The body-size distribution of arboreal collembolans in relation to the vertical structure of a Japanese cedar plantation

Collembolans are among the most abundant microarthropods in the aboveground parts of forest ecosystems, but little is known about their life-history traits compared with those of the soil-dwelling collembolans. The life-history traits of arboreal collembolans, as well as their abundances, are expected to be influenced by the vertical structure of a forest. We analyzed the body-size distributions of dominant arboreal species in relation to the vertical structure of the forest. The small individuals of the three arboreal species that inhabit both the canopy and soil litter (Xenylla brevispina, Tomocerus cuspidatus, and Sphyrotheca multifasciata) appeared continuously from spring to autumn in the soil litter, whereas those in the canopy litter were found during a particular period, only in July. These individuals tended to be larger in the canopy litter than in the soil litter, and in particular, T. cuspidatus grew to become significantly larger in the canopy. The mean body size of the most abundant migrating species (X. brevispina) increased gradually from the soil to the upper canopy, whereas strict arboreal species (Entomobrya sp.) had no significant trend in the relationship between body size and the height above ground level. We concluded that the life-history traits of arboreal collembolans were influenced by the vertical structure of the forest.     

The distribution of volatile isoprenoids in the soil horizons around Pinus halepensis trees

We measured the terpene concentration in pentane and water extracts from soil horizons (litter, organic, top and low mineral) and from roots growing in top and low mineral horizons on a distance gradient from Pinus halepensis L. trees growing alone on a grassland. Terpene concentrations in pentane were higher than in water extracts, although β-caryophyllene showed relatively high solubility in water. The litter and roots were important sources of terpenes in soil. Alpha-pinene dominated in roots growing in both “top” (A1) and “low” (B) mineral horizons (123 ± 36 μg g⁻¹ or 14 ± 5 mg m⁻²) and roots in low mineral horizon (270 ± 91 μg g⁻¹ or 7 ± 2 mg m⁻²). Beta-caryophyllene dominated in litter (1469 ± 331 μg g⁻¹ or 2004 ± 481 mg m⁻²). Terpene concentration in soil decreased with increasing distance to the trunk. This is likely to be related to changes in litter and roots type on the distance gradient from pine to grass and herbs. The relative contributions of all compounds, except α-pinene, were similar in the mineral soils and litter. This suggests that litter of P. halepensis is probably the main source of major terpene compounds. However, long-term emissions of α-pinene from P. halepensis roots might also contribute to α-pinene concentrations in rhizosphere soils.     

陇东地区油松人工林碳密度及其影响因素

[目的]分析陇东地区人工林碳密度及其影响因素,为黄土丘陵区生态环境评价提供理论依据。[方法]采用样地调查与生物量实测方法,对陇东地区油松人工林碳密度进行了估算,并分析生态因素对油松人工林生态系统碳密度的影响。[结果]油松林各器官碳含量变化范围为48.58%~53.54%,各器官碳密度按从高到低的大小顺序依次为:树干树枝树根树叶树皮果实;灌木层叶、茎、根的碳含量分别为43.93%,45.62%,42.38%;草本层地上部分和地下部分碳含量为43.04%,39.77%;枯落物层未分解和半分解层碳含量为43.79%,38.83%;植被层碳密度按从高到底的大小顺序为:乔木层草本层灌木层。土壤层(0—100cm)碳含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低,且不同土壤层碳密度存在显著差异,以50—100cm碳密度最高。油松林生态系统平均碳密度为52.86t/hm2,其空间分布排序为土壤层(75.15%)植被层(24.14%)枯落物层(0.71%)。[结论]油松人工林生态因子中,林分平均树高、平均胸径、郁闭度均与各层碳密度呈现极显著正相关性,林分枯落物未分解干质量与各层碳密度呈现显著正相关性。平均树高、平均胸径、郁闭度、枯落物未分解干质量是油松人工林生态系统碳密度的主要生态因子。     

