世界木材利用发展态势

应用最广泛的四大材料中,木材是唯一可再生的绿色材料和生物资源。木材产品在生产和使用过程中的能耗,远低于钢、铝、混凝土产品,使用寿命长,并有储碳的重要作用。建设有竞争力的生态型木材工业,合理加工利用木材,替代高能耗产品和石化燃料,对发展低碳经济、增加就业、减缓全球变暖,促进可持续发展,具有重要意义。     

Carbon,Fossil Fuel,and Biodiversity Mitigation With Wood and Forests

Life-cycle analyses, energy analyses, and a range of utilization efficiencies were developed to determine the carbon dioxide (CO₂) and fossil fuel (FF) saved by various solid wood products, wood energy, and unharvested forests. Some products proved very efficient in CO₂ and FF savings, while others did not. Not considering forest regrowth after harvest or burning if not harvested, efficient products save much more CO₂ than the standing forest; but wood used only for energy generally saves slightly less. Avoided emissions (using wood in place of steel and concrete) contributes the most to CO₂ and FF savings compared to the product and wood energy contributions. Burning parts of the harvested logs that are not used for products creates an additional CO₂ and FF savings. Using wood substitutes could save 14 to 31% of global CO₂ emissions and 12 to 19% of global FF consumption by using 34 to 100% of the world’s sustainable wood growth. Maximizing forest CO₂ sequestration may not be compatible with biodiversity. More CO₂ can be sequestered synergistically in the products or wood energy and landscape together than in the unharvested landscape. Harvesting sustainably at an optimum stand age will sequester more carbon in the combined products, wood energy, and forest than harvesting sustainably at other ages.     

木材固碳量与含碳率研究进展

木材碳学是近年来兴起的一门科学, 其主要研究内容包括木材碳素的储存量、木材储能、人工林木材固碳增汇与优质木材培育技术及木质产品固碳延伸等方面。文中简述了木材碳学研究中木材固碳量与含碳率、木材固碳量的影响因素、木材固碳量与木材热值的关系以及木质材料固碳量和固碳延伸等方面的研究现状, 并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

任意长重组竹木方料连续压制设备的研发

重组竹木因具有原料利用率高、生产效率高和产品附加值高的特点,被广泛用于室内地板、家具、建筑结构材、装修装潢材及户外用材等领域。在我国提出“双碳”战略的背景下,全面推进竹材建材化已成为建筑领域实现“双碳”目标的关键举措之一,而研发适合的竹结构材生产设备是实现竹材建材化的关键。本研究设计了一种竹木重组材料连续压制设备,其结构特点是进口为契口式连续进料,模腔由多个单向折合式履带前后连接而成,环形连接实现连续辊压。该设备能压制出任意长度的竹木重组结构材方料,可以满足各种竹木建筑结构长度用材。     

The effects of a thinning treatment on carbon stocks in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest

Vast areas of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forest in the western United States have become unnaturally dense because of relatively recent land management practices that include fire suppression and livestock grazing. In many areas, thinning treatments can re-establish the natural ecological processes and help restore ecosystem structure and function. Precipitous global climate change has focused attention on the carbon storage in forests. An unintended consequence of fire suppression has been the increased storage of carbon in ponderosa stands. Thinning treatments reduce standing carbon stocks while releasing carbon through the combustion of fuel in logging machinery, burning slash, and the decay of logging slash and wood products. These reductions and releases of stored carbon must be compared to the risk of catastrophic fire burning through the stand and releasing large quantities of carbon to the atmosphere to more fully understand the costs and benefits – in carbon terms – of forest restoration strategies.     

