助产对奶牛产后子宫菌群的影响

在奶牛养殖业中,难产是奶牛临床上的常发病,助产是处理难产的常用手段。助产的发生会导致母牛受胎率降低、冻精使用量增加、空怀时间增加和首次配种时间后移等繁殖问题。本研究从细菌学角度分析助产对奶牛产后子宫菌群的影响,以期为提高牧场受胎率提供数据参考。在宁夏地区某大型奶牛场,以助产和非助产奶牛为研究对象,在产后45 d进行子宫灌洗,采集灌洗液样本共7份。通过细菌分离培养、16S rRNA测序等方法分离细菌。结果共分离出10个细菌属,12种细菌,其中,非助产奶牛子宫冲洗液中分离出链霉菌属、链球菌属、肠杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、气球菌属5个属的细菌;助产奶牛子宫冲洗液分离出志贺菌属、不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、棒状杆菌属、芽胞杆菌属、气球菌属、肠杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、链球菌属等9个属的细菌。本研究的结果表明,助产和非助产奶牛子宫菌群差异显著,助产导致子宫内菌群多样性增加。     

Sequential Hormonal Changes in the Postpartum Dairy Cow

Peripheral plasma levels of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF_2α, progesterone, Cortisol, LH and prolactin were studied in 6 primiparous postpartum dairy cows. The cows were followed by hormone measurements and clinical examinations from parturition until pregnancy was established. Blood was collected 3 times per day. The cervix, uterus and ovaries were examined by rectal palpation at 6–10 days intervals. The cows were observed for signs of oestrus twice daily and were additionally teased with a bull to provoke standing heat.Four cows had a normal parturition and dropped their fetal membranes shortly afterwards. (NR group). The remaining 2 retained their fetal membranes for more than 24 h following parturition (RFM group). One out of 6 cows showed standing oestrus at the first ovulation, 4 animals were in oestrus at the second ovulation and all cows showed signs of oestrus at the third ovulation. Although the length of the first luteal phase varied from 9 to 22 days a corpus luteum was in all cases palpated. The secretion of progesterone during the first luteal phase was terminated by a PGF_2α release.A significant difference in 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF_2α levels between the 2 groups was found on days 0–4 (2.39 vs 6.87 nmol/1 at Ρ < 0.06). Postpartum prostaglandin F_2α release as reflected by the level of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF_2α lasted shorter in the NR group than in the RFM group (15–17 vs 21 days). Significant positive correlations between 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF_2α and Cortisol as well as between prolactin and Cortisol during the first 24 days postpartum were noted only in cows having normal parturition. The most pronounced daily prolactin variations occurred during the second luteal phase (NR group), when a significant difference between the times 8.00, 12.00 and 15.00 was recorded (14.7, 31.5 and 19.7 μg/l, respectively). Moreover, a partial negative correlation between log value of prolactin and arithmetical value of LH was found in these cows only during the first luteal phase after parturition.     

交巢穴埋线和注射催产素对奶牛产后子宫复旧影响的比较

为了比较奶牛交巢穴埋线与注射催产素对子宫复旧的影响,本试验共选取了20头荷斯坦牛,10头作为试验组1,分娩后在其交巢穴埋线;10头作为试验组2,分娩后在交巢穴注射催产素。观察奶牛的胎衣、恶露排出及子宫复旧情况,发现两种方法对胎衣排出时间的影响差异不显著,而埋线处理对子宫复旧较注射催产素有明显的促进作用,     

天花粉蛋白对黄牛产后胎衣脱落及受胎率的影响

以淮北黄牛为对象，在正常分娩后不同时间，用生理盐水溶解天花粉蛋白胶囊，而后灌注入黄牛子宫粘膜与胎衣之间，观察其对胎衣脱落及受胎率的影响。结果，分娩后４，１２ｈ给药组及对照组，用药后胎衣脱落时间分别为４．５９，９．１５ｈ及５６．０８ｈ；胎衣完整率为９０．７％，８７．８％及６８．６％；产后首次发情时间平均为６０．７５，６６．２９ｄ及７４．７５ｄ；试验组与对照组差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。两试验组与对照组比较，１次受胎率分别提高３３．９８％和２７．６７％；２次受胎率提高３７．９４％和２８．５８％；３次受胎率提高２３３．２９％和１９９．９４％。结果显示，天花粉蛋白能促进胎衣及时完整地排出，并显著提高受胎率     

