植物精油抗菌活性研究进展

植物精油来源于天然,具有抑菌、杀虫、抗氧化等活性,得到了广泛应用。笔者从植物保护、医药卫生、食品保存3个方面综述了近年来国内外植物精油抗菌活性研究进展,以期为开发植物精油提供参考。     

柑橘类植物精油的抗菌活性及其作用机制

柑橘类植物精油(CEOs)是从柑橘类植物中提取的芳香类混合物,其主要活性成分为D-柠檬烯(D?limonene),具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎等.CEOs具有选择性抗菌活性,在动物生产中具有非常重要的应用价值.不同的CEOs具有不同的抗菌活性,研究其抗菌机制也具有非常重要的意义.本文着重介绍了CEOs的化...     

植物精油的抗氧化活性及其在畜禽生产中的应用北大核心CSCD

在畜禽生产中,氧化应激严重影响了畜禽的生产性能、免疫功能和机体健康等,给畜牧行业带来严重的经济损失。植物精油(EOs)作为一种天然植物提取物,具有良好的抗氧化活性,被认为是一种合成抗氧化剂的替代物。本文综述了EOs在清除自由基、促进金属离子配位饱和、抑制脂质过氧化和调节信号通路上发挥的抗氧化活性及作用机制,以及EOs在畜禽生产中的应用,旨在为EOs作为天然抗氧化剂在畜牧生产中的应用提供理论参考。     

不同植物精油及精油成分体外抗氧化性能评定

为比较天然植物精油与精油活性成分单体的抗氧化性能,采用清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基的方法,以抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(抗氧化剂,BHT)为对照,测定了牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油等5种植物精油和丁香酚、香芹酚、肉桂醛等20种精油成分的体外抗氧化能力,从中筛选出DPPH自由基清除率在90%以上植物精油和精油成分,以及清除率低于90%,但生产中常用的柠檬醛、肉桂醛、柠檬烯,测定其IC50值。结果表明：(1)在浓度为200 mg/mL时,牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油、肉桂油、缬草油、丁香酚、百里香酚、香芹酚、松油醇、香草醛和BHT对DPPH自由基的清除率在90%以上;柠檬醛、肉桂醛和柠檬烯的清除率分别是84.79%、45.55%、36.21%。(2)当浓度降为20 mg/mL时,牛至油、丁香油、薰衣草油、丁香酚、百里香酚、香芹酚、香草醛和BHT对自由基的清除率仍在90%以上,但肉桂油、缬草油和松油醇的清除率有所降低,分别为48.90%、38.51%、43.01%。(3)根据IC50值,几种精油和精油成分...     

牛至精油对常见致病菌的抗菌活性及作用机制研究进展

牛至精油是从牛至全草中提取得到的挥发性物质,含有香芹酚、百里香酚、丁香酚、D-柠檬烯、松油烯-4-醇等多种抗菌活性成分,通过作用于细胞壁、细胞膜、蛋白质、DNA、生物被膜等,在体内外有效抑杀金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、链球菌、弧菌等养殖动物常见致病菌,广泛应用于畜禽、水产动物养殖业中.文章对牛至精油的抗菌活性成...     

沙枣叶提取物体外抗菌、抗氧化活性研究

试验旨在研究沙枣叶提取物体外抗菌、抗氧化活性,以期为沙枣叶抗菌、抗氧化功能的综合开发利用提供理论依据。试验以沙枣叶为研究对象,提取沙枣叶醇提物、水提物原液（1 g/mL）,将1 g/mL沙枣叶提取物分别稀释为500、333、250、200、100、50、20、10 mg/mL的不同稀释浓度的待测样本检测其体外抗氧化活性及抗菌活性。抗菌试验选用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、马链球菌、变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、白葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等8种菌菌株各一株,分别测定沙枣叶提取物抑菌活性。结果表明：沙枣叶醇提物对大肠杆菌、白葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌具有抗菌作用,其抗菌作用从大到小依次为沙枣叶醇提物1 g/mL、500 mg/mL、333 mg/mL及250 mg/mL浓度的样品,200 mg/mL浓度的沙枣叶醇提物对大肠杆菌、白葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌及变形杆菌为低度敏感;其他浓度沙枣叶醇提物及水提物各浓度样品对上述8种菌均为不敏感或无抑菌活性。试验条件下,沙枣叶水提物（1 g/mL）总抗氧化能力略高于醇提物（1 g/mL）,二者差异不显著（P>0.05）;沙枣叶水提物1 g/mL组和...     

