苹果渣对育肥猪生长性能及经济效益的影响

为探究饲料中添加苹果渣对育肥猪生长性能及经济效益的影响,选择品种、胎次相近、平均体重为(90.57±1.01)kg的杜-长-大(Duroc×Landrace×large white)三元杂交猪18栏,按完全随机设计法分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,周期35 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A组饲喂基础日粮+2.5%苹果渣(等量替代麸皮),试验B组饲喂基础日粮+5.0%苹果渣(等量替代麸皮)。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验A组的日增重数据与之相近,采食量、料肉比略有所增加(P 0.05);试验B组的日增重略微降低,采食量、料肉比有所增加(P 0.05),且随着添加量的增加,日增重有逐渐降低的趋势,采食量、料肉比有逐渐增加的趋势;试验A组与B组的头均增重均较低,单位增重成本略高。因此,育肥猪饲料中用苹果渣替代2.5%、5.0%的麸皮是可行的,且不影响饲料的适口性,能降低头均增重。但目前苹果渣的价格较高,直接替代麸皮使用经济效益一般,可在价格较低时选择添加使用。     

微囊丁酸钠对保育猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究微囊丁酸钠CM3000对保育仔猪生长性能的影响。选择120头日龄、体重接近的保育仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理组3个重复（栏）,每个重复20头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮＋1000 g/t CM3000。结果表明,与对照组相比,CM3000组仔猪腹泻状况明显改善,平均日采食量提高了16%,平均日增重提高了31.07%,料重比降低了0.170。结果表明,日粮中添加CM3000可以提高保育仔猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重,并能降低料重比,减少腹泻,从而提高养殖场的经济效益。     

微囊丁酸钠对保育猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究微囊丁酸钠（CM3000）对保育仔猪生长性能的影响。选择120头日龄、体重接近的保育仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理组3个重复（栏）,每个重复20头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮＋1 000 g/吨CM3000。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组仔猪腹泻状况明显改善,平均日采食量提高了16%,平均日增重提高了31.07%,料重比降低了0.17。结果表明,日粮中添加微囊丁酸钠可以提高保育仔猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重,并能降低料重比,减少腹泻,从而提高养殖场的经济效益。     

木薯渣在生长猪饲粮中适宜比例的研究

试验旨在研究木薯渣不同添加比例对生长猪生长性能(日采食量、日增重、料重比)和经济效益的影响。试验选择250头体重35 kg左右的健康杜长大三元杂种肉猪,随机分为A、B、C、D、E 5组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪(公、母各半)。按等能等氨基酸配制饲粮,对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,其余4组(B、C、D、E)分别在对照饲粮的基础上添加木薯渣4%、6%、8%、10%,试验期26 d。试验结果表明,1)生长性能:随着饲粮中木薯渣添加比例的增加,肉猪平均日采食量试验组与对照组无明显差异(P0.05)。日增重随着木薯渣添加比例的增加而升高,当木薯渣添加量为8%时达最高日增重,随着木薯渣添加量的继续增加日增重降低,木薯渣10%组日增重低于8%组。料重比随木薯渣添加比例的增加逐渐降低,当木薯渣添加量为8%时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)经济效益:肉猪每千克增重饲料成本,试验D组最低(4.28元),对照组A最高(4.54元),且试验组E与对照组A接近。综上所述,该试验条件下,35~70 kg生长猪饲粮中木薯渣的添加量以8%为宜。     

松针粉对生长猪生长性能及免疫功能的影响

为探究饲料中添加松针粉对生长猪生长性能及免疫功能的影响,选择品种、胎次相近,平均体重为(60.92±0.46)kg的杜×长×大(Duroc×Landrace×large white)三元杂交猪108头,按完全随机设计法分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复6头猪,试验周期41 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A组饲喂基础日粮+2%松针粉(等量替代麸皮),试验B组饲喂基础日粮+2%松针粉(直接添加)。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验A组的日增重提高2.88%,采食量提高1.94%,料肉比降低3.91%(P > 0.05);试验组B日增重降低3.43%,采食量降低3.91%,料肉比降低 0.53%(P > 0.05);试验A组与B组的咳嗽率均有所降低,分别降低64.22%和53.43%(P > 0.05);试验A组与B组血清中免疫球蛋白IgG和IgM含量较高,但三个试验组之间差异不显著。因此,在饲料中用2%松针粉等量替代麸皮或直接添加2%松针粉均有提高猪只生长性能、降低咳嗽率、提高免疫功能的趋势(P > 0.05)。     

