Water resource management – the water utilities view

Abstract The potential effects of abstraction for water supply on salmonid populations in England and Wales are reviewed. The duties of water resource planning and the contribution of the water industry investment in river basin management planning are discussed. Given the possible effects of climate change on public water supply and demand, and the uncertainty of hydroecological relationships, key principles to ensure long‐term investment by water utility companies to meet European Union Water Framework Directive standards achieve the best benefit for salmonids are recommended.     

The role of aquaculture in the sustainable development of irrigated farming systems in Punjab, Pakistan

Natural resource managers in Pakistan today preside over a massive investment in water distribution infrastructure. An historical bias towards large-scale irrigation systems and a focus on water use for arable crop production appears to have contributed to an imbalance in food production in the region. This has resulted in the diminished supply and elevated price of fish and meat products, compounded by the disruption of natural fisheries. The situation is inconsistent with the regions food security needs and an important potential role exists for increased aquaculture development. Physically and organizationally, the integration of various fish production approaches into existing land and water use practices would also appear to be fundamentally feasible. There would appear to be strong economic justification for diversified water use involving fish production, especially small and medium-scale carp production in ponds, using ground water. More broadly, within the context of the limited potential for further expansion of water resources, integrated aquaculture could contribute a vital productive element to various components of the water distribution arid irrigated farming systems in the Punjab. These include: supply canals, provided diverse institutional and engineering objectives can be accommodated; groundwater (including potential application of saline groundwater); the farm sub-system, especially integrated rice and fish production options in conjunction with alternative pest control strategies such as Integrated Pest Management; and irrigation drainage systems, where water quality permits. Therefore urgent broad research objectives should include the definition, investigation and development of a series of distinct economic and environmentally sustainable approaches to integrated animal protein production from aquatic resources, presently managed principally for agricultural production. Approaches should involve both the replacement of lost fishery potential resulting from large-scale irrigation development and flood control management, and the development of net gains in aquatic output, and should focus particularly on efforts to promote recycling of agricultural residues, reduced pesticide use and efforts to make better use of scarce water resources through the integrated aquaculture production across a broad range of water resources. An increasing number of countries are approaching full development of their surface water resources, and like Pakistan many face the development of new management approaches to increase diversity and improve productivity in relation to water use. The lack of research in support of the development of integrated aquaculture, which lags many years behind comparable agricultural research, may be constraining the breadth of choice available to natural resource managers to meet their food security needs.     

Effects of hot dry summers on the loss of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, from estuaries in South West England

Salmon, Salmo salar L., were radio tagged in four estuaries in South West England. At medium to high summer flows, most salmon entering the river did so within 10 days of tagging. Lower flows were associated with an increased tendency for fish to remain in tidal water for a protracted period, and for those delayed fish to fail to enter the river. The delay was correlated with low freshwater flow, but it was concluded that high water temperature, and in some situations low dissolved oxygen, were likely to be the major influences. The causes of failure to enter the river by the delayed fish include lethally low levels of oxygen in some situations, but a major factor may be missed physiological opportunity. Implications in terms of water resource management, fisheries management and climate change are discussed.     

Economic evaluation of inland fisheries in England and Wales

Recreational inland fisheries are recognized to have considerable socio-economic benefits, not only for individuals participating directly but also for others in both local and wider communities. In England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA) has a duty to maintain, improve and develop inland fisheries. At present, there are no recent economic evaluations of the whole range of UK inland fisheries for the EA to refer to when confronted with resource issues. There is a particular need to explore the benefits of fisheries to the wider community, in order to secure more resources for management and protection of fisheries. Preliminary results from a multi-modular project to study the economic values associated with recreational fisheries in England and Wales are presented. Topics examined included recreational anglers' consumer surplus, general public non-use values of fisheries, social benefits of recreational fishing and impacts of fisheries on local communities.     