中国木材市场现状、存在问题和发展建议

介绍了中国木材市场供需和进口现状及发展趋势。建议发展木结构房屋和铁路杨木枕木等以人工林为主要原料的木材制品,改变消费观念,促进人造板工业发展,调整人造板消费结构,扩大在建筑方面的应用,以木材工业的发展促进林业的发展。提出扩大非公有制人工林发展,大力进口俄罗斯木材和新西兰木材,以弥补国产木材不足。并建议适当减少热带阔叶木材进口,以保护全球生态环境。     

烟中都有些什么?——木材工业中的放射性空气污染的研究(英文)

建造一座木材工业生产厂是需要达到一系列的国家立法要求。而达到这些要求是通过严格的科学研究和调查而得来的。在一个项目中,通常这是一个关键环节。大多高度工业化国家都具有严格的法律条例控制放射性粉尘和气体对环境所造成的污染。本文讨论的是在木材工业干燥过程的内部,什么是造成环境污染的环节因素,以化工生产条件所带来的影响为例,输入原材料的选择,干燥炉的设计,运作程序,以及燃料的选择。上述因素将会对烟囱污染带来什么样的影 响?本文采用国际通用的分析手法,准确地分析了放射性粉尘积累以及如何控制由此造成的空气污染。根据研究调查的积累进一步探讨如何以最佳的设计系统而达到控制污染。以冷凝缩代替热干燥将是一个新的值得考虑的工业化革新。参14。     

Climate change mitigation through increased wood use in the European construction sector—towards an integrated modelling framework

Using wood as a building material affects the carbon balance through several mechanisms. This paper describes a modelling approach that integrates a wood product substitution model, a global partial equilibrium model, a regional forest model and a stand-level model. Three different scenarios were compared with a business-as-usual scenario over a 23-year period (2008?C2030). Two scenarios assumed an additional one million apartment flats per year will be built of wood instead of non-wood materials by 2030. These scenarios had little effect on markets and forest management and reduced annual carbon emissions by 0.2?C0.5% of the total 1990 European GHG emissions. However, the scenarios are associated with high specific CO₂ emission reductions per unit of wood used. The third scenario, an extreme assumption that all European countries will consume 1-m³ sawn wood per capita by 2030, had large effects on carbon emission, volumes and trade flows. The price changes of this scenario, however, also affected forest management in ways that greatly deviated from the partial equilibrium model projections. Our results suggest that increased wood construction will have a minor impact on forest management and forest carbon stocks. To analyse larger perturbations on the demand side, a market equilibrium model seems crucial. However, for that analytical system to work properly, the market and forest regional models must be better synchronized than here, in particular regarding assumptions on timber supply behaviour. Also, bioenergy as a commodity in market and forest models needs to be considered to study new market developments; those modules are currently missing.     

Forest carbon storage in the northeastern United States: Net effects of harvesting frequency,post-harvest retention,and wood products

Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is debate regarding the net effect of forest management practices on carbon storage. Few studies have investigated the effects of different silvicultural systems on forest carbon stocks, and the relative strength of in situ forest carbon versus wood products pools remains in question. Our research describes (1) the impact of harvesting frequency and proportion of post-harvest structural retention on carbon storage in northern hardwood-conifer forests, and (2) tests the significance of including harvested wood products in carbon accounting at the stand scale. We stratified Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots to control for environmental, forest structural and compositional variables, resulting in 32 FIA plots distributed throughout the northeastern U.S. We used the USDA Forest Service's Forest Vegetation Simulator to project stand development over a 160 year period under nine different forest management scenarios. Simulated treatments represented a gradient of increasing structural retention and decreasing harvesting frequencies, including a “no harvest” scenario. The simulations incorporated carbon flux between aboveground forest biomass (dead and live pools) and harvested wood products. Mean carbon storage over the simulation period was calculated for each silvicultural scenario. We investigated tradeoffs among scenarios using a factorial treatment design and two-way ANOVA. Mean carbon sequestration was significantly (α = 0.05) greater for “no management” compared to any of the active management scenarios. Of the harvest treatments, those favoring high levels of structural retention and decreased harvesting frequency stored the greatest amounts of carbon. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that management scenario was the strongest predictor of total carbon storage, though site-specific variables were important secondary predictors. In order to isolate the effect of in situ forest carbon storage and harvested wood products, we did not include the emissions benefits associated with substituting wood fiber for other construction materials or energy sources. Modeling results from this study show that harvesting frequency and structural retention significantly affect mean carbon storage. Our results illustrate the importance of both post-harvest forest structure and harvesting frequency in carbon storage, and are valuable to land owners interested in managing forests for carbon sequestration.     

