IN THIS ISSUE – July 2010

Presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw milk · Profiling of Haemophilus parasuis in live pigs · Cysticercus bovis in Australian cattle · Thoracoscopy for lung lobectomy in the dog · Common bile duct cyst in a cat · Caecal intussusceptions in horses in New Zealand · Improving access to the oral cavity of the wombat · Mycobacterium in a Tasmanian devil · Surgical treatment of osteomyelitis in an alpaca cria     

In this year of the veterinarian, we are including a series of papers on the history of veterinary medicine in Australia

Disease control during the colonial period in Australia · Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia · Coxiella burnetii in beef cattle in Queensland · Desmotomy for flexural deformity in Thoroughbreds · Acute myeloid leukaemia in a Thoroughbred foal · Growth variants of Avibacterium paragallinarum · Volvulus in a dugong     

In this issue – April 2011

Lomustine‐associated toxicity · Iliopsoas fibrotic myopathy · Porcine circovirus‐associated disease in weaner pigs · Measures of welfare in Bos indicus heifers · eFSH for superovulation in mares · Recurrent Actinobacillus peritonitis in a horse     

In this issue – June 2012

Assay to measure success of functional parathyroid excision · Palliative radiation therapy for malignant trichoepithelioma · Idiopathic haemarthrosis in horses · Fatal snail bait poisoning in a horse · Utility of diagnostic tests for Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia in pigs · Iodine deficiency disorders in sheep · Immobilisation of estuarine crocodiles     

Colour, pH and weight changes of PSE, normal and DFD breast fillets from British broilers treated with a phosphate-free, low salt marinade

1. Colour (L*, a*, b*), pH and weight changes during tumbling, overnight holding and cooking were measured in pale, soft and exudative (PSE, L*?>?58); normal; and dark, firm and dry (DFD, L*?n?=?180) subject to tumbling in a low salt (4%), phosphate-free marinade at three target addition levels: 0, 10 and 20%.

2. The mean L* values for PSE, normal and DFD fillets were 60·1, 56·0 and 51·7 respectively, with corresponding mean pH values of 5·73, 5·85 and 6·07.

3. There were no significant differences in marinade uptake during tumbling for the three groups of fillets. Losses during overnight holding were highest for the PSE fillets, but losses for all three colour groups were relatively small (<2%).

4. Cooking losses for fillets of normal colour were 19·7, 24·1 and 26·2% at 0, 10 and 20% addition levels respectively, with corresponding yields of 80·3, 82·8 and 84·8%.

5. PSE fillets had higher cooking losses and lower yields than normal fillets (and DFD fillets had lower cooking losses and higher yields than normal fillets) but the differences were small and not always significant (P? 6. There was a strong negative correlation between pH and L* (r?=??0·82) in the raw fillets, but weaker correlations of yield with L* (r?=??0·53) and pH (r?=?0·38) in the cooked fillets.     

In this issue – December 2011

Overview of the Australian sheep industry · The first incisor eruption in Angora goats · Hepatitis E in pigs in New Caledonia · Thromboelastography in neonatal foals · Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in dogs · Harmonic scalpel for soft palate surgery in dogs · Fungal dermatitis in coastal bearded dragons · Osteosarcoma in a python     

In this issue – November 2010

Management and preventive health care in aged horses · Echocardiographs in healthy Thoroughbred foals · Surgical stapling technique for caecal impaction in horses · MRI of the second phalanx in horses · Radiotransmitters in snakes · Nasotracheal intubation of a kangaroo · Avian tracheal resection and anastomosis · Nasal bot fly in a cat · First report of Cryptosporidium andersoni in Australian cattle     

In this issue – March 2010

Topical anaesthesia for castration and tail docking in lambs · Disease surveillance activities for saleyard pigs · Reproductive effects of time on prepartum transition diets in dairy cows · Bovine herpesvirus type 5 in bull semen · Rib osteomyelitis in three foals · Mycobacterium ulcerans in two horses · Nasal vascular hamartoma in a cat     

In this issue – May 2012

Breech‐strike in Merinos in south‐eastern Australia · Risk factors for clinical mastitis in dairy cows · Tick (Ixodes holocyclus) envenomation in horses · Attitudes to and use of analgesia by Queensland veterinarians · Treatment of anoestrus in bitches · Risk of arboviruses following waterbird movement     