桂西北不同年龄阶段秃杉人工林的水源涵养功能

为探究秃杉人工林水源涵养功能及其变化趋势,以广西南丹县不同年龄阶段(9,17,25,37年生)秃杉人工林为研究对象,采用室内浸泡法和环刀法分别研究4种林分的林冠层、林下植被层、凋落物层和土壤层持水特性。结果表明:(1)秃杉人工林林冠层和林下植物层持水量分别为18.79～28.37,1.27～4.72 t/hm~2,其中林下植物层持水量随林龄增加而显著增大(P0.05);凋落物现存量为2.23～10.67 t/hm~2,最大持水量为5.95～34.15 t/hm~2,随林龄增加而显著增大(P0.05)。(2)不同林龄秃杉林土壤非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度分别为5.60%～15.68%和48.27%～66.85%,其中0—20,20—40 cm土层非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均显著大于40—80 cm土层(P0.05),同时随林龄增加而增大;土壤层(0—80 cm)最大持水量和有效持水量分别为4 196.74～4 416.47,540.13～648.07 t/hm~2,其中0—20,20—40 cm土层最大持水量和有效持水量随林龄增加而增大。(3)9,17,25,37年生秃杉人工林林分的总持水量依次为4 222.43,4 272.55,4 355.29,4 484.32 t/hm~2,随林龄增加而增大。综上,秃杉人工林能够改善土壤结构和水分状况,增强林分水源涵养功能。     

Determinants of trophic modes of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora interacting with bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

The determinants of saprotrophic or predatory modes of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora were investigated in soil microcosms and on solid nutrient media. A sterilized soil amended with 1% w/w alfalfa meal (C:N=32) and inoculated with conidia of A. oligospora, showed lower mycelium biomass and higher specific rate of conidia production in the presence of the bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans than in its absence. As few as 10 nematodes g⁻¹ soil were sufficient to enhance spore formation by the vegetative mycelium. Given that the fungus was not limited by available carbon and nitrogen, this indicates that nematodes provide essential growth factors regulating the development of A. oligospora. Carbon mineralisation by A. oligospora, measured as the rate of CO₂ production, was found to be 25–35% lower in the presence of 20–60 C. elegans g⁻¹ soil compared to soil without nematodes. This showed that A. oligospora had lower saprotrophic activity in the predaceous phase. Trap formation and nematophagous activity of A. oligospora were observed only where conidia were inoculated on nutrient poor medium (water agar), on low-nitrogen medium (Yeast Carbon Base agar) or on medium containing no amino-acids or vitamins (Czapek-Dox agar). A. oligospora did not form trapping structures when grown on nutrient-rich media containing three amino-acids (l-histidine monohydrocloride, dl-methionine and dl-tryptophan) and vitamins (biotin, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, inositol, niacin, p-aminobenzoic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavine, thiamine hydrochloride). It is concluded that predaceous behaviour of A. oligospora can be regulated either by nitrogen sources or by physiologically active compounds (amino-acids or vitamins) present in nematodes.     

太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林枯落物及土壤水文效应

通过定位试验结合室内测定的方法,研究了山西太岳山不同郁闭度油松人工林枯落物及土壤水文效应。结果表明:(1)不同郁闭度林分枯落物储量变化范围为7.43~10.86t/hm2,随郁闭度增加枯落物储量增加;最大持水率变化范围为276.54%~311.33%,最大持水深为8.02~14.34mm,表现为(按郁闭度排序):0.70.60.80.5,郁闭度为0.7林分的枯落物持水效果最好;枯落物未分解层和半分解层持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系(R0.87),持水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系(R0.94)。(2)不同郁闭度林分土壤容重变化范围为1.36~1.49g/cm3,总孔隙度均值变化范围为44.71%~48.75%,有效持水量变化范围为395.33~831.00t/hm2,表现为(按郁闭度排序):0.60.70.50.8;稳渗速率变化范围为1.00~3.47mm/min。     

