A protein sensor for siRNA asymmetry

To act as guides in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) must be unwound into their component strands, then assembled with proteins to form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which catalyzes target messenger RNA cleavage. Thermodynamic differences in the base-pairing stabilities of the 5' ends of the two approximately 21-nucleotide siRNA strands determine which siRNA strand is assembled into the RISC. We show that in Drosophila, the orientation of the Dicer-2/R2D2 protein heterodimer on the siRNA duplex determines which siRNA strand associates with the core RISC protein Argonaute 2. R2D2 binds the siRNA end with the greatest double-stranded character, thereby orienting the heterodimer on the siRNA duplex. Strong R2D2 binding requires a 5'-phosphate on the siRNA strand that is excluded from the RISC. Thus, R2D2 is both a protein sensor for siRNA thermodynamic asymmetry and a licensing factor for entry of authentic siRNAs into the RNAi pathway.     

Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi

Gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) is carried out by RISC, the RNA-induced silencing complex. RISC contains two signature components, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Argonaute family proteins. Here, we show that the multiple Argonaute proteins present in mammals are both biologically and biochemically distinct, with a single mammalian family member, Argonaute2, being responsible for messenger RNA cleavage activity. This protein is essential for mouse development, and cells lacking Argonaute2 are unable to mount an experimental response to siRNAs. Mutations within a cryptic ribonuclease H domain within Argonaute2, as identified by comparison with the structure of an archeal Argonaute protein, inactivate RISC. Thus, our evidence supports a model in which Argonaute contributes "Slicer" activity to RISC, providing the catalytic engine for RNAi.     

RNA干涉技术及其应用

RNA干涉(RNA interference,RNA1)是由双链RNA导入而引起的转录后基因沉默,它可以作为一种有力的工具在多种有机体中抑制特异性基因的表达。文章简要介绍了RNA干涉的发现史、作用机制、特点及该项技术的用途。RNA1的作用机制可以分为起始阶段和效应阶段。双链RNA被Dicer消化成siRNAs(small interfermg RNAs),进一步形成RNA诱导沉默复合物(RNA-mduced silencmg complex,or RISC),在siRNAs的引导下切割靶mRNA。RNAi技术在疾病的基因治疗、功能基因组学及细胞信号通路分析等力面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Genome-wide characterization of miRNA and siRNA pathways in the parasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum

microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that trigger RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotic organisms. The biogenesis pathways for these ncRNAs are well established in Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, Bombyx mori and other insects, but lacking in hymenopteran species, particularly in parasitoid wasps. Pteromalus puparum is a parasitoid of pupal butterflies. This study identified and analyzed two pathways by interrogating the P. puparum genome. All core genes of the two pathways are present in the genome as a single copy, except for two genes in the siRNA pathway, R2D2 (two copies) and Argonaute-2 (three). Conserved domain analyses showed the protein structures in P. puparum were similar to cognate proteins in other insect species. Phylogenetic analyses of hymenopteran Dicer and Argonaute genes suggested that the siRNA pathway-related genes evolved faster than those in the miRNA pathway. The study found a decelerated evolution rate of P. puparum Dicer-2 with respect to Dicer-1, which was contrary to other hymenopterans. Expression analyses revealed high mRNA levels for all miRNA pathway genes in P. puparum adults and the siRNA related genes were expressed in different patterns. The findings add valuable new knowledge of the miRNA and siRNA pathways and their regulatory actions in parasitoid wasps.     

Endogenous siRNAs derived from transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila somatic cells

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotes. In flies, somatic cells produce siRNAs from exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a defense against viral infection. We identified endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), 21 nucleotides in length, that correspond to transposons and heterochromatic sequences in the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. We also detected endo-siRNAs complementary to messenger RNAs (mRNAs); these siRNAs disproportionately mapped to the complementary regions of overlapping mRNAs predicted to form double-stranded RNA in vivo. Normal accumulation of somatic endo-siRNAs requires the siRNA-generating ribonuclease Dicer-2 and the RNAi effector protein Argonaute2 (Ago2). We propose that endo-siRNAs generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-interacting RNAs do in the germ line.     

人类Ago2蛋白与肿瘤的关系研究

Argonaute2 （Ago2）蛋白是RNA诱导沉默复合体（RNA-induced silencing complex、RISC）的核心元件,不仅在miRNA/siRNA通路中促使靶mRNA降解或抑制其蛋白质翻译,调节miRNAs生物合成和成熟,对生物生长发育、干细胞分化和肿瘤形成等有密切关系.     

siRNA对鸡胚成纤维细胞中GAPDH基因表达的抑制作用

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是通过短双链RNA(small interference RNA,siRNA)介导的特异性抑制相应基因表达的新技术。作为研究基因功能的有效手段,该技术已在线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼和鼠等动物中进行了应用。本研究利用体外转录合成的短双链干扰RNA(siRNA),针对鸡的管家基因3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH),在鸡胚成纤维细胞中对其表达进行干扰。结果显示siGAPDH能有效阻断GAPDH基因在鸡胚成纤维细胞中的表达,而不相关的siRNA则对该基因的表达没有影响,证明在鸡细胞中也存在RNA干扰现象,为利用RNAi技术对鸡的基因功能研究奠定了一定基础。     