In this issue – October 2010

Computed tomography diagnosis of brain infarction in dogs · Tibial tuberosity advancement in canine stifles · Holter monitoring in dogs with mitral valve disease · Staggers in horses grazing paspalum infected with Claviceps paspali · Distal luxation of the patella in a horse · Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes in sheep at slaughter · Alzheimer type II astrocytes in the brains of pigs with salt poisoning · Classification of infectious bronchitis viruses in poultry field specimens · Mortality events in sea-caged yellowtail kingfish     

In this issue – May 2010

Flea-associated infectious agents in cats in Eastern Australia · Complications of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres · Reproductive efficiency of Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses · GPS tracking collars to monitor horses · Correction of vesicovaginal reflux in mares · Antibodies to Lawsonia intracellularis in Australian pig herds · Mucormycosis in the platypus · Panniculitis from Mycobacterium mageritense in a Tasmanian devil     

Relationship between abdominal fat content and avian uncoupling protein gene expression in skeletal muscle of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica

1. The genetic architecture of the avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) was investigated and the relationship between avUCP gene expression and the amount of abdominal fat of Japanese quail was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

2. The Japanese quail avUCP gene consists of six exons and five introns. Sequences of nucleotides and amino acids were 94·6% and 86·0% identical to those of the chicken avUCP gene, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Japanese quail avUCP gene consists of the same clusters as the chicken and turkey avUCP.

3. Expression of the avUCP gene was significantly higher in the Pectoralis major (1·28?±?0·24) than in the Biceps femoris (0·63?±?0·14).

4. A positive correlation coefficient between the avUCP gene expression in the Pectoralis major and Biceps femoris was observed (r?=?0·79, P?=?0·02), whereas a negative correlation coefficient was observed between the abdominal fat percentage (AFP) and gene expression in both the Pectoralis major (r?=??0·82, P?=?0·01) and Biceps femoris (r?=??0·61, P?=?0·11).

5. The avUCP gene was associated with the accumulation of abdominal fat in Japanese quail and it was concluded that modulation of avUCP gene expression could be utilised to control abdominal fat accumulation in poultry.     

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group strains recovered from broiler faeces

1. The objective was to evaluate the occurrence of cultivable components of the Bacteroides fragilis group in faeces of broiler chickens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

2. Faecal samples of 36?×?45-d-old Cobb broilers of both sexes from 15 different flocks on one farm were diluted 10-fold and plated on to Bacteroides-bile-esculin agar for colony count and isolation. Identification was by molecular methods and antimicrobial susceptibility in the agar dilution assay.

3. A total of 236 isolates was recovered from a mean population of 3·32?×?10⁷ colony-forming units/g of faeces. B. fragilis was shown to be the predominant Bacteroides species (45·3%), followed by B. distasonis (35·6%), B. vulgatus (8·9%), B. ovatus (2·5%) and B. stercoris (1·3%).

4. Among 204 bacterial isolates tested, high resistance to ampicillin (98·5%), norfloxacin (95·1%) and tetracycline (88·2%) were observed. High (89·7%) multi-drug resistance was observed to 3–7 of the tested drugs.

5. Components of the B. fragilis group were sub-dominant in broiler faecal microbiota, with a different species pattern compared with human and high antimicrobial multi-drug resistance.     

Energy and nitrogen metabolism of broilers selected over ten generations for increased growth rate,food consumption and conversion of food to gain

1. Energy and nitrogen (N) metabolism were studied in 6‐week‐old male birds taken from 4 lines of chickens selected for 10 generations for increased weight gain (line W), increased food consumption (line F), increased conversion of food to gain (line E) or at random (controls, line C).

2. Calorimetric measurements were made 8 times on each line while fed ad libitum in large open‐circuit respiration chambers for 3 d, and 11 to 13 times without food in smaller closed‐circuit respiration chambers for 24 h.

3. The F line ate 60% more food, produced 90% more excreta and 34% more heat and retained 80% more energy and 35% more N in their bodies than lines E and C. Line W was intermediate.

4. When differences in body weight were taken into account, the E and W lines had lower heat production than the C line, while the F line ate 40% more food, produced 30% more heat and retained 70% more energy and 30% more N than the E line.