Evaluating effects of water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblages in southern New England streams,USA

Abstract Balancing aquatic conservation and water supply is becoming a major global issue for urban landscapes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of stream‐flow alterations via water withdrawals and impoundments on fish assemblage structure. Electric fishing data were collected at 33 wadeable streams in Connecticut, located in the Southern New England region of USA. Fish sampling was conducted directly downstream of water withdrawals for municipal and agricultural water supply, and study sites differed in potential water withdrawal rates and the presence of impoundments. Regression analysis showed that water withdrawal rate was more important than other natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. landcover and stream size) in explaining several fish assemblage metrics. Stream sites with high withdrawal rates were generally characterised by lower proportions of fluvial dependent fishes (fish which need flowing water to complete a portion of their life history) and benthic invertivores (fish which feed on bottom‐dwelling stream insects in riffle habitat), and had a greater percent composition of macrohabitat generalists, particularly members of the family Centrarchidae. Some assemblage metrics responded linearly with increasing magnitude of water withdrawals, but others were non‐linear. Results are consistent with ecological theory that alteration of the natural flow regime will impact stream biota.     

Projecting future fish supplies using stock dynamics and demand

Supply–demand models, which are commonly used in food policy analysis, have been recently applied to generate projections of future fish supplies. However, these models routinely ignore stock dynamics; hence, threats to sustainability due to declining fish stocks are addressed, at best, by exogenous changes in resource productivity. Such a device is ad hoc, as it is unclear whether the assumed shifts are consistent with known patterns of population adjustment. On the other hand, bioeconomic models incorporate stock dynamics, but typically omit price adjustment arising from the interaction of demand and supply. An applied supply–demand model with stock dynamics combines the strengths of both approaches. However, data problems constrain the formulation of such a model. Instead, this study presents a prototype bioeconomic supply–demand model. Simulations show trends in fish supply that fail to appear in either supply–demand or bioeconomic models. Secular demand growth causes initial production growth, followed by stagnation, and then persistent decline. Moreover, under constant pressure from rising demand, capture production fails to recover completely from adverse population shock (such as may be induced by climate change). The prototype model highlights the potential usefulness of an applied bioeconomic supply–demand model for food policy and fisheries management, and provides a template for future work.     

胶州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构及与环境因子的关系

 为了进一步研究胶州湾及其邻近水域鱼类群落结构及与环境因子的关系, 本文根据2011年冬季(2月)、春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)在胶州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源和环境调查数据, 应用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和多元分析方法等研究了胶州湾鱼类群落结构及其季节变化, 并分析了胶州湾鱼类群落结构与主要环境因子的关系。结果表明: 本次调查共捕获鱼类57种, 隶属于2纲10目31科46属, 种类组成以暖温性和暖水性鱼类为主。主要优势种有方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)和六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)等。胶州湾鱼类群落物种丰富度指数D的季节变化范围为1.02~1.65, 多样性指数H’变化范围为1.36~1.73, 均匀度指数J′变化范围为0.61~0.76。方差分析表明, 丰富度指数的季节变化显著, 而均匀度指数J′和多样性指数H′无显著性季节变化。单因子相似性(ANOSIM)分析表明, 胶州湾鱼类群落结构和种类组成存在明显的季节更替现象。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明, 方氏云鳚、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、细纹狮子鱼、斑、赤鼻棱鳀和皮氏叫姑鱼等是造成群落结构季节变化的主要分歧种。典范对应分析表明, 影响胶州湾及其邻近海域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子为水温、盐度和pH, 其次是底质类型, 条件效应分别为0.310、0.084、0.176和0.256。本研究旨在通过分析胶州湾鱼类群落结构和多样性特征及其与环境因子的关系, 为胶州湾渔业资源的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。

     

Koi herpesvirus: distribution and prospects for control in England and Wales

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes a highly virulent disease affecting carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and poses a serious socio‐economic threat to the UK carp industry. This study aimed to determine the geographic distribution and prevalence of KHV exposed fish in England and Wales through ELISA antibody testing. Only three of the 82 farms sampled produced positive results, suggesting fish farms provide a relatively safe source of fish. Of the 71 ‘high‐risk’ fisheries tested, 26 were positive. All eight geographic areas within England and Wales studied had at least one KHV positive site. Twelve consignments of imported koi carp from seven S.E. Asian countries were tested for KHV antibody. Six consignments from six different countries were positive. Although a high proportion of consignments were positive, the results indicate that lower risk stocks of fish exist that could be sourced by the ornamental carp sector. The study provides evidence that KHV is widespread and prevalent in ‘high‐risk’ fisheries. There are, however, prospects for controlling KHV as English and Welsh farms appear to be relatively free of the virus, and in most cases fish are not moved from fisheries to other waters.     

