农林复合系统发展中的经济问题研究

可持续发展的农林复合系统不仅在于它的生态可持续性，而且，作为一个土地生产系统，它必须使其所有者和经营者在经济上有利可图。着重从理论和方法的角度探讨农林复合系统发展中的一些经济问题，并指出经济理论分析与评价提供了一个选择农林复合系统的必要条件，而是否一定采纳这种土地经营策略，还必须考虑市场因素以外的宏观经济政策与土地利用制度，以及地区社会与文化背景等．只有当生态的、社会的、和经济的因素得到充分考虑的条件下，农林复合系统的可持续性发展才能真正实现。     

农田防护林体系的效益及评价方法

防护林体系是以防护林为主的、多林种结合的、并以防护效益为主的、多功能和多效益的有机整体[1].因为它在提高生物生产力,改善生态环境和充分利用自然资源方面的巨大潜力,而得到人们愈来愈多的关注.研究证明,业已建成的农田防护林,产生了巨大的经济、生态和社会效益,它不仅为大农业的持续发展奠定了坚实的基础,同时也极大地丰富和发展了农林复合系统的理论.笔者力图博采众长,对农田防护林体系的效益及其评价方法进行综述.     

农林（草）复合种植阻控坡地水土流失研究进展

农林草复合种植系统对生态环境修复以及农林业的可持续发展具有重要意义,农林间作是现代农林复合系统研究的核心内容之一,林草复合系统属于农林复合系统的一大类。该文在明确农林草复合种植系统的概念与内涵的基础上,重点分析了农林草复合生态系统在阻控坡地水土流失方面的研究成果及对土壤理化性质的影响,提出应把农林草复合种植系统做为一个多层次的整体,综合考量其各层次的耦合机制及防蚀效应。     

农林复合经营技术──一、我国农林复合经营的兴起

一、我国农林复合经营的兴起南京林业大学姜志林1什么叫农林复合经营农林复合经营又称混农林业、农用林业、林农间作等。农林复合经营是将林业和农业或牧业或渔业等结合在一起进行复合经营的一种传统的土地利用方式。而不是单一经营林业或农业或牧业等。由于农林复合经营的对象是把林业与农业结合在一起，组成一个生态系统，故又称农林复合生态系统。农林复合经营是一个很广泛的概念，各家理解不一。现在为多数人接受的是国际农林复合经营研究委员会（ICRAF）下的定义：“农林复合经营是在同一土地经营单元上，将在生态和经济上存在相互联…     

对农林高职技术人才素质认识的调查分析——在校学生与在岗人员认识的比较分析

21世纪经济与社会正在发生着翻天覆地的变化，西部大开发更是进行得如火如荼。农业在发展中优化结构，提高质量，积极推进农业科技化、产业化、市场化，全面实现农业现代化，走可持续发展之路，是21世纪我国农业发展的总体目标。显然，这一目标诠释的是比传统农业更具有丰富内涵的现代农业的发展目标。为实现这一目标，高等农林教育，尤其是高等农林职业技术教育的范畴亦在不断地拓展。面向21世纪的中国农林教育发展的基本框架就是以高等农林教育为龙头，职业技术教育为主体，各类教育相互衔接、协调发展。因此，为适应社会发展的需要，农林…     

商品竹林植物型复合经营理论与实践及其研究进展

为维护商品竹林立地生产力持久发挥和稳定,提高竹林生态系统稳定性和多功能效益,促进竹林高效可持续经营,在分析现行竹林经营中存在的主要问题基础上,按照生态系统综合管理原则,明确了实施竹林复合经营的必要性,介绍了商品竹林复合经营的概念与目标,阐述了竹林植物型复合经营的理论基础及其实践经验,提出了超高产复合经营植物材料选育、高效栽培模式与技术、生态系统稳定性和效益发挥评价等竹林植物型复合经营的重点研究领域与方向。     

定西地区黄土丘陵沟壑区农林复合生态系统分类研究

在总结和参考国内外农林复合经营系统分类体系研究成果的基础上,根据定西地区黄土丘陵沟壑区气候类型、立地条件、社会经济、农林复合经营现状,以及农村经济和区域生态环境建设综合发展的需要,提出了定西地区黄土丘陵沟壑区农林复合生态系统分类原则及分类体系。     

印度东北部南梅加拉亚邦摈榔复合农林生态系统植物多样性(英文)

在南梅加拉亚邦摈榔复合农林生态系统内,农民种有多种具有重要经济价值的植物。调查了摈榔复合农林生态系统内植物组成情况,共发现160种植物,其中木本植物83种,灌木22种,草本41种,攀缘植物14种。研究表明,摈榔复合农林生态系统为当地农民带来了经济收入,提供医药、木材、燃材和食用品以及外售。这些复合农林生态系统有利于保护重要经济价值的植物物种、保持生物多样性,并在结构组成和生态经济功能上模拟自然森林。     

苹果-平菇复合系统生态经济效应研究

复合农林业 (ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ)又可称农林复合系统 ,在解决农林“争地”矛盾、改善农业生态环境、提高自然资源利用率、增加农民收入、促进生态和经济协调发展等方面具有重要的意义。近些年 ,果树因其相对较高的经济效益 ,低山丘陵区果农复合模式发展较快 ,“丘顶封林     

县级林场可持续林业建设研究 Ⅰ 林业评价指标体系及评价标准

研究和制定林业可持续发展的测度指标，是实现林业可持续发展的重要一步.根据生态—经济—社会复合生态系统原理，采用层次分析法和综合分级法以及专家评分相结合的方法，首次建立了我国南方县级林场可持续林业评价指标体系与评价标准.本研究可为林场可持续林业建设的诊断、调控和评价提供手段与工具.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。