5. In lines W, F, E and C respectively, the mean metabolisability of dietary energy (%) was 69·4, 62·9, 70·1 and 67·8 ; the fasting heat production (mean ± SE) was 481 ±9, 569 ± 10, 485 ± 9, and 508 ± 9 kJ/kgW d; the net availability of metabolisable energy (NAME) was 0·68 ± 0·05, 0·76 ± 0·04, 0·85 ± 0·06 and 0·73 ± 0·04; the estimated daily maintenance energy requirements were 671 + 15, 866 ± 14, 701 ± 13, and 742 ± 11 kJ ME/ kgW; and the proportion of N retained per unit increase in N intake was 0·38 ± 0·08, 0·50 ± 0·06, 0·56 ± 0·10 and 0·53 ± 0·06. 6. The contribution of line differences in the above traits to large line differences in efficiency of food utilisation is discussed.

     

Serum and tissue concentrations of doxycycline in broilers after the sub-cutaneous injection of a long-acting formulation

1. The antibacterial agent doxycycline hyclate (Dox) is usually administered to broilers in drinking water or as a feed supplement. Parenteral injection is not the usual route for administration, so a long-acting formulation (Dox-LA) was tested to evaluate if serum concentrations can achieve the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) ratios regarded as adequate for the drug.

2. A poloxamer-based matrix was used to provide Dox-LA. Serum and tissue concentrations of Dox vs time were determined in two day-old broilers after subcutaneous (SC) injection of Dox-LA or oral administration of a single bolus of aqueous Dox (Dox-PO), at a dose of 20?mg/kg. Weight gain, feed conversion rate, haematological variables, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, blood urea and creatinine were determined and compared for Dox-LA with Dox-PO and non-medicated controls.

3. Dox-LA had a high relative bioavailability (1200%). Maximum serum concentrations were not statistically different (5·1?±?1·1?µg/ml for Dox-LA and 6·1?±?1.4?µg/ml for Dox-PO), but half-life of Dox-LA was much greater than the value obtained for Dox-PO (73·0?±?0·9?h and 2·0?±?0·02?h, respectively). Tissue concentrations were higher, and stayed higher for longer periods in the Dox-LA group.

4. In conclusion, considering the minimum effective serum concentration against Mycoplasma spp is 0·5?µg/ml, a dose-interval of 180?h can be achieved with Dox-LA, but only for 24?h after Dox-PO. Better PK/PD ratios for Dox-LA should result in improved clinical outcomes compared with Dox-PO.     

Performance of a station-managed N'Dama herd in the Gambia

Summary Data collected on N'Dama cattle from a Government Station at Yundum, The Gambia were analysed for a range of performance traits recorded during the period 1970 to 1985. Least squares procedures were employed to evaluate the influence of environmental and genetic effects on reproductive and productive performance traits. Mean age (n=59) and weight (n=87) at first calving were 48·2±7·6 (s.d.) months and 235±35 kg respectively and were significantly (P<0·05) affected by year of birth. Calving intervals averaged 634±32 days (n=160) but their distribution showed three peaks; 12, 24 and 33 months. Previous year of calving had a significant effect on calving interval (P<0·01). Calf mean liveweights at birth, one, three and six months and at weaning (eight months) were 20·1±3·7, 30·7±6·0, 51·1±13·2, 88·9±25·0 and 110·5±27·0 kg, respectively. Calf mean daily weight gains to weaning averaged 0·38±0·14 kg. Liveweights and growth rates were significantly influenced by year of birth (P<0·01) and sex of calf (P<0·05). Cow mean liveweights at calving and six months after parturition were 272·3±43·0 and 277·4±34·2 kg. Calf mortality from birth to weaning was 4·6%. Productivity indices based on an eight-month weaner calf per cow per year, per 100 kg cow per year and per 100 kg of metabolic weight of cow per year were 82·6±36·5, 30·5±11·9 and 138·2±55·4 kg respectively. These levels of productivity were equal or superior to those obtained for N'Dama cattle in similar management situations elsewhere in West Africa and to those of a larger breed under a ranch situation in East Africa.