奶牛产后截瘫病例的诊治

产后截瘫,是奶牛分娩后出现躺卧、后躯不能起立的一种疾病。 2004年到2007年,笔者共治疗奶牛产后截瘫病牛19例,其中头胎奶牛4例、三胎奶牛3例、四胎奶牛5例、五胎以上奶牛7例。治愈16例,未治愈而淘汰3例,治愈率为84.2%。其中1d治愈7头,2d治愈及3～5d治愈的各有4头,10d以上治愈1头。     

用前列腺素治疗不孕奶牛效果好

贵州省铜仁地区迪佳奶牛场于２０００年２月从浙江省引进奶牛２０头，据卖方称全部奶牛均已配上且处于妊娠期。１基本概况奶牛到达铜仁市以后，在奶牛场技术人员的精心饲养下，２０００年４月１５日开始产下第１头牛犊，其它奶牛也开始陆续产犊。但是１３号、１７号奶牛却未见妊娠表现，后经奶牛场人工授精技术员检查后，发现２头奶牛的卵巢发育不良，建议淘汰这２头奶牛，作为肉牛。后来在贵州大学黄教授指导下，我们对２头奶牛进行检查，发现１３号、１７号奶牛情况类似，左右卵巢发生实质性病变，我们对１３号奶牛进行直检发现，右卵巢近…     

不同日粮营养水平对西吉杂种母牛产奶性能影响

[目的]西门塔尔杂交改良后代牛具有良好的产奶、产肉和对适应环境性能,试验旨在探讨添加不同比例的精、粗料对西吉高代杂种牛的产奶性能的影响.[方法]选择西吉高代杂种成年母牛15头,随机分成3组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）,每组5头,按照精饲料与粗饲料（干物质）之比为60％∶40％;40％∶60％和30％∶70％处理,进行为期90 d的产奶试验.[结果]表明：产奶量3个组差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但试验Ⅰ组最高,分别比试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组高16.92％和39.67％.3个组鲜乳中的乳脂率、非脂率、乳蛋白含量和乳糖含量等差异均不显著（P＞0.05）,但随着试验组日粮营养水平降低呈现下降趋势.产奶效益以试验工组最高（2 681.8元/头）,其次是试验Ⅱ组（1 823.7元/头）,最差为试验Ⅲ组（1 357.8元/头）.[结论]体重550 kg、日产奶量10 kg左右西吉杂种母牛日粮精粗比（干物质）为45％和55％、日粮蛋白质含量应在13.7％左右、干物质日采食量在13 kg左右或干物质日采食量占体重2.4％左右较为适宜.     

奶牛产后子宫内膜炎分类及研究进展

产后奶牛子宫经常受到细菌污染而导致炎症过程,严重的可造成奶牛不孕.然而以往对奶牛产后子宫炎性疾病的分类及描述缺乏统一的标准.本文通过回顾子宫复旧的细菌学进程及易感因素,为奶牛产后子宫炎性疾病提供一个清晰的分类,即产褥期子宫内膜炎、临床型子宫内膜炎、子宫积脓及隐性子宫内膜炎;同时总结其病理特征、诊断要点.     

奶生产后子宫感染与子宫疾病概述

奶牛子宫疾病是影响奶牛繁殖率,降低生产效益的重要因素之一.临床上奶牛子宫疾病的形成原因复杂,临床表现多样,同时又缺乏权威的诊断标准,给生产中临床诊断带来了很多困难.本文简要综述了子宫内细菌污染与子宫感染之间的关系,以及子宫疾病的病理学差异,概述了不同子宫疾病的临床表现和简单清晰的临床定义.     

应用激素处理产后母牛对产犊间隔及卵巢状态变化的影响

为了确定LRH-A2和PGF2α对缩短奶牛产犊间隔的效果,选择产后适宜的激素处理时间,选用51头年产奶量在5 000～6 000kg的经产荷斯坦奶牛根据产后的时间分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(产后2周)、试验Ⅱ组(产后20～40d)、试验Ⅲ组(产后40～60d),分别用LRH-A2或LRH-A2+PGF2α进行处理,每组随机选择3头,用B-超观测处理前后奶牛的卵巢状态变化.结果表明,奶牛产后2周用LRH-A2处理,有利于缩短产犊间隔.     