河湖水生态系统服务价值核算研究及应用展望

科学有效地界定河湖水生态系统服务价值评估体系与评估指标,可以促进河湖水生态的可持续发展、合理制定水资源价格、为河湖水生态系统服务价值评估提供参考,同时也为河湖水资源纳入国民经济核算体系提供借鉴,为绿色经济核算提供有力的依据。从河湖水生态系统服务功能、评估体系和评估方法等方面总结了国内外研究进展,分析了现有河湖水生态系统服务体系和评估方法的优缺点。对河湖水生态系统服务评估体系进行了优化,优化后的评估体系包括供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4大类以及水资源供给、水质净化、科研教育和固碳能力等19项指标,优化了水资源供给、提供水产品、水质净化、防洪减灾、休闲娱乐、生物多样性保护等6个指标的评估方法。对河湖水生态系统服务价值核算在生态文明建设考核、生态产品价值实现机制、自然资源资产审计以及新时期河湖长制考核实施方面的应用进行了展望。下一步要制订GEP核算技术标准,建设市场化、多元化的生态产品交易体系,将水资源开发、利用及保护情况、水资源管理生态环境效益等指标纳入审计范围,建立以水生态系统为整体、以维护河湖生态系统健康为总目标、以定量评判和可操作性为抓手的新的河湖长制考核体系。     

Potential impact of groundwater augmentation of river flows on fisheries: a case study from the River Ouse, Yorkshire, UK

Many lowland rivers in the UK are under increasing pressure from abstraction of water for potable supply or irrigation. Many schemes, both existing and proposed, attempt to mitigate the loss of flow by augmentation from upstream reservoirs or pumping of groundwater into adjacent rivers. The impact of flow regulation by reservoirs is well documented, but little attention has focused on the effect of groundwater augmentation on the biota, particularly fisheries, in the receiving river. The present paper examines the potential effects of pumping groundwater into minor tributaries of the Yorkshire Ouse in England on the cyprinid fisheries downstream of the discharge points and in the main river channel. Concerns were raised with respect to poor water quality and reduced water temperature. In particular, it was predicted that small reductions in river water temperature brought about by discharge of cold (≤ 10 °C) groundwater could have serious detrimental effects on cyprinid fish recruitment and juvenile growth in the receiving river, leading to a decline in stocks.     

绿洲农业对博湖小湖生态需水的影响研究

水资源是制约绿洲农业发展的关键因素,同时绿洲的农业活动也直接或间接地影响着区域水资源的循环过程,造成水资源时空分布的差异。博斯腾湖小湖区位于博斯腾湖西部,其水资源主要来源于开都河及灌区地下水的补给,研究小湖区的生态需水是协调区域生态环境与人类生产生活效益的重要环节。因此,本文基于MIKE-SHE水文模型及水量平衡公式,以2017年为研究背景,量化了不同种植结构情景下的地下水及地表水对于小湖补给量的变化情况,核算了区域年补给总量,进而讨论了绿洲农业区最适宜小湖生态需水要求的农业种植结构。结果显示：模型在验证期模拟值与观测值的平均相关系数及纳什系数分别为0.89及0.79,表明模型具有较高的可信度;水稻及油菜分别为地下水及地表水对小湖补给量最大的农业种植结构,补给量约为10.628×10^6m3及538.023×10^6m3,其中地下水对于小湖的补给量与灌溉期、灌溉定额、作物种类有着强烈的相关关系,地表水对于小湖的年补给量远远大于地下水,且与总补给量高度相关,成为小湖总补给量的决定性因素;油菜及小麦的年补给量分别为544.939×10^6m3及541.158×10^6m3,进而讨论在生态需水要求下不同种植结构所需最小的配水量,为区域水资源决策管理及协调配置提供理论支持。     