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Resumen Se analizaron los datos acumulados durante el periodo 1970 a 1985, sobre el desempe?o de un hato de ganado N'Dama en una estación experimental en Yundum, Gambia, El procedimiento de mínimos cuadrados se utilizó para evaluar la influencia de efectos ambientales y genéticos sobre el rendimiento productivo y reproductivo. El promedio de edad (n=59) y peso (n=87) en la primera parición fue de 48·2±7·6 (s.d) meses y 235±35 kg, respectivamente siendo significativamente afectado por el a?o de nacimiento (P<0·05). El intervalo entre partos fue en promedio de 634±32 días (n=160) mostrando la distribución tres picos: 12, 24 y 32 meses. El a?o anterior a la parición tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el intervalo entre partos (P<0·01). Las medias de los pesos de las crías al nacimiento, al mes, a los tres y seis meses de edad y al destete (ocho meses) fueron 20·1±3·7, 30·7±6·0, 51·1±13·2, 88·9±25·0 y 110·5±27·0 kg respectivamente. La ganancia de peso media diaria hasta el destete promedió 0·38±0·14 kg. Las tasas de peso vivo y crecimiento fueron significativamente influenciadas por el a?o de nacimiento (P<0·01) y sexo de la cria (P<0·05). La media del pese corporal de las vacas a la parición y a los seis meses después de la misma fue de 272·3±43·0 y 277·4±34·2 kg. La mortalidad desde el nacimiento hasta el destete fue de 4·6% Los indices productivos basados sobre ocho meses de ternero destetado por vaca por a?o, por 100 kg por vaca por a?o y por 100 kg de peso metabólico por vaca por a?o fueron 82·6±36·5, 30·5±11·9 y 138·2±55·4 kg, respectivamente. Estos niveles de productividad fueron iguales o superiores a aquellos encontrados en ganado D'Dama en condiciones similares de manejo en Africa Occidental y a aquellos de una raza más grande bajo pastoreo extensivo en Africa Oriental.

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Résumé Les données rassemblées sur le bétail N'Dama entretenu à la station de Yundum, en Gambie, ont été analysées pour une série de caractères ayant trait aux performances enregistrées de 1970 à 1975. La méthode des moindres carrés a été utilisée pour évaluer l'influence de la génétique sur les caractéristiques des performances liées à la reproduction et à la production. L'age moyen (n=59) et le poids (n=87) au premier vêlage ont été de 48,2±7,6 (d.s.) mois et 235±35 kg respectivement. Ces paramètres ont été affectés de fa?on significative par l'année de naissance. L'intervalle moyen des vêlages a été de 634±32 jours (n=160), mais leur répartition a montré trois pics à 12, 24 et 33 mois. L'année précédant le vêlage a eu un effect significatif sur l'intervalle de vělage (P<0,01). Les poids moyens des veaux à la naissance puis à un, trois et six mois et au sevrage à 8 mois ont été respectivement de 20,1±3,7, 30,7±6,0, 51,1±13,2, 88,9±25,0 et 110,5±27,0 kg. Les gains quotidiens moyens du veau jusqu'au sevrage ont été de 0,38±0,14kg. Les poids vifs et les taux de croissance ont été influencés de fa?on significative par l'année de naissance (P<0,01) et le sexe du veau (P<0,05). Les poids moyens des femelles au vêlage et 6 mois après le part ont été de 272,3±43,0 et 277,4±34,2 kg. La mortalité des veaux de la naissance jusqu'au sevrage a été de 4,6 p. 100. Les indices de productivité ont été basés: sur le sevrage du veau à 8 mois par femelle et para an; pour 100 kg de poids vif par femelle et par an; pour 100 kg de poids métabolique par femelle et par an. Les résultats ont été les suivants: 82,6±35,5 kg, 30,5±11,9 kg, 138,2±55,4 kg respectivement. Ces niveaux de productivité ont été égaux ou supérieurs à ceux obtenus pour le bétail N'Dama élevé dans des conditions identiques en d'autres régions de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et à ceux d'un élevage plus grand géré en ranching en Afrique de l'Est.

     

Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of Malassezia pachydermatis-associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in basset hounds

A randomised double-blind parallel study compared the clinical and antimicrobial efficacies of a miconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo with a selenium sulphide shampoo for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis associated with Malassezia pachydermatis in 33 basset hounds. All 16 miconazole-chlorhexidine treated hounds and 11 of 17 selenium sulphide treated hounds improved when shampooed at three-day intervals for three weeks. The miconazole-chlorhexidine treated hounds showed significantly greater reductions in pruritus (P<0·01), erythema (P<0·001), exudation (P<0·01) and overall severity (P<0·001), and in counts of M pachydermatis (P<0·001), total bacteria (P<0·001) and coagulase-positive staphylococci (P<0·001), when compared to the selenium sulphide treated group. Improvements in scaling and coat condition did not vary significantly between the two groups. These results indicate that seborrhoeic dermatitis in basset hounds is often associated with elevated     

Nutritive value of triticale fed to cockerels and chicks

1. The chemical composition, and amino acid and starch bioavailabilities of 18 triticale varieties were studied. In addition, the water soluble pentosan (WSP) content of 8 varieties was determined.