植物精油的提取及其在畜禽生产上的应用

植物精油是通过蒸馏、压榨等方式从植物的花、叶、果实等组织中提炼出来的挥发性芳香物质。植物精油具有抗菌、增强动物免疫力、改善动物生产性能及提高抗氧化能力等多种功能,可作为一种绿色饲料添加剂,应用前景十分可观。本文综述了植物精油的提取方法及其在畜禽生产上的应用,旨在为植物精油在畜禽生产领域的研究和应用提供参考。     

15种植物精油添加剂热稳定性和体外抑菌作用研究

肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚等植物精油活性物质具有广谱抑菌作用,在兽用抗菌药物减量化使用试点行动推动下,以植物精油为核心的添加剂产品越来越多。本研究旨在比较市售的15种猪、禽用植物精油添加剂的热稳定性,并探究它们对畜禽生产中常见病原菌的体外抑菌作用,以期为植物精油添加剂的合理使用提供参考。分别以多重耐药的猪源沙门菌、大肠杆菌和链球菌以及禽源沙门菌和大肠杆菌为研究对象,以大肠杆菌ATCC25922为质控菌,采用微量肉汤法体外测定肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚和各精油添加剂的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。通过棋盘稀释法比较肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚不同复配组合对猪源大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。将每种添加剂等量分为对照组和热处理组,分别经乙醚抽提和气相色谱仪分析后,对每种添加剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚及其总量进行测定比较。结果显示:6株供试菌株对肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚均表现出高度敏感性(MIC值0.25～2 mg/mL);当香芹酚:百里香酚和丁香酚?百里香酚复配比例为2∶1时表现出协同作用(FICI=0.5);植物精油添加剂EG2对6株供试菌无明显抑菌作用,其余14种产品的MIC值为1～32 mg/mL。此外,15种添加剂含肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚和百里香酚的总量范围在2.64～691.40 mg/g;15种产品热处理前后精油总量变化范围在0.2%～14.11%。综上所述,受试精油添加剂产品普遍热稳定性较好,并具有一定的抑菌作用,且抑菌效果与产品肉桂醛、香芹酚、丁香酚、百里香酚和精油总量存在一定的正相关;EG7、EG3、ES2、ES1、EAP2和EP1这6种产品的体外抑菌效果明显,有潜力用于预防和治疗多重耐药菌引起的猪禽疾病。     

植物精油的提取方法、生物学功能及其应用研究进展

植物精油是一种芳香类物质,具有抑菌、抗炎、减小应激、改善生产性能与畜产品质量、提高免疫和调节肠道菌群结构等功效。植物精油是一种植物性饲料添加剂,在替代抗生素使用方面具有可观的应用前景。文章综述植物精油的来源、成分、提取方法、生物学功能及其在动物生产中的研究进展,为植物精油在动物生产中的进一步应用提供参考。     

功劳叶提取物的体外抗菌活性研究

采用水提法和乙醇回流加热法分别提取功劳叶,应用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法分别检测功劳叶提取物对试验菌的抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度(MinimumInhibitory Consistency,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(Minimum Bactericidal Consistency,MBC)。结果显示,功劳叶醇提物金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为20.69 mm、15.40 mE;MIC值分别是31.3 mg/mL、125 mg/mL;MBC值分别是62.5 mg/mL、500 mg/mL。功劳叶水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈13.54mm,其MIC值、MBC值分别是62.5 mg/mL、500 mg/mL,对大肠杆菌抗菌活性较弱,其MIC值为500 mg/mL,MBC500 mg/mL。功劳叶不同提取物对细菌的抗菌活性有所差异,功劳叶醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均由不同程度的抑菌或杀菌能力。     