Crystal structure of Argonaute and its implications for RISC slicer activity

Argonaute proteins and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the known signature components of the RNA interference effector complex RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, the identity of "Slicer," the enzyme that cleaves the messenger RNA (mRNA) as directed by the siRNA, has not been resolved. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Argonaute protein from Pyrococcus furiosus at 2.25 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a crescent-shaped base made up of the amino-terminal, middle, and PIWI domains. The Piwi Argonaute Zwille (PAZ) domain is held above the base by a "stalk"-like region. The PIWI domain (named for the protein piwi) is similar to ribonuclease H, with a conserved active site aspartate-aspartate-glutamate motif, strongly implicating Argonaute as "Slicer." The architecture of the molecule and the placement of the PAZ and PIWI domains define a groove for substrate binding and suggest a mechanism for siRNA-guided mRNA cleavage.     

Secondary siRNAs result from unprimed RNA synthesis and form a distinct class

In Caenorhabditis elegans, an effective RNA interference (RNAi) response requires the production of secondary short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRPs). We cloned secondary siRNAs from transgenic C. elegans lines expressing a single 22-nucleotide primary siRNA. Several secondary siRNAs start a few nucleotides downstream of the primary siRNA, indicating that non-RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex)-cleaved mRNAs are substrates for secondary siRNA production. In lines expressing primary siRNAs with single-nucleotide mismatches, secondary siRNAs do not carry the mismatch but contain the nucleotide complementary to the mRNA. We infer that RdRPs perform unprimed RNA synthesis. Secondary siRNAs are only of antisense polarity, carry 5' di- or triphosphates, and are only in the minority associated with RDE-1, the RNAi-specific Argonaute protein. Therefore, secondary siRNAs represent a distinct class of small RNAs. Their biogenesis depends on RdRPs, and we propose that each secondary siRNA is an individual RdRP product.     

Transport of dsRNA into cells by the transmembrane protein SID-1

RNA interference (RNAi) spreads systemically in plants and nematodes to silence gene expression distant from the site of initiation. We previously identified a gene, sid-1, essential for systemic but not cell-autonomous RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we demonstrate that SID-1 is a multispan transmembrane protein that sensitizes Drosophila cells to soaking RNAi with a potency that is dependent on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) length. Further analyses revealed that SID-1 enables passive cellular uptake of dsRNA. These data indicate that systemic RNAi in C. elegans involves SID-1-mediated intercellular transport of dsRNA.     

CRACM1 is a plasma membrane protein essential for store-operated Ca2+ entry

Store-operated Ca2+ entry is mediated by Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels following Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. We performed a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila cells to identify proteins that inhibit store-operated Ca2+ influx. A secondary patch-clamp screen identified CRACM1 and CRACM2 (CRAC modulators 1 and 2) as modulators of Drosophila CRAC currents. We characterized the human ortholog of CRACM1, a plasma membrane-resident protein encoded by gene FLJ14466. Although overexpression of CRACM1 did not affect CRAC currents, RNAi-mediated knockdown disrupted its activation. CRACM1 could be the CRAC channel itself, a subunit of it, or a component of the CRAC signaling machinery.     

Functional genomic analysis of the Wnt-wingless signaling pathway

The Wnt-Wingless (Wg) pathway is one of a core set of evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that regulates many aspects of metazoan development. Aberrant Wnt signaling has been linked to human disease. In the present study, we used a genomewide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila cells to screen for regulators of the Wnt pathway. We identified 238 potential regulators, which include known pathway components, genes with functions not previously linked to this pathway, and genes with no previously assigned functions. Reciprocal-Best-Blast analyses reveal that 50% of the genes identified in the screen have human orthologs, of which approximately 18% are associated with human disease. Functional assays of selected genes from the cell-based screen in Drosophila, mammalian cells, and zebrafish embryos demonstrated that these genes have evolutionarily conserved functions in Wnt signaling. High-throughput RNAi screens in cultured cells, followed by functional analyses in model organisms, prove to be a rapid means of identifying regulators of signaling pathways implicated in development and disease.     

SMEDWI-2 is a PIWI-like protein that regulates planarian stem cells

We have identified two genes, smedwi-1 and smedwi-2, expressed in the dividing adult stem cells (neoblasts) of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Both genes encode proteins that belong to the Argonaute/PIWI protein family and that share highest homology with those proteins defined by Drosophila PIWI. RNA interference (RNAi) of smedwi-2 blocks regeneration, even though neoblasts are present, irradiation-sensitive, and capable of proliferating in response to wounding; smedwi-2(RNAi) neoblast progeny migrate to sites of cell turnover but, unlike normal cells, fail at replacing aged tissue. We suggest that SMEDWI-2 functions within dividing neoblasts to support the generation of cells that promote regeneration and homeostasis.     