水温对淡水温水性鱼类生命活动的影响

水温是影响鱼类生命活动的重要生态学因子。综述水温对淡水温水性鱼类的影响,为鱼类资源的增殖和水体生物多样性保护提供参考。从繁殖、摄食生长、代谢速率、临界游泳能力、免疫功能5方面的鱼类生命活动进行综述,其中,水温对鱼类的繁殖和生长影响最大,当水温适宜时,多数淡水温水性鱼类的各项生理活动都能正常进行;但当水温超过临界温度时会导致机体内代谢紊乱、活动能力降低、甚至造成鱼类死亡,最终引起鱼类种群结构和数量分布的显著变化。鱼类的临界游泳能力和高强度运动之后的重复运动能力也会受到水温的影响;鱼类免疫应答受水温影响较大,水温严重不适会导致免疫防御机制紊乱。水温只是影响鱼类生存的生态因子之一,但在航道建设、河流生态修复、鱼类资源评估以及水生态系统保护过程中均占据不容忽视的地位。在河流开发以及水文调节过程中,要最大限度降低其对水温生态因子的影响。     

春秋季台州湾海域鱼类资源的时空分布特征研究

为研究浙江近岸河口海域鱼类资源分布的时空变化特征,利用2010年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)鱼山渔场台州湾海域底拖网游泳动物资源调查资料,分析了台州湾鱼类资源量的时空分布特征和优势种、温度、盐度、水深等因素对鱼类资源量和分布的影响。结果发现,鱼类尾数密度和质量密度变化趋势一致,秋季鱼类质量密度和尾数密度均远远高于春季;春季调查海域鱼类密度北部高于南部,秋季截然相反。回归分析显示,两季优势种对鱼类资源量变化均有密切关系,其中,龙头鱼对鱼类资源量的贡献率明显高于其他物种,两季均为第一优势种。调查海域底层温度与鱼类质量密度和尾数密度均呈显著的正相关关系(PW=0.001,PN=0.009),水深与资源量相关关系不显著(Pw=0.067,PN=0.051),春季20 m以内水深鱼类资源量较高,而秋季密度高值区水深均大于20 m。研究表明,台州湾海域春秋季鱼类资源密度季节变化明显,空间差异显著,底层水温是主要影响因素。     

Regulating fish movements in the Single European Market: the scope for more restrictive measures under national law

Abstract  Substantial alterations to the legal controls over fish movements have been necessary to implement the Single European Market which came into force on 1 January 1993. This seeks to liberalize trade in fish and fish products whilst avoiding ecological damage, the spread of disease and the commercial damage this may cause. The new regime governing fish movements into and within the European Union under Directive 91/67/EEC, as implemented in England and Wales, is described. Remaining national provisions based on ecological concerns (principally, section 30 of the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975) are examined. Derogations from the principle of freedom of trade within the European Union on environmental protection grounds are assessed, and the interaction between legal restrictions based on pathological and ecological grounds is discussed.     

三峡库区支流磨刀溪产粘沉性卵鱼类早期资源现状

研究磨刀溪回水区的鱼类早期资源,可为三峡库区重要生境、水生生物多样性保护提供科学依据。2019年的4-6月,在三峡库区支流磨刀溪回水区江段（新津乡-龙角镇）开展鱼类资源监测,以了解该区域鱼类早期资源种类组成、仔稚鱼密度的时间动态以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,采集到7种产粘沉性卵鱼类的鱼苗中,以贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)为主;密度高峰期集中在4月下旬至5月中旬。磨刀溪新津口至龙角镇江段共分布有鲤、鲫集中产卵场4处。冗余分析(RDA)表明,饵料丰度、溶解氧和pH是影响鱼苗分布的主要因素。磨刀溪变动回水区江段是粘沉性鱼类产卵场的分布区域,三峡水库4-6月水位的快速消落,很可能导致鲤、鲫等产粘沉性卵鱼类资源的损失。建议通过实施生态调度减小水位日变幅或在回水区放置人工鱼巢、恢复水生植被来减缓其影响。     

Epizootiology of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causal agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish

Abstract. By use of a selective medium, Renibacterium salmoninarum was recovered from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. With asymptomatic animals, small numbers of Renibacterium colonies were recovered only from the anterior part of the kidney; whereas in clinically diseased fish, dense pure culture growth was obtained from kidney, spleen, heart, blood, ascitic fluid and faeces. There was no evidence for the presence of R. salmoninarum in the water or sediment of 56 freshwater fish farms in England and Wales. Nevertheless, laboratory–based experiments showed that the pathogen was excreted in the faeces of clinically diseased fish. Moreover, there was survival of the bacterial cells for up to 21 days in sediment/faecal material.     