Estimation of Direct Carbon Emissions from Chinese Forest Fires

Therecentresearchesshowthattheemissionsfrombiomassburninghaveshortandlong-termeffectsonatmosphere.Biomassburningistheburningoftheworldsvegetation,includingforests,savannas,andagriculturalland,forlandclearingandland-usechange.Forestfireisthemostimportantpart.Theimmediateeffectofburningistheproductionandreleaseintoatmosphereofgasesandparticulatesresultingfromthecombustionofbiomassmatter(Joel,etal,2000).TheinstantaneouscombustionproductsofvegetationburningincludeCO2,CO,CH4,nonmethanehydrocarbo…     

竹材及竹制品环境学特性研究现状

室内环境的居住质量直接影响着人类的生活,关系着人类的生存与健康,因此,对于居住环境的研究越来越受到关注.木材长久以来被用于装饰室内环境,制作室内家具,以此提高居住环境的舒适性.随着经济建设的不断发展,木材资源日益匮乏,资源丰富的竹材作为木材的替代品,正被广泛应用于建筑、家居、室内装饰等生活环境中,竹材对家居环境的影响日...     

烟中都有些什么?——木材工业中的放射性空气污染的研究

The requirements that a business needs to consider when building a wood panels manufacturing plant are much the same as they have been for decades, but today there is also the need for multiple environmental studies and permits. These are costly and time consuming additional expenses that often are the longest lead-time items on any project. Most industrialized countries have legislation in place to limit and control the negative impact that emission of pollutants may have on the environ-ment. This paper discusses what is actually happening inside wood drying plants, and the prerequisite conditions for genesis of pyrolytic products relative to the operational parameters, such as choice of input raw materials, driers design and operational regime, choice of fuels for the heat generation and how these factors influence production of stack emission. The characteriza-tion of emission condensate by analytical methods is described, and survey of emission control system in use worldwide is de-scribed, and means of investigating what may be the optimum design for the control of emission is discussed. Alternate uses of utilizing the condensate, other than burning, are presented for consideration.     

林火碳排放模型研究进展

林火作为干扰因子, 影响着森林演替、森林生物量和生产力以及生物地球化学循环。森林燃烧所释放的含碳温室气体对全球气候变化具有重要影响。对森林火灾释放的含碳气体进行有效估算, 可以弄清林火产生的含碳气体对全球碳循环的影响。文中介绍了2种林火碳排放模型, 即基于有效可燃物模型和火干扰下碳循环模型。通过对这2种估算方法的比较, 指出未来林火碳排放估算方法的发展趋势。     

Quantitative estimation of carbon removal effects due to wood utilization up to 2050 in Japan: effects from carbon storage and substitution of fossil fuels by harvested wood products

Carbon absorbed by forests remains stored in the timber used for wood products, and a change in wood product stock can be evaluated as substantial removal/emission of atmospheric carbon. Since the carbon storage effect due to harvested wood products (HWP) might be taken into account in the future framework of carbon mitigation, it is crucial to estimate the carbon fl ow and stock concerning HWP for the next commitment period. In the present study, we developed a model for estimating the fl ow and stock of wood products in Japan’s building, furniture, and paper sectors. The HWP carbon storage effect and substitution effect (carbon reduction by substituting fossil fuels and energy-intensive materials with HWP) up to 2050 were quantitatively estimated by lifetime analysis. Our model simulation revealed that (i) the carbon stock change in Japan due to HWP would be evaluated as a large emission if the atmospheric-fl ow approach is adopted, (ii) carbon removal would not significantly increase if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture remains stable, and (iii) the carbon storage effect together with the substitution effect would have a significant impact on climate change mitigation if the ratio of newly constructed wooden buildings/furniture is gradually improved to 70% by 2050.     