桂西北光皮桦人工林水源涵养功能

为了研究广西西北部不同林龄光皮桦人工林的水源涵养功能,选择具有代表性的11,16年生光皮桦人工林、16年生杉木林,从林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层3个层次及综合性的水源涵养能力进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)11,16年生光皮桦人工林林冠层、灌木层、草本层持水量范围分别为12.54～21.06,2.15～3.05,1.27～1.52 t/hm~2,凋落物总储量为4.54～7.42 t/hm~2,最大持水量为12.55～16.00 t/hm~2,16年生均显著大于11年生(P0.05),凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间存在良好的线性关系(R~20.86,P0.05)。(2)土壤的孔隙状况表现为16年生光皮桦林11年生光皮桦林,均大于对照的16年生杉木林,0—20 cm显著大于20—40,40—80 cm土层。(3)11年生光皮桦土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量的变化范围分别为28.97%～60.55%,25.35%～47.21%,3.71%～13.34%,16年生的为29.06%～63.45%,25.63%～48.70%,3.34%～14.75%,均随着土层的加深而减少;11,16年生光皮桦林0—80 cm土壤层自然含水量范围分别为27.46～30.16,28.12～30.22 g/cm~3;总蓄水量分别为3 813.4,3 732.2 t/hm~2,均大于16年生杉木林(3 659.2 t/hm~2)。总体上,林龄较大的光皮桦人工林表现出较强的水源涵养功能,且优于同林龄的杉木人工林。研究结果可为该地区光皮桦人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

冀西北山地华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物水文特征

[目的]探讨冀西北山区不同人工林枯落物持水特性的差异,为该地区森林水文循环和森林开发管理提供基础依据。[方法]以冀西北张家口市崇礼山区的华北落叶松、白桦人工林为研究对象,在林下设置标准样地,测定枯落物层厚度和蓄积量,通过室内浸泡法测定持水特征。[结果]华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物层厚度分别为4.2,3.4cm,枯落物蓄积量为10.90,4.92t/hm2;浸泡24h后华北落叶松枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为4 228.5g/kg,白桦枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为5 208.6g/kg,二者的有效拦蓄量分别为14.06,8.85t/hm2。在整个持水过程中,华北落叶松、白桦林下枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的变化规律基本一致,均在前4h内持水作用较强,4~8h后逐渐变缓,10h后其持水量基本达到饱和;枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。[结论]森林枯落物层发挥水文功能由持水能力和蓄积量共同决定,在森林经营管理过程中应充分考虑包括树种组成和搭配、林分密度等因子的影响。     

不同经营年限山核桃林地枯落物和土壤的水文效应

为探讨山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)—常绿阔叶混交林转变为山核桃纯林过程中林地枯落物和土壤水文效应的变化,利用相邻样地比较采样法,研究了山核桃—阔叶混交林0,5,10,20a山核桃纯林的水源涵养能力差异。结果表明,林地枯落物层持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的关系分别符合对数函数和指数函数;0a林地的枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄量显著高于5,10,20a的山核桃林地;随着经营年限的延长,林地枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄量呈下降的趋势,与0a相比,分别下降了38.2%~54.6%,58.1%~69.7%,21.0%~33.2%;土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总毛管孔隙度及持水力等指标在不同经营年限山核桃林地之间的差异并不显著,与0a土壤的持水力(21 450.0t/hm2)相比,经过不同年限的经营,持水力分别下降了10.6%~20.4%。总体上,山核桃—常绿阔叶混交林转变为山核桃纯林后,降低了林地枯落物和土壤的水文效应。     

Effect of heavy metals contamination on root-derived and organic matter-derived CO2 efflux from soil planted with Zea mays