微生态制剂对杜花二元杂种肥育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物数量的影响

试验旨在研究微生态制剂对肥育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物数量的影响。采用单因素随机区组设计方法,将平均体重(60.85±1.52)kg的150头杜花二元杂种肥育猪(杜洛克♂×广东小耳花猪♀)按体重相近、公母各半的原则随机分为3组,即对照组、试验A组和试验B组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(不含益生菌和抗生素),试验A组饲喂基础饲粮+产品A 0.10%,试验B组在第1阶段每天饲喂基础饲粮+产品B 6～8 mL/头,在第2阶段每天饲喂基础饲粮+产品B 8～10 mL/头。试验全期共84 d,分为2个阶段,第1阶段为第1至第42天,第2阶段为第43至第84天。结果表明:1)在第1、2阶段及全期,各组肥育猪的始重、末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均差异不显著(P0.05),但试验A组和试验B组在第1阶段平均日增重较对照组分别提高9.82%和7.03%,料重比分别降低8.40%和2.52%,试验A组在第2阶段平均日增重较对照组提高4.29%,料重比降低4.34%;与对照组相比,全期试验A组和B组平均日增重分别提高6.17%和1.61%,料重比分别降低5.75%和1.37%。2)在第42天,试验A组和B组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P0.05),试验A组和对照组的磷表观消化率差异显著(P0.05);在第84天,试验A组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于对照组和试验B组(P0.05),试验A组的钙表观消化率显著高于试验B组(P0.05),但与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。3)在第42和第84天,试验A组和B组粪便中乳酸菌数量较对照组显著升高(P0.05),试验A组和B组的大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,在饲粮中添加微生态制剂,可以改善杜花二元杂种肥育猪肠道菌群环境,提高饲粮养分表观消化率和生长性能,具有在养猪生产中推广应用的价值。     

添加高粱和谷物干酒精糟对生长猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同含量的高粱和DDGS(谷物干酒精糟)与纯玉米-豆粕型饲粮对生长猪生长性能的影响。试验选取244头56 kg左右的杜长大三元杂种生长猪,随机分成3个处理,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮,试验1组饲喂15%DDGS+10%高粱饲粮,试验2组饲喂10%DDGS+20%高粱饲粮。结果表明,试验1组头均日采食量和头均日增重分别比对照组降低13.57%(P0.05)、8.00%(P0.05),料重比降低0.17,单位增重饲料成本减少0.71元/kg;试验2组的头均日采食量和头均日增重分别比对照组降低0.71%(P0.05)和4.00%(P0.05),料重比增加0.10,单位增重饲料成本增加0.09元/kg。     

不同复合益生菌制剂在杜花二元杂育肥猪上的应用效果

试验旨在研究饲料中添加3种不同益生菌制剂对杜花二元杂育肥猪的生长性能、养分消化率、腹泻率的影响。选取800头80日龄左右,健康状况良好、体况相近的杜花二元杂育肥猪(♂杜洛克猪×♀广东小耳花猪),按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组20个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在饲喂基础日粮的同时分别添加不同复合益生菌制剂,其中试验组A添加半固态发酵制剂,试验组B添加液态发酵液制剂,试验组C添加固态粉制剂,饲养试验全期共5个月。结果表明:①试验全期,各试验组相比对照组,试验组A总采食量提高2.68%,日均增重降低3.85%(P0.05),料重比升高2.76%(P0.05);试验组B总采食量降低0.14%,日均增重提高5.77%(P0.05),料重比降低4.29%(P0.05);试验组C总采食量降低5.78%,日均增重提高1.92%(P0.05),料重比降低7.06%(P0.05);②试验组A全期对蛋白、钙和磷的表观消化率均不同程度低于对照组,而试验组B、C对各养分表观消化率均有提高的趋势,尤其在大猪阶段对蛋白的表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P0.01);③各试验组猪群的粪便评分与腹泻率均低于对照组,其中试验组A效果最佳(P0.05)。     

蔗糖对肥育猪生长性能和经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究甜味剂—蔗糖对肥育猪生长性能(日采食量、日增重、料重比)和经济效益的影响。试验选择100头体重73.0 kg左右的健康杜长大三元杂种肥育猪,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组5个重复,每个重复10头猪(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在对照组饲粮基础上添加蔗糖1%,对照组和试验组饲粮营养水平一致。试验期23 d。试验结果表明:1)生长性能:对照组与试验组生长性能无显著差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组日采食量、日增重均有一定程度的提高;试验组料重比降低。2)经济效益:肥育猪增重饲料成本,试验组(6.89元/kg)低于对照组(6.99元/kg)。综上所述,在炎热的季节,肥育猪饲粮中添加蔗糖,可提高猪只采食量,改善其生长性能,并获得较好的经济效益。     

蛋白营养粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和蓝耳病毒抗体效价的影响

选取160头23日龄断奶仔猪,随机分成A、B、C、D 4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头,A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,B、C、D组为试验组,分别饲喂用蛋白营养粉以1%、2%、3%的添加量等比例替代基础日粮中鱼粉的日粮,研究蛋白营养粉替代鱼粉对仔猪生长性能和蓝耳病毒抗体效价的影响。试验期21 d。试验结果表明:试验前期(1～10 d),对照组平均日增重、料重比均优于各试验组,其中料肉比显著低于2%替代组(P<0.05);试验后期(11～21 d),1%替代组的平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比等指标均优于对照组(P>0.05),2%替代组的平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比较对照组差,但差异不明显(P>0.05);全期试验中,1%、2%替代组仔猪生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),试验组腹泻率较对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),试验组的蓝耳病毒抗体阳性率和抗体效价较对照组均有所提高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.