantic Oscillation enters into a new high phase.     

Discharge of the nile river: a barometer of short-period climate variation

Eight events of climate variation with durations of the order of 100 years have been found in the history of annual Nile River discharge dating from the year 622. They cease during the "little climatic optimum" in the North Atlantic and then reappear and intensify; this behavior suggests that control is from the belt of the polar westerlies.     

清水江流域稻植气候适宜度时空变化分析

[目的]研究贵州省岩溶区清水江流域水稻种植气候适宜度时空变化,为稻植区合理规划布局及可持续发展提供参考依据.[方法]运用清水江流域2000~2014年16个气象观测站的逐日日照、降水量和温度数据及水稻平均物候观测资料,构建水稻诸气候因子及综合气候适宜度模型,并运用ENVI 4.8和ArcGIS 10.0对水稻全育期及各生育阶段的气候适宜度和稻植区分别进行测算、解译和空间分析.[结果]清水江流域稻植气候温度适宜度、降水适宜度和综合适宜度较高,且温度适宜度>降水适宜度;除拔节孕穗期和灌浆成熟期外,日照适宜度均较低.水稻幼苗期,降水适宜度>温度适宜度>日照适宜度;分蘖期和拔节抽穗期,温度适宜度>降水适宜度>日照适宜度;抽穗开花期和灌浆成熟期,温度适宜度>日照适宜度>降水适宜度.稻植适宜区分布于高程小于800m、坡度小于25°的局部区域.[结论]清水江流域气候条件能够满足水稻全育期及各生育阶段的需求,但日照时间较短,对水稻生长发育有胁迫作用,其最适宜稻植区集中分布于东南及西北部的坝区、阳坡和半阳坡区.