The CO₂ efflux from loamy Haplic Luvisol and heavy metal (HM) uptake by Zea mays L. were studied under increased HM contamination: Cd, Cu, and Ni up to 20, 1000, and 2500 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Split-root system with contrasting HM concentrations in both soil halves was used to investigate root-mediated HM translocation in uncontaminated soil zones. To separate root-derived and soil organic matter (SOM)-derived CO₂ efflux from soil, ¹⁴CO₂ pulse labeling of 15-, 25-, and 35-days-old plants was applied. The CO₂ evolution from the bare soil was 10.6 μg C–CO₂ d⁻¹ g⁻¹ (32 kg C–CO₂ d⁻¹ ha⁻¹) and was not affected by HM (except 2500 mg Ni kg⁻¹). The average CO₂ efflux from the soil with maize was about two times higher and amounted for about 22.0 μg C–CO₂ d⁻¹ g⁻¹. Portion of assimilates respired in the rhizosphere decreased with plant development from 6.0 to 7.0% of assimilated C for 25-days-old Zea mays to 0.4–2.0% for 45-days-old maize. The effect of the HM on root-derived ¹⁴CO₂ efflux increased with rising HM content in the following order: Cd < Cu < Ni. In Cu and Ni contaminated soils, shoot and root dry matter decreased to 70% and to 50% of the uncontaminated control, respectively. Plants contained much more HM in the roots than in the shoots. A split-root system with contrasting HM concentrations allowed to trace transport of mobile forms of HM by roots from contaminated soil half into the uncontaminated soil half. The portion of mobile HM forms in the soil (1 M NH₄NO₃ extract) increased with contamination and amounted to 9–16%, 2–6% and 1.5–3.5% for Cd, Cu, and Ni, respectively. Corresponding values for the easily available HM (1 M NH₄OAc extract) were 22–52%, 1–20% and 5–8.5%. Heavy metal availability for plants decreased in the following order: Cd > Cu ≥ Ni. No increase of HM availability in the soil was found after maize cultivation.     

Spatial structures of N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes from Acacia mangium plantation soils during a relatively dry season in Indonesia

We investigated spatial structures of N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ fluxes during a relatively dry season in an Acacia mangium plantation stand in Sumatra, Indonesia. The fluxes and soil properties were measured at 1-m intervals in a 1 × 30-m plot (62 grid points) and at 10-m intervals in a 40 × 100-m plot (55 grid points) at different topographical positions of the upper plateau, slope, and valley bottom in the plantation. Spatial structures of each gas flux and soil property were identified using geostatistical analysis. The means (±SD) of N₂O, CO₂, and CH₄ fluxes in the 10-m grids were 0.54 (±0.33) mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, 2.81 (±0.71) g C m⁻² d⁻¹, and −0.84 (±0.33) mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. This suggests that A. mangium soils function as a larger source of N₂O than natural forest soils in the adjacent province on Sumatra during the relatively dry season, while CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from the A. mangium soils were less than or consistent with those in the natural forest soils. Multiple spatial dependence of N₂O fluxes within 3.2 m (1-m grids) and 35.0 m (10-m grids), and CO₂ fluxes within 1.8 m (1-m grids) and over 65 m (10-m grids) was detected. From the relationship among N₂O and CO₂ gas fluxes, soil properties, and topographic elements, we suggest that the multiple spatial structures of N₂O and CO₂ fluxes are mainly associated with soil resources such as readily mineralizable carbon and nitrogen in a relatively dry season. The soil resource distributions were probably controlled by the meso- and microtopography. Meanwhile, CH₄ fluxes were spatially independent in the A. mangium soils, and the water-filled pore space appeared to mainly control the spatial distribution of these fluxes.     

不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质的影响

为研究不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质和林分生长影响,选择适宜的人工林经营措施提供参考.以2 500,3 300,4 500,6 000株/hm2(分别记为M1、M2、M3和M4)4种造林密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,利用结构方程探究不同密度马尾松林枯落物输入对土壤性质的影响.结果表明:林分密度对枯落物和土...     

