分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生根系分泌物对根结线虫的影响

为明确根系分泌物在番茄伴生分蘖洋葱Allium cepa var.agrogarum Don.体系中减轻番茄根结线虫病的作用,本研究以番茄L ycopersicon esculentum和分蘖洋葱为试材,通过双室试验及外源添加根系分泌物等方法,研究了根系分泌物对根结线虫死亡率、卵孵化率的影响以及根系分泌物对线虫的吸引率...     

南方根结线虫耐寒性研究进展

为了能够定量评价南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫的趋化性,本研究以Pluronic F-127胶体为载体,建立了一种能够借助体式显微镜相机及ImageJ灰度值统计法对根结线虫移动轨迹进行量化检测,从而判断根结线虫2龄幼虫趋性的测试方法,并用10种已报道的具有趋性活性的化合物验证了方法的可靠性。另外,采用该方法测定了40种化合物对南方根结线虫的趋性活性。研究结果表明,10 μg/mL质量浓度下,22种测试化合物具有吸引活性、11种化合物具有驱避活性,其中对茴香胺和间苯三酚分别具有较强的吸引和驱避线虫活性。进一步研究表明,对茴香胺对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫具有低浓度吸引和高浓度驱避的趋性活性,而间苯三酚对该幼虫的驱避活性随浓度增高而增强。该研究为快速定量评价化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的趋性及发现高活性根结线虫驱避剂提供了一种可靠的方法。     

根结线虫趋化性研究进展

植物寄主根部及其根际微生物等释放的化学信号物质在根结线虫寻找寄主、配偶及逃避危险等行为中起着重要的作用。目前,明确根结线虫预侵染阶段的化学信号物质以及相关的分子靶标,以期开发得到植物源和微生物源引诱剂及驱避剂,是国际线虫学研究领域的前沿和热点。本文重点综述了根结线虫的趋化性及化学信号物质,概括了线虫诱饵效应与诱捕现象的研究进展,概述了平面琼脂及其改进模型、Pluronic凝胶模型以及沙土/土壤模型在根结线虫趋化性测试中的应用,讨论了根结线虫趋化性研究的意义和难度,并对未来根结线虫趋化性研究的主要方向及前景进行了总结和展望。     

海南岛胡椒病原根结线虫种类鉴定

对海南岛12个县市胡椒产区的27个胡椒病原根结线虫种群进行了纯化培养,运用形态学、同工酶技术及mtDNA扩增技术进行了种类鉴定,结果发现27个纯培养种群中有26个是南方根结线虫,1个是花生根结线虫,南方根结线虫占了96.3％。     

生防菌淡紫紫孢菌与低剂量杀线虫剂复配防治蔬菜根结线虫的研究

 根结线虫是一种重要植物病原线虫,常用杀线虫剂噻唑膦、阿维菌素等进行防治。研究生防真菌淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂与低剂量杀线虫剂复配对根结线虫的防治效果,结果显示当浓度低于100 μg·mL^-1时,噻唑膦对淡紫紫孢菌的菌落生长和孢子萌发无显著影响;且低剂量噻唑膦与淡紫紫孢菌复配对线虫二龄幼虫的致死率高于单独使用噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌的。盆栽及大棚试验都表明阿维菌素减量25%、或噻唑膦减量25%、或噻唑膦减量50%后分别与淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂复配,对根结线虫的防效与单独使用阿维菌素、噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌相当。因此,噻唑膦及阿维菌素与淡紫紫孢菌复配,可减少农药使用量,并弥补生物防治稳定性不强等缺点,是可选的植物线虫病害防治策略之一。     

Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece

Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes.     