奶牛产后瘫痪的治疗及体会

我县近年来大力发展奶牛产业,但奶生产后瘫痪在各奶牛养殖小区常有发生,因治疗不及时造成奶牛被淘汰,给养殖户带来很大的经济损失。现将该病的治疗及体会介绍如下。     

Effect of Different Doses of Prostaglandin on the Area of Corpus Luteum, the Largest Follicle and Progesterone Concentration in the Dairy Cow

Lactating dairy cows with a mature corpus luteum (CL) (diameter of ≥17 mm determined by ultrasonography) and having a follicle with a diameter of 10 mm (n = 49) were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group was treated with a single dose of exogenous prostaglandin (25 mg), while the second group was treated with 35 mg on day 0, and the third group served as control in order to evaluate the effect of rectal manipulation on the CL during ultrasonographic examination. Blood samples were collected daily for analysing progesterone (P4) concentrations. In group 1 the incidence of oestrus and artificial insemination (AI) in 10 days after treatment was 95% (19 of 20). The conception rate was 31.6%, and the average time to oestrus after treatment was 3.7 day. In group 2 the incidence of oestrus and A.I. was 84.2% (16/19). The conception rate was 31.2%, and the average time to oestrus after treatment was 2.8 day. In the untreated group only two cows (2/10) exhibited oestrus during the examined period and none of them became pregnant. There were no significant differences between the two treated groups in terms of reduction in the area of CL and P4 concentrations and of an increase in the area of the dominant follicles. At the same time, the decrease in the percentage changes relative to the area of CL and to the concentrations of P4 were statistically significant in both treated groups.     

激素处理产后母牛对产犊间隔及卵巢状态的影响研究

为了确定促黄体素释放激素A2(LRH-A2)和氯前列烯醇对缩短奶牛产犊间隔的影响,选择产后适宜的激素处理时间,选用51头年产奶量在5 000 kg~6 000 kg的经产荷斯坦奶牛,根据产后的时间分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(产后2周)、试验Ⅱ组(产后20 d~40 d)、试验Ⅲ组(产后40 d~60 d),分别用LRH-A2、氯前列烯醇或LRH-A2 氯前列烯醇进行处理。并在每组随机选择3头,用B超观测处理前后奶牛的卵巢状态变化。结果表明,奶牛产后2周用LRH-A2处理,有利于缩短产犊间隔。     

中草药治疗奶牛恶露不尽效果好

奶牛恶露不尽病是饲养奶牛过程中常见的产科疾病，它严重地阻碍着奶牛生产的发展，从 1993年－ 1999年，七年中，我们采用中草药治疗此病 35例，治愈 33例，有效 2例，有效率为 94 29％，现将治疗情况报道如下： 1病因病理 　　恶露不尽是指奶牛产后超过一定时间 (10～ 12天 )仍从阴户流出浅红色或暗红色污浊液体的。发生原因主要是奶牛胎衣滞留，血瘀胞宫，或助产及剥奶牛胎衣时，损伤胞宫，或奶牛虚弱，产后元气亏损又失于护理，风寒乘虚侵袭，寒凝血滞所致。 2症状 　　奶牛全身发热，食欲不振或废绝，反刍停止。阴道流出暗红色浊液…     

母牛产后子宫保健对输精受胎率效果测定试验

试验针对1～2胎的临产母牛,对其子宫进行药物保健,促进母牛产后子宫快速恢复,激活卵巢功能,恢复母牛体况,保证母牛在产后50 d以内顺利配种受胎,提高母牛产后输精受胎率。     

影响奶牛产犊间隔的因素分析

对西宁某奶牛场1993—2000年中国荷斯坦奶牛的配种、产犊记录和产奶量记录进行了统计分析，结果表明：胎次和产犊季节对奶牛产犊间隔没有显著影响(P＞0．05)；产奶量在6000kg以上奶牛的产犊间隔板显著长于4000kg以下的奶牛(P＜0．01)，显著长于产奶量在4000—4999kg奶牛的产犊间隔(P＜0．05)。     

超低温冷冻对奶牛胚胎超微结构的影响

奶牛冷冻胚胎移植成活率较鲜胚移植明显低.为明确低温冷冻造成胚胎损伤的机理、为冷冻保存方法的进一步改进提供理论依据,利用透射电子显微镜观察了奶牛胚胎常规冷冻和玻璃化冷冻前后的超微结构变化.结果表明,奶牛鲜胚细胞分为两种类型:一种位于内细胞团(ICM)外层,胞质电子致密度低而着色浅,并含有大量的线粒体和内质网;另一种位于ICM中心区域,着色较深,溶酶体的数量多,其余细胞较较少.常规冷冻后,透明带和卵周隙明显变宽,细胞间接触变得松散.囊胚中含有退化的胞核和凋亡小体,内质网变大、变粗,脂滴明显增多.玻璃化冷冻后,ICM细胞的结构发生破坏,部分细胞发生崩解,细胞碎片大量分布于细胞间隙和卵周隙中,并可见大量的脂滴,凋亡细胞和凋亡小体增多.冷冻过程对早期胚胎细胞器的损伤可能是移植后成活率下降的主要原因.