A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex

In animals, the double-stranded RNA-specific endonuclease Dicer produces two classes of functionally distinct, tiny RNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). miRNAs regulate mRNA translation, whereas siRNAs direct RNA destruction via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Here we show that, in human cell extracts, the miRNA let-7 naturally enters the RNAi pathway, which suggests that only the degree of complementarity between a miRNA and its RNA target determines its function. Human let-7 is a component of a previously identified, miRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particle, which we show is an RNAi enzyme complex. Each let-7-containing complex directs multiple rounds of RNA cleavage, which explains the remarkable efficiency of the RNAi pathway in human cells.     

飞蝗Argonaute1的分子特性及生物学功能

【目的】MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度约22 nt的非编码RNA,通过转录后调控的方式在多种生命活动中发挥重要功能。Argonaute1(AGO1)蛋白作为miRNA沉默复合物(miRNA silencing complex RISC)的重要组成部分,在miRNA调控通路中起着关键作用。论文旨在研究AGO1的生物学功能及其对飞蝗(Locusta moratoria)生长发育的影响,为探索昆虫miRNA的生物合成和农业害虫的有效控制提供理论依据。【方法】采用生物信息学方法在飞蝗转录组数据库中获得Lm AGO1 c DNA序列;使用在线蛋白翻译软件(Ex PASy)对Lm AGO1进行蛋白翻译,利用SMART分析Lm AGO1蛋白的功能结构域;选取家蚕(Bombyx mori)、果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum)等模式昆虫的同源序列与Lm AGO1氨基酸序列进行聚类分析,采用Phyml软件构建昆虫AGO蛋白的系统发育树;为了进一步研究Lm AGO1在飞蝗生长发育过程中的作用,使用T7 RiboMAX~(TM) Express RNAi System体外合成Lm AGO1的ds RNA,在飞蝗4龄第2天和5龄第2天若虫期连续两次注射ds RNA进行干扰,同时注射ds GFP作为对照。分别收集注射ds RNA后48 h和72 h的整虫样品提取RNA,反转录为c DNA。通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)检测Lm AGO1在不同时间点的干扰效率并观察虫体的发育表型。同时,为了检测Lm AGO1沉默是否会影响miRNA的生物合成,采用RT-q PCR对飞蝗体内5个高丰度miRNA表达进行定量分析。【结果】Lm AGO1蛋白含845个氨基酸,具有典型的AGO蛋白家族保守结构域,即位于213—348位点的PAZ结构域和502—804位点的PIWI结构域。聚类分析表明,Lm AGO1蛋白与其他昆虫的AGO1蛋白聚为一类。通过AGO1氨基酸序列同源比对结果显示Lm AGO1与模式昆虫果蝇、家蚕AGO1的氨基酸序列一致度高达82.2%和86.9%。RNAi结果表明,虫体注射ds Lm AGO1 48 h和72 h后,与对照组相比,Lm AGO1表达量均显著降低,干扰效率分别为88.1%和93.0%;进一步观察试虫生长发育的表型特征,与对照组相比,飞蝗4龄期注射dsL m AGO1后其生长发育并没有出现明显异常,待蜕皮发育至下一龄期(即5龄期)时,出现大量死亡,死亡率为89.3%;荧光定量PCR结果显示注射ds Lm AGO148 h后,飞蝗体内miRNA-252和miRNA-8的表达显著下降,干扰72 h后miRNA-7、let 7、miRNA-252、miRNA-8的表达均显著下降。【结论】飞蝗AGO1除参与RSIC的形成以外,还可能参与miRNA的剪切加工过程进而调控飞蝗的正常发育。     

RNA干扰用siRNA的体外转录合成

RNA干扰(RNA interference，RNAi)作为一种特异性沉默基因表达的方法，正在成为研究基因功能、胚胎发育及病毒性疾病治疗的重要工具，而获得符合干扰要求的短双链干扰RNA(small interference RNA，siRNA)是进行RNA；研究的首要步骤。本研究建立了体外转录合成siRNA方法。并用其生成的siRNA干扰鸡成纤维细胞外源绿荧光蛋白(GFP)基因和内源3—磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因的表达。结果显示，siRNA能特异性降低鸡成纤维细胞中内外源基因的表达。本实验认为这种以DNA为模板体外转录合成siRNA方法操作简单、成本低、产物得率高，值得从事RNA研究者参考借鉴。     

RNA干扰研究现状

RNA干扰(RNAi)是指生物体内利用双链RNA(dsRNA)诱导同源靶基因的mRNA特异性降解,从而导致转录后基因沉默的现象。其在抵抗病毒感染、抑制转座子活动、调控内源性基因表达等方面发挥重要作用。RNAi以其高特异性、高效性等显著优势将成为研究基因功能的全新手段。简要概括RNAi作用机制和siRNA技术的原理,同时也讨论了RNAi技术在其他领域,如在基因信号通路研究、高通量研究基因功能、基因治疗如肿瘤研究和疾病治疗等方面的应用。