我国蔬菜根结线虫发生、致害和绿色防控研究进展

根结线虫是威胁我国蔬菜生产的最重要病原物类群之一,寄主达3 000多种,每年造成的蔬菜损失价值高达5亿美元,目前缺乏安全高效的防治方法。近年来,随着保护地蔬菜种植面积的增加,根结线虫病对我国蔬菜生产的危害逐年加重,因此必须加强对蔬菜根结线虫病发生、致害和防治的深入研究。该文对近10来年我国根结线虫的发生分布和危害、主要种类、鉴定和快速诊断方法、成灾规律、与植物的互作及机理、绿色防控等方面的研究进展进行综述,并展望我国根结线虫的研究趋势。     

Penetration and reproduction of root-knot nematodes on cucurbit species

Cucurbits are often cultivated in rotation with Solanaceae in double-cropping systems. Most cucurbits have been described as susceptible to root-knot nematodes (RKN) but little is known on their relative levels of susceptibility. Because RKN species differ in rates of root invasion and reproductive traits, isolates of M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica were compared on five cucurbit hosts in experiments run in a climate growth chamber. They included zucchini squash cv Amalthee, cucumber cv Dasher II, melon cv Pistolero, pumpkin cv Totanera and watermelon cv Sugar Baby. All cucurbits were susceptible to the three RKN isolates although M. javanica showed higher invasion rates, faster development and higher egg production than M. arenaria on the selected cucurbits. Apparent differences among cucurbits were primarily due to root invasion rates and formation of egg masses. Both Cucumis species (cucumber and melon) were better hosts for nematode invasion and reproduction than zucchini squash, followed by watermelon. Large invasion rates followed by small reproduction traits were linked to M. incognita on zucchini squash. Reduced invasion rates and egg mass formation along with delayed early development were shown on watermelon.     

Effect of abamectin on root-knot nematodes and tomato yield

BACKGROUND: Tomato growers in Shandong Province, China, commonly face heavy root‐knot nematode infestations. Current methods of control include cadusafos and methyl bromide (MeBr), but alternative methods are required because of the high toxicity of these pesticides and the ecological risk of their use. Therefore, abamectin soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes in a series of laboratory tests, greenhouse pot experiments and field trials. RESULTS: Laboratory tests showed that abamectin exhibited rapid knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values that were superior to those of cadusafos and averaged 7.06 and 21.81 mg L^?1. In the greenhouse pot experiment, soil applications of abamectin provided significant M. incognita control similar to that provided by cadusafos while maintaining excellent plant height and vigour. In the field trials, abamectin exhibited excellent control effects to nematodes while giving a higher tomato yield. There was a 19.3–39.0% yield increase from the various treatments compared with the control, and the best results were obtained from the highest dose of abamectin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that abamectin has the potential to be used as an effective alternative to MeBr and cadusafos for nematode control in tomato production in Shandong Province. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

放线菌防治根结线虫的作用机制及研究进展

根结线虫病是全球性植物土传病害,每年造成巨大经济损失。传统的线虫防治方法因成本高、毒性大、线虫易产生抗药性、危害生态环境等原因不符合农业生产绿色可持续发展的理念。放线菌因其能适应各种生境,代谢产物丰富,且能通过诱导植物产生免疫防御,调节植物根部微生物区系,分泌多种酶等方式来安全高效地防治根结线虫病而广受关注和研究。本文主要综述了放线菌防治根结线虫的作用机制及目前所取得的研究进展,以期为开发、应用放线菌资源进行线虫生物防治提供帮助。     

山东烟区侵染烟草的根结线虫寄主范围

为明确烟草根结线虫的寄主范围，采用田间调查、室内接种及回接烟草，测定了侵染烟草的根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp．)的寄主植物。结果表明，该线虫可侵染30个科的113种植物。其中粮食作物10种、油料及经济作物9种、蔬菜类33种、果树类3种、花卉树木类8种及杂草50种。证实的寄主植物多数呈中度偏重发病程度，但小麦、玉米、谷子、水稻等禾本科作物发病较轻，可在轮作防病措施中参考使用。     

一种准确测定土壤根结线虫种群数量的方法

为探索一种准确测定土壤根结线虫种群数量的方法,采用NaOCl消解附着在土壤病残体上的根结线虫卵囊与线虫常规离心技术相结合的方法,测试了不同NaOCl浓度、离心时间对根结线虫回收效率的影响,筛选出最佳测定条件,并与浅盘法、离心法、Byrd法等线虫常规分离方法进行了比较。结果表明,在9个NaOCl处理浓度中,1.0%~2.5%NaOCl处理对土壤根结线虫的回收效率显著高于3.0%NaOCl处理,达到71.6%~99.4%。在1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%NaOCl处理30 s后,分别离心2~5、2~3、2~3 min和2 min对根结线虫的回收效率明显高于其它时间处理,在每50 m L土壤平均接种976粒线虫卵的人工病土中,上述处理分离线虫数量分别达到804.3~930.0、810.7~838.7、843.7~867.0和820.7。本研究的改良方法对自然病土中根结线虫的分离数量分别是浅盘法、离心法和Byrd法的29.3、13.4和2.1倍,显著提高了土壤中根结线虫的分离效率,可准确测定土壤根结线虫种群的数量。     