Exploitation of litter and soil by the train millipede Parafontaria laminata (Diplopoda: Xystodesmidae) in larch plantation forests in Japan

Swarms of the train millipede (Parafontaria laminata) are known to occur every 8 years; during the swarms, adults emerging from the soil have an extremely high density in natural and plantation forests in central Japan. Their influence on organic layer accumulation on forest floors was investigated under field conditions in plantation larch forests in central Japan, before and after the adult swarming period of 2000. In addition, the adult millipede feeding preference and the amount of food consumed were observed in the laboratory. The field density of adults ranged from 11 to 311 individuals m⁻² in October 2000; the highest biomass was 28.6±16.4 g dry wt m⁻². Reduction of the forest floor organic layer was density- dependent when the population consisted of 7th instar larvae; however, the adult population did not consume in a density-dependent manner. Higher levels of geophagy were observed in high-density treatments in the laboratory. We hypothesized that the geophagy of the millipedes was partly supported by the naturally high organic matter content of Andosol, and that soil consumption would sustain an extremely high biomass in a temperate conifer forest soil.     

北京市松山天然油松林生态系统的碳储量

[目的]分析北京市松山地区天然油松林生态系统碳储量,为研究区天然油松林的碳固定和碳储量管理研究提供理论依据。[方法]以北京市松山天然油松林生态系统为研对象,设置标准样地进行乔木。灌木。草本。凋落物调查,采集并分析0—100cm土层土样,根据相关方程计算出生态系统以及各个层次的碳储量。[结果]植物体含碳率变化在42.39%~49.95%,0—100cm土壤含碳率变化在0.26%~1.31%。天然油松生态系统碳储量为147.24 Mg/hm2,其中植被碳储量为57.14 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量的36.7%,植被各层碳储量的顺序为乔木(54.93Mg/hm2)灌木(0.45Mg/hm2)草本(0.29Mg/hm2);土壤碳储量为66.35 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量的46.30%,分别是植被碳储量的1.16倍和凋落物碳储量的2.79倍,且随着土层深度的增加而递减;凋落物碳储量为23.75 Mg/hm2,占生态系统碳储量17%。[结论]松山地区天然乔木对植被碳储量的贡献率最大,松山地区天然油松林植被含碳率表现为:乔木灌木草本凋落物。     

黔中不同龄组柳杉人工林枯落物水源涵养能力综合评价

为了解不同林龄柳杉人工林枯落物的水源涵养能力,为森林水土保持措施的确定和实施提供依据,于2018年10月选取平坝区大坡林场5个龄组柳杉人工林作为研究对象,采用烘干法和实验室浸水法对枯落物的持水性能进行研究,并采用熵权法对柳杉人工林5个龄组枯落物水源涵养能力进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)随着柳杉人工林的生长发育,枯落物储量及持水特性呈现先增加后减小的趋势,表现出成熟林最大,幼龄林最小。其中成熟林枯落物厚度为7.40cm,蓄积量为2.21t/hm^2,最大持水量为6.46t/hm^2,最大持水率为265.14t/hm^2,有效拦蓄量为3.94t/hm^2,有效拦蓄率为175.74%。(2)利用熵权法计算出柳杉人工林5个龄组枯落物的水源涵养能力为成熟林(11.46)>近熟林(10.79)>过熟林(8.26)>中龄林(4.83)>幼龄林(3.94),柳杉成熟林具有最佳的水源涵养能力。     

Nematofauna associated with exotic and native leguminous plant species in West Africa: effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Ten leguminous trees, four exotic species (Australian Acacia) and six indigenous species (three Sahelian Acacia spp. and three Sesbania spp.), were grown for 4 months in a natural Sahelian soil inoculated with or without the endomycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices. In control trials, the determinant factor structuring the soil nematode fauna was the plant species, related plants having a similar influence on the nematode community in the soil. Soil nematode abundance increased from exotic acacias (3.3 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (11.5 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (17.6 g^-1 dry soil). Plant feeding nematodes (mainly Scutellonema and Tylenchorhynchus) were significantly less abundant under exotic acacias (1.4 g^-1 dry soil) than under native acacias (7.2 g^-1 dry soil) or Sesbania species (7.3 g^-1 dry soil). Bacterial feeding nematode density increased from exotic acacias (1.2 g^-1 dry soil) to native acacias (3.0 g^-1 dry soil) and Sesbania species (7.7 g^-1 dry soil) as total densities. However, the differences in the structure of the nematode communities between plant groups were suppressed in the presence of the mycorrhizal fungus. In fact, no difference in nematode densities remained between plant groups when G. intraradices developed in several dominant taxa belonging to different trophic groups, particularly: Tylenchorhynchus, Apelenchina, Cephalobus and Dorylaimoidea. This study clearly indicated that inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. intraradices diminished the plant-specific effect on the structure of the soil nematode community.     