2. A wide variation in protein (149 to 203 g/kg DM), starch (563 to 629 g/kg DM) and WSP (27·7 to 50·9 g/kg DM) was found between varieties.

3. The TMEn reproductibility was assessed in two laboratories, using Leghorn cockerels, Isabrown cockerels and 3‐week‐old chicks. There were no sismificant differences in the TMEn values (range 14·0 to 15·2 MJ/kg DM) between the two types of cockerel. The TMEn values of the varieties were similar for chicks (range 13·6 to 14·9 MJ/kg DM) and for cockerels, with the exception of one variety.

4. The bioavailability of starch (range 96·5 to 99·4%) of some varieties was higher for cockerels than for chicks. The mean bioavailability of amino acids for cockerels was 94·5%.

5. TMEn prediction equations were derived from the chemical composition of the varieties. Best‐fit equations were obtained for starch (R ² = 0·62, RSD = 0·24), ash (R ² = 0·58, RSD = 0·25) and WSP (R ² = 0·52, RSD = 0·27).     

A study on the treatment of theileriosis in sheep using “Miejiaoming”

We once tried to treat sheep and goats suffering from theileriosis caused byTheileria hirci using Berenil, Primaquine phosphate, etc. but the cure rate never exceeded 88%. Afterwards we used ‘Miejiaoming’ produced by ourselves and the curative effect was improved significantly. Altogether 33 diseased sheep with ages ranging from 1·5–4 months and with infected red blood corpuscle rates of over 5% were treated in 2 groups. The first group, of 18 sheep, was treated with a dosage of 0·1 millilitre per kilogram body weight and the second group, of 15 sheep, with a dosage of 0·15 millilitre per kilogram body weight. Every diseased sheep was given a daily injection of “Miejiaoming” for 2–4 days. One sheep in the first group was treated four times. Its temperature was reduced from 41·1°C to 40·0°C and its infected red blood corpuscle rate from 36·7% to 2·1%, but it suffered from severe anaemia and heart failure and died on the sixth day. All other sheep in the two groups were cured: the cure rate for the first group was 94·4% and for the second group 100%. In addition, the medicine has been used in regions such as Shanxi Province for treatingTheileria annulata, T. sergenti andBabesia bovis of cattle with satisfactory results.

     

Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate for the Control of Experimentally Induced Infestations of Argulus sp. in Goldfish and Koi Carp

Abstract

The effect of 0.2% emamectin benzoate (SLICE; Intervet/ Schering-Plough Animal Health, Roseland, New Jersey) administered in top-dressed, pelleted commercial fish feed was evaluated for control of freshwater Argulus sp. in goldfish Carassius auratus and koi carp, a variant of common carp Cyprinus carpio, in freshwater aquaria at 24–25°C. Sixteen individually housed goldfish were each exposed to 37 Argulus. The number of fish lice attached to each fish at the start of the experiment was not determined; however, the total number of motile fish lice in each aquarium (on fish and in the water) was determined at the start and end of each experiment. Eight goldfish were fed the control diet (0 μg · kg fish biomass^?1 · d^?1) and eight were fed the medicated diet (50 μg · kg fish biomass^?1 · d^?1) for seven consecutive days. After treatment, fish louse infestation in controls was 20.5 ± 1.5 (mean ± SE) lice per fish. No Argulus were found on fish in the treated group. In a separate experiment, 10 individually housed koi were each exposed to 128 Argulus. Five koi were fed the control diet and five were fed a low-dose medicated diet (5 μg · kg fish biomass^?1 · d^?1) for 7 d. After treatment, fish louse infestation among the controls was 14.6 ± 3.8 lice per koi. No Argulus were found on koi in the treated group. Hence, a 7-d regimen of oral emamectin benzoate controlled experimental infestation of Argulus when administered to goldfish at 50 μg · kg fish biomass^?1 · d^?1 and to koi at 5 μg · kg fish biomass^?1 · d^?1.

Received March 24, 2010; accepted January 17, 2011