植物挥发油的生物学活性及其在反刍动物生产中的应用研究进展

本文综述了植物挥发油的生物学活性,同时对挥发油在反刍动物上应用进展作了概述,旨在为研究和开发植物挥发油调控瘤胃发酵提供依据。     

Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The acaricial activity of 56 plant essential oils against poultry house-collected adult Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer was examined using direct contact and fumigation methods. In a filter paper contact bioassay, 100% mortality at 0.07 mg cm⁻² was observed in bay, cade, cinnamon, clove bud, coriander, horseradish, lime dis 5F, mustard, pennyroyal, pimento berry, spearmint, thyme red and thyme white oils, whereas the mortality of these oils was significantly decreased at 0.02 mg cm⁻². In fumigation tests with adult D. gallinae at 0.28 mg cm⁻², cade, clove bud, coriander, horseradish and mustard oils were more effective in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the effect of these essential oils was largely due to action in the vapour phase. Plant essential oils described herein merit further study as potential D. gallinae control agents.     

苯甲酸和精油对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化状态和肠道微生物群的影响

本研究开展了3个饲养试验,旨在探讨苯甲酸和精油单独或联合使用对肉鸡生长性能、肠道微生物含量及肝脏抗氧化性能的影响.试验1和2均选择1日龄肉鸡450只,分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复30只.对照组均饲喂相同的基础日粮,试验1处理组肉鸡分别饲喂基础日粮添加1.5和3?g/kg苯甲酸,试验2处理组肉鸡分别饲喂日粮添加2和4...     

复合植物精油对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及氮代谢的影响

文章旨在评估复合植物精油对肉牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化及氮代谢的影响.试验将平均体重为(203.16±0.29)kg的108头肉牛随机分为3组,每组36头,每6头牛为1个重复.对照组饲喂全混合日粮,同时自由采食小麦秸秆,T1组和T2组分别饲喂全混合日粮+30和60 mg/kg植物精油,自由采食小麦秸秆.经过28周的饲...     

植物精油对泌乳期奶牛生产性能养分消化、瘤胃发酵及氮平衡的影响

本研究以泌乳期奶牛为研究对象,研究全混合日粮中补充植物精油对其养分摄入量、表观消化率、瘤胃发酵及氮和能量平衡的影响.试验将泌乳性能一致的16头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复1头牛.对照组饲喂基础全混合日粮,处理组饲喂基础全混合日粮+150 mg/kg植物精油,试验为期7周.结果:植物精油组奶牛干物质、有...     

Effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oils as dietary antioxidant supplementation on carcass and meat quality of goat meat

Despite the fact that the use of rosemary and thyme residues and essential oils in animal feeding was widely documented, that of myrtle is scarce. To test the hypothesis that myrtle essential oils (MEOs) could improve goats' carcass characteristics and meat quality traits, twenty-one male goats received a ration consisted of 40% oat hay and 60% concentrate. Experimental goat kids received the control diet supplemented with 0, 0.3 and 0.6% of myrtle essential oils (MEOs) for C, Myrt1 and Myrt2 groups respectively. The administration of MEO did not improve the daily DM intake (p > 0.05). Kids of C and Myrt2 groups had higher average daily gain than Myrt1 group (75 versus 55 g). The goats slaughtered at 19.9 kg of weight did not differ (p > 0.05) in carcass weights and carcass yield in terms of commercial dressing percentage (CDP = 41%) and real dressing percentage (RDP = 52%). The administration of MEO increased the meat polyphenol content, being higher in both Myrtle groups (87 versus. 56 μg gallic acid equivalents g^-1 fresh matter, p < 0.05). Myrtle EO administration protected kids’ meat against oxidation (0.48 versus. 0.91 mg MDA/kg of meat for Myrtle and C groups, respectively, at the 9th day of storage; p < 0.05). It could be useful to include MEO as a dietary supplement in goats’ rations since it improves meat's oxidative status without negative effects on FA profile.     