Phenylpyrazoles impact on Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Effects of the broad-spectrum insecticide fipronil were investigated on a non-target insect living in the soil, the springtail Folsomia candida Willem. Fipronil induced a significant reduction in juvenile production (PNEC = 250 μg kg⁻¹ dry soil), which seemed to be linked with an impact on the first stages of springtail development: juveniles and 7-day-old adults. These young organisms have a thinner integument, a smaller mass body and a weaker detoxification efficiency and were more sensitive than adults (14 days old) to fipronil and phenylpyrazole derivatives. Contact toxicity for juveniles was measured (LC₅₀(96 h)) giving the following values: fipronil, 450 μg l⁻¹; sulfone-fipronil, 430 μg l⁻¹; sulfide-fipronil, 160 μg l⁻¹. F. candida organisms were able to avoid contaminated food because phenylpyrazoles decreased food appetency. However, F. candida could bioaccumulate fipronil through trans-tegumental penetration (BAF_96 h = 160) and its high biotransformation rate inside springtail bodies (1 ng fipronil metabolized day⁻¹ individual⁻¹) was suspected to increase this process. Under natural conditions, phenylpyrazoles risk assessment on springtails seems to be weak due to their capacity of avoiding high contaminated zones and their biochemical tolerance to this class of insecticides.     

庐山杉木林与黄山松林的土壤层水源涵养能力和土壤侵蚀敏感性探究

森林的水土保持效益包含水源涵养能力和土壤的侵蚀敏感性,为探讨基于坡面尺度林分因子对水土流失的影响,进一步揭示森林植被的水土保持效益机制,采用环刀法、EPIC模型等分别计算黄山松林、杉木林的水源涵养能力和土壤侵蚀因子.结果表明:(1)黄山松林的土壤容重在垂直剖面无明显差异,变化范围为0.66～1.10 g/cm3;杉木林...     

凋落物输入改变对慈竹林土壤有机碳的影响

通过野外试验,研究了凋落物输入改变对慈竹林土壤有机碳的影响。设置10%,50%和70%这3种去除凋落物量和分别添加15%,25%的绵竹、杉木凋落物处理及对照。结果发现,去除凋落后慈竹林土壤有机碳含量明显减少(p<0.05),而且去除量越大,有机碳含量减少越大。添加外源凋落物显著提高了慈竹林土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05),其中,15%的添加比例比25%更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,添加绵竹凋落物对土壤有机碳增加的效应高于添加杉木凋落物。研究表明,选择适合的树种和恰当的混交比例以及加强对凋落物层的保护,对维持慈竹林土壤有机碳具有重要的意义。     

北京市松山不同海拔油松林枯落物及土壤水文效应

以北京市松山4个海拔梯度(751,890,1 012和1 211m)的油松(Pinus tabuliformis Carr)天然林为对象,对其枯落物层及土壤层水文效应进行研究。结果表明:(1)枯落物总蓄积量、枯落物最大持水量和最大持水率均随海拔的升高先增大后减小;(2)枯落物的总储量为9.03~27.75t/hm2,最大持水量为26.66~90.54t/hm2,与浸泡时间呈明显的对数关系(R0.93);最大持水率为287.62%~296.73%,与浸泡时间呈明显的幂函数关系(R0.99);(3)土壤容重随海拔升高而减小,其变化范围为1.38~1.66g/cm3,总孔隙度随海拔升高先减小后增大;(4)土壤初渗速率相差较大,稳渗速率为1.95~7.06mm/min,入渗速率与入渗时间呈幂函数关系(R0.70)。综合分析得出,低海拔油松天然林水源涵养功能较强。