气候变化谈判中木质林产品的相关概念及其碳储量核算

森林在维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要的作用.采伐后木质林产品(harvested wood products,HWP)以下简称木质林产品.木质林产品是森林资源利用的自然延伸.     

全球气候变化研究的新技术——稳定碳同位素分析的应用

文中主要从植被动态研究、植物水分利用效率研究、树木年轮的δ^13C值对环境变化预测的研究以及利用^13C标记应用于碳循环的研究几方面，阐述了稳定碳同位素分析在全球气候变化研究中的应用。     

生命周期评价体系在我国木材加工领域的应用

生命周期评价(LCA)是评价产品、工艺等对能源与材料使用和环境排放影响的一种评价体系, 在木材加工领域的应用始于上世纪90年代。文中论述了欧美等发达国家在木材加工领域LCA的应用, 从研究林产品碳平衡方法开始, 细化到木质面板、地板生产以及住宅用木制品的LCA研究; 研究范围也从传统的木材加工行业到新兴产品诸如木塑等新产品, 以及目前较为新兴的生物质能源领域。LCA在中国木材加工领域的应用则侧重于传统的木材加工业, 包括木制品、竹制品、木质与非木质复合材料、地板、家具等领域。针对目前我国存在的一些诸如理论和方法上的不足、研究结果代表性不明确、数据质量不高等问题, 提出了研究内容细致化、建立符合中国国情的木材加工业的生命周期评价模型、开发自主评价软件、建立符合中国国情的生命周期数据库等对策     

遥感技术在火监测中的应用研究综述

火是地球表面频繁发生的异变现象,也是森林、灌丛、草地等生态系统中植被演替的主要动力。植被火烧释放出来的大量气溶胶颗粒物以及各种痕量气体,会引发大气环境和全球碳循环过程的深刻改变。遥感卫星能够监测和记录全球地表信息,尤其适用于地表异变现象特别强烈的火灾事件。遥感技术在野火识别和监测中的应用主要为了实现以下4个目的:1）火点精确地理位置判定;2）在燃火线的范围制图和火场发展趋势判定;3）火烧强度评价;4）火烧迹地植被恢复监测与评价。文中总结了遥感卫星技术和数据在火险评价与制图、火点识别、火烧面积统计以及火烧迹地植被恢复评价中的应用和贡献。     

蛋白质木材胶黏剂

现代木材工业界用来制造刨花板、纤维板、胶合板及定向刨花板等的胶合剂都依赖石化原料。石化原料未来因为供应有限,价格必定高涨,并且法令对木质复合材料排放有毒气体的限制越来越严格,木材工业界不得不积极评估使用可再生的生物原料来合成环境友善的木材胶黏剂。笔者先讨论了蛋白质胶黏剂的历史背景及沿革,进而讨论蛋白质的化学特性以期了解其化学交联的可能性,最后再详述近年来蛋白胶改性的研究及成果。     

森林、林业活动与温室气体的减排增汇

大气中CO_2等温室气体浓度上升引起的全球变暖,威胁着人类生存和社会经济的可持续发展。在减少温室气体排放、稳定大气CO_2浓度的措施中,森林和林业活动扮演着重要的角色。森林可吸收并固定大气CO_2,是大气CO_2的吸收汇和贮存库;而毁林是大气CO_2的重要排放源。通过适当的林业活动可增强碳吸收汇、保护现有的碳贮存,通过替代措施可减少化石燃料引起的温室气体排放。因此,林业活动在未来减缓大气温室气体上升方面将发挥重要作用。阐明了全球和中国森林生态系统在减缓大气CO_2浓度上升中的作用以及与土地利用变化和林业有关的减排增汇措施和潜力,以期对我国制定CO_2减排增汇政策提供参考依据。