An Investigation of Aquaponics Using Brackish Water Resources in the Negev Desert

An aquaponics system using the brackish waters of the Negev (conductivity approximately 4500 μS/cm) is described. Tilapia sp. were grown with a variety of vegetables, herbs, and other plants within three systems within an aquaculture hothouse: a brackish water floating raft system, a brackish water gravel system, and a fresh water floating raft system. Water quality remained adequate within all systems for plant growth and fish health. Growth rates for fish were low, averaging about 1.4 g/day. Standing stock of fish at harvest was 12.5 kg/m³. Plants required the addition of iron chelate to contend with chlorosis and some macro- and micronutrients seem to have been in short supply.     

大宁河龙溪段鱼类早期资源研究

为了解十年禁渔背景下大宁河鱼类早期资源变化状况,2020和2021年5-7月在大宁河龙溪断面开展了鱼类早期资源现状的调查。结果表明,龙溪江段产浮性卵鱼类1种、漂流性卵鱼类4种、粘沉性卵鱼类19种;中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）和大眼鳜（Siniperca kneri）的产卵规模相对较大,其卵占比分别达48%和30%以上;2020年的鱼类卵苗资源量和种类都少于2021年。RDA分析结果显示,中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）、张氏?(Hemiculter tchangi)鱼卵漂流密度与水温变化呈现一定相关性,适宜水温促使中华纹胸鮡（Glyptothorax sinensis）、张氏?(Hemiculter tchangi)产卵;随着流速和流量增加,多鳞白甲鱼(Scaphesthes macrolepis)和云南盘鮈(Discogobio yunnanensis)卵漂流密度均相应增加;大眼鳜（Siniperca kneri）和峨眉后平鳅(Metahomaloptera omeiensis)产卵期间江水酸碱度相对较低。十年禁渔的实施对大宁河鱼类资源的恢复可能产生积极影响。     

An assessment of alternative strategies for the integration of pond aquaculture into the small‐scale farming system of North‐east Thailand

Abstract

This paper uses a linear programming model to examine the economic viability of four fish production strategies in the context of rainfed farming systems in the north‐eastern region of Thailand. The four systems are rice bran feeding system, pond fertilization using buffalo manure, fish production recommendations developed by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Recommendations and an integrated duck/fish production system. These systems have been introduced into North‐eastern Thailand where the main obstacles to fish production are the lack of indigenous knowledge offish culture and a shortage of water. While technical feasibility studies are needed to evaluate the practical viability of aquaculture technologies, economic assessment is required to assess their commercial viability. The objective of this paper is to examine whether or not these fish production systems can contribute to, and integrate with, the prevailing farm system in the North‐east of Thailand. The linear programming model is used to determine the optimum on farm product mix that maximizes net returns under each of the four production systems. Among different resources, labour requirement in the fish‐stocking month appeared to be the first binding resource, while capital requirement was not a constraint for an average farming household of the region. A sensitivity analysis is presented to show how each of the fish production systems operates with different levels of pond size, labour and capital availability. The results of the study show that these aquaculture systems are economically attractive and can contribute significantly to the livelihood of the small‐scale farmers of North‐east Thailand.     

Relative influences of environmental and spatial factors on stream fish assemblages in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest

Understanding the role of local and spatial factors in the structuring of aquatic communities is a goal in ecology. The hierarchical structure of stream systems provides opportunities to test the hypothesis that fish assemblages that are more isolated in headwaters are structured by local and/or regional variables. Fishes and abiotic data were collected in 18 stream reaches from two hydrographic basins in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. The variance of species composition was partitioned into fractions explained by environmental and spatial factors. The pure environmental fraction explained ≈17% of variance and was represented by regional, habitat availability/heterogeneity and perturbation gradient. The pure spatial fraction explained ≈15% of the individual fraction. Environmental data revealed a species sorting process, and the spatial effect might be a result of different dispersal routes that fish performed during the formation of the hydrographic basins, actual land use and water resources management. The importance of maintaining connectivity in these systems was emphasised because it cannot be guaranteed that the dispersion ability of species is still occurring under current land use change.