Smoke pollution and the effects of root-knot nematodes on the growth of eggplants

Single and combined effects of smoke pollution and the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 1, were studied on eggplant in 1988 and 1989 at two sites (K1 and K2) 1 and 2 km respectively away from a coal-fired thermal power plant, and a control site at the Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). Mean concentrations of SO₂, NO₂ and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were respectively 172, 95 and 626 μg/m³ in 1988 and 144, 97 and 556 μg/m³ in 1989 at K1; and 258, 150 and 344 μg/m³ in 1988 and 226, 113 and 293 μg/m³ in 1989 at K2. Peak levels of the gases and SPM were recorded in the early (12.00–15.00) and late (15.00–18.00) afternoon respectively. Concentrations of the pollutants at a control site were very low. Marginal browning appeared on the leaves of eggplants grown at site K2 whether or not they were infected by the nematodes. The galling caused by nematodes was severe at both polluted sites but egg mass production was inhibited at K2. Egg laying was significantly reduced at both polluted sites. M. incognita significantly reduced plant growth, yield and leaf pigment production of eggplant at the control and polluted sites. Most non-infected plants also showed significant reductions in these plant varieties i.e. from the effects of pollution at K2. Foliar concentrations of sulphur were significantly increased at both polluted sites, being greater in infected plants. The interaction of smoke pollution and M. incognita infection led to greater suppressions at the polluted sites, which were mostly significant at K1. At the polluted sites, leaves had more and longer trichomes; also the number and size of stomata were decreased but their openings were wider especially in infected plants at the two polluted sites.     

Factors affecting the efficacy of non-fumigant nematicides for controlling root-knot nematodes

Second-stage juveniles (J2) and egg masses of root-knot nematodes as well as root debris heavily infected by the latter were exposed for different periods of time to six different doses of the nematicides cadusafos and fenamiphos. The efficacy of the nematicides increased significantly with increasing exposure time. Both nematicides were more effective against J2, although they could not provide acceptable control of J2 inside egg masses or heavily galled root debris. The effect of different application strategies on the efficacy and persistence of certain nematicides was also assessed in a field study. Cadusafos, fenamiphos, fosthiazate and oxamyl were applied in field micro-plots either as a single full dose at the time of crop establishment or as multiple reduced-rate applications at 14-day intervals throughout the cropping period, and their efficacy and persistence were determined using bioassays and analytical studies. Fosthiazate was the most efficient nematicide studied, and this was mainly attributed to its long soil persistence. Oxamyl also provided adequate nematode control for the first 48-56 days after its application, regardless of the application method used and its relatively rapid field dissipation. Fenamiphos and cadusafos failed to provide adequate nematode control, although cadusafos was the most persistent of the nematicides tested. The failure of fenamiphos to provide adequate nematode control was mainly attributed to its rapid degradation by soil micro-organisms, which were stimulated after its repeated low-rate application at 14-day intervals. In contrast cadusafos failure was attributed to the inability of the nematicide to reduce nematode populations even at relatively high concentrations in soil.     

Control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary1

Under Hungarian climatic conditions, root-knot nematodes, and other phytoparasitic nematodes, generally cause damage in certain plant growing areas. These pests are present in glasshouses throughout the country. In the field the nematodes occur in sandy soil in the vegetable-growing areas of southern and central Hungary. The following species of root-knot nematodes have so far been reported to occur in Hungary: Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. javanica, M. incognita acrita, M. thamesi and M. naasi. There are 10 specific nematicides registered for nematode control in the country. These chemicals are mainly applied in glasshouses where their use produces most economic return. Nematoderesistant cultivars are only available in the case of tomato. The nematodes cause the heaviest damage on glasshouse cucumber.     