Anthelmintic activity of Croton zehntneri and Lippia sidoides essential oils

Because of the development of anthelmintic resistant populations, the search for new drugs is essential to maintain the productivity of small ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Croton zehntneri and Lippia sidoides essential oils and their major constituents, anethole and thymol. The effects of these oils and their constituents were determined by in vitro assays with the eggs and larvae of the sheep gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. The two essential oils were evaluated on intestinal nematodes of mice at 800 mg kg(-1) dose. In the last experiment, the mice were treated with larger doses of L. sidoides, 1200 and 1600 mg kg(-1). The essential oils and their constituents prevented more than 98% of the H. contortus eggs from hatching at a concentration of 1.25 mg ml(-1) and inhibited more than 90% of H. contortus larval development at a concentration of 10 mg ml(-1). At a concentration of 800 mg kg(-1), the two essential oils were 46.3% and 11.64% effective against Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera. At 1200 and 1600 mg kg(-1), L. sidoides essential oil's efficacy on the mouse worm burden was 57.6% and 68.9%, respectively. The fact that L. sidoides essential oil was almost 70% effective against mouse intestinal nematodes indicates it should be evaluated against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats.     

In vitro destruction of Eimeria oocysts by essential oils

This study aims to assess the ability of essential oils (EOs) to destroy Eimeria oocyst in vitro using microscopic counting and 273 nm absorbing material release. A screening for the ability of ten EOs to destroy Eimeria oocyst was carried out in liquid medium. Out of these ten, artemisia, tea tree, thyme and clove EOs were identified as being the most effective. The treatment of Eimeria oocyst with these EOs leads to their lysis as shown by the release of substances absorbing at 273 nm. These results were obtained after approximately three hours contact. Four EOs were proven to destroy Eimeria oocysts in a few hours at low concentration. This destructive effect is a consequence of their lysis. This work is a preliminary contribution aiming to develop a new generation of natural efficient agents for destroying Eimeria oocyst to fight coccidiosis in broiler chicken.     

Active components of essential oils as acaricides against Dermanyssus gallinae

ABSTRACT

1. The aim was to evaluate the acaricidal effects of pure active components of essential oils against poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) as an alternative to chemical acaricides (organophosphates and pyrethroids).

2. The toxicities of five pure active components of essential oils (eugenol from clove bud, eucalyptol from rosemary, limonene from citrus fruits, linalool from lavender and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon) were tested on D. gallinae females in an impregnated paper assay.

3. The active substances were dissolved in water and Tween 20 and applied at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.06 µl/cm². Toxicity was expressed as a lethal dose (LD₅₀ or LD₉₀).

4. The highest mortality was observed with eugenol. The LD₉₀ was estimated to be 5.1 µg/cm² for this substance, followed by cinnamaldehyde, the LD₉₀ of which was estimated to be 11.0 µg/cm². Limonene and eucalyptol were generally less effective in controlling D. gallinae.     

The effect of feeding essential oils on broiler performance and gut microbiota

1.?In this study the effect of a blend of essential oils (EO) comprising 15 g/tonne thymol and 5 g/tonne cinnamaldehyde on the performance and intestinal microbiota of broilers was investigated.

2.?A total of 720 male Ross broilers were divided into two dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment. Broilers were given a control soybean-wheat-based diet with or without added EO in two diet phases (0–21 d and 22–42 d).

3.?The blend of EO increased body weight gain of broilers from 0 to 42 d by 4?5%.

4.?Caecal microbiota were affected by the EO blend; in particular increases in the proportions of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli at 41 d was observed.

5.?The EO blend had major effects on caecal metabolites. The proportion of caecal butyrate at 20 and 41 d of age increased, whereas the proportion of caecal acetic acid at 20 d, and propionic acid and isovaleric acid at 41 d, decreased with the EO blend. In addition, the caecal proportion of spermine increased and tyramine decreased at 41 d of age with the EO treatment.

6.?The present study shows that EO supplementation exerts a positive effect on intestinal microbiota with a concomitant enhancement in growth performance. The study suggests that modulation of broiler gut microbiota composition and activity through the administration of EO offers an effective means for improving broiler performance.