我国南方地区主要根结线虫DNA变异的RAPD分析

 本试验用5组随机引物对来自我国南方地区的30个根结线虫种群进行RAPD分析,并从中筛选出多态性较好的引物12个。共扩增出179条DNA多态带,各供试种群间存在着丰富的遗传多态性。扩增结果表现出种间差异大于种内差异的共同趋势,这表明上述12个引物能够较客观地反映种群间亲缘关系的远近。北方根结线虫与另外3种线虫(南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫)的亲缘关系最远;在3种主要根结线虫中,爪哇根结线虫与南方根结线虫的亲缘关系相对较近。基于种群间的相似系数分析和应用UPGMA法构建的聚类树状图,显示出不同的根结线虫在较低的相似性系数范围聚类,而绝大多数种内的不同种群均以较高的相似性系数聚在一起,这与形态分类基本一致,反映了形态学分类的分子遗传本质,同时也表明了应用RAPD技术进行根结线虫亲缘关系分析和种类鉴定具有合理性和可行性。本文还对RAPD方法对南方根结线虫小种鉴定的可能性进行了初步探讨。     

不同氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响

为筛选根结线虫控制技术,采用传统平板法和Biolog ECO生态板评价了液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵3种氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,等氮条件下液氨处理杀线虫效果最好且黄瓜产量最高,氨水次之。液氨用量在375.0 kg/hm~2的条件下,对黄瓜根结线虫的防效达到71%,和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂(GF)45.0 kg/hm~2处理相比效果没有显著差异(79.9%)。种植前,细菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着液氨用量的增加而减少,随着氨水和碳酸氢铵用量的增加而增加;但所有处理均显著降低了土壤真菌的数量。黄瓜收获后,土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着氮素用量的增加而提高,且高于空白处理和10%噻唑膦GF 45.0 kg/hm~2处理。以上结果说明,液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵不但可以作为土壤肥料,也可以作为一种高效、低价和生态化的根结线虫防治剂进行推广应用。     

植物根结线虫基因组学研究进展

根结线虫是世界农业生产中危害最大的植物病原之一,目前仍缺乏安全有效的防治措施。深入揭示寄生线虫与植物之间互作的分子机制,利用生物技术进行抗性育种被认为是最有前景的抗线虫策略。在根结线虫基因组学研究方面,目前已经构建了北方根结线虫AFLP遗传连锁图谱,南方根结线虫和北方根结线虫基因组测序也已完成;基因组的注释和比较基因组学分析,较全面地描述了根结线虫的遗传组成;以差异表达分析和比较基因组学为主的方法鉴定了大量的重要基因;以RNA干扰、植物转化和蛋白互作为主的根结线虫基因功能研究也取得了一些进展。本文就根结线虫基因组学研究予以综述,并进一步探讨其研究方向和可持续抗线虫新策略的发展前景。     

茼蒿水浸液和挥发物对三七根腐病菌的抑制活性及其抑菌物质分析

为明确茼蒿水浸液和挥发物对三七根腐病菌的抑制活性及主要的抑菌物质,采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium solani F-3和锈腐病菌Ilyonectria destructans RS006的抑制活性,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析水浸液和挥发物的成分,进一步验证化合物的抑菌活性。结果表明,茼蒿茎、叶水浸液对F-3的抑制效果强于RS006,叶水浸液比茎水浸液抑菌效果更好。叶水浸液浓度为15.0%时,对F-3的抑制率为55.1%。挥发物对RS006的抑制活性存在明显的浓度效应,茎叶用量为2.0 g/皿时,茎和叶挥发物对RS006的抑制率均高于85.0%。茼蒿茎挥发物对F-3的抑制率较低且不同浓度间差异不显著,叶挥发物在叶用量为1.0 g/皿时对F-3抑制效果最好,抑制率为35.3%。茼蒿茎水浸液的主要成分为糖类和有机酸类,叶水浸液的主要成分为有机酸类。茼蒿茎叶挥发物的主要成分为萜烯类。挥发物中芳樟醇对两种病原菌的抑制效果较好。利用茼蒿或其化感物质可为三七根腐病的绿色防控提供思路。