应用体外和饲养试验评估两种复合酶对仔猪养分消化和生长性能的影响

旨在运用体外模拟试验和饲养试验评定两种复合酶制剂在仔猪饲粮中的应用效果。体外试验采用单因素完全随机设计,分为3个样品处理组(基础饲粮,基础饲粮+酶制剂A,基础饲粮+酶制剂T),每个处理设5个重复,试验结果表明酶制剂A显著提高了基础饲粮的体外干物质、粗蛋白质及总能消化率(P0.05);酶制剂T提高了粗蛋白质消化率达2.8个百分点(P0.05),但同时降低了总能消化率(P0.05)。饲养试验选用72头平均体重为7.94 kg的断奶仔猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组设6个重复,每个重复4头猪,处理为基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+酶制剂A(500 g/t)和基础饲粮+酶制剂T(1 000 g/t)3种饲粮,试验期为42 d,分为0～14 d和15～42 d两个阶段。结果表明各处理组仔猪平均日采食量无显著差异(P0.05);在15～42 d和0～42 d,与对照组相比,酶制剂A显著提高了仔猪平均日增重并改善了料重比(P0.05);酶制剂T对仔猪平均日增重和料重比均无显著影响(P0.05);酶制剂A的作用效果优于酶制剂T。饲养试验结果与体外试验结果相符。     

玉米DDGS饲粮添加木聚糖酶或β-葡聚糖酶对保育猪生产性能和养分利用率的影响

本试验开展保育猪玉米DDGS饲粮添加木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶对生产性能和养分消化的影响研究。135只(起始体重7.2±0.2kg)保育猪随机分成5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复4~5只,分别为正对照组(PC,玉米/豆粕+0%玉米DDGS)、负对照组(NC,以30%玉米DDGS替代部分玉米和豆粕,不添加酶制剂)、在负对照组基础上分别添加4000 U/kg木聚糖酶(XYL)、450 U/kgβ-葡聚糖酶(BGL)或4000 U/kg木聚糖酶+450 U/kgβ-葡聚糖酶(XB)的3个酶制剂组。试猪统一饲喂玉米豆粕型饲粮1周(阶段一)后过渡到试验饲粮,试验饲粮分两阶段(阶段二:7-21天和阶段三:21-35天),试验饲粮配制以总赖氨酸含量一致为基础,营养水平达到或超过NRC(1998),为了突出纤维降解酶的作用效果,阶段二与阶段三NC、XYL、BGL和XB四组试验饲粮的代谢能比PC组分别降低3.0%和4.7%。试验发现,NC组试猪生长速度显著低于PC组(P0.001)。阶段三,BGL组与XB组试猪日增重比NC组分别提高7.7%和9.3%(P0.001);试验全期,XB组试猪比NC猪日增重提高6.6%(P0.001)。XYL与XB组干物质消化率比NC组分别提高1.6%和1.4%(P0.001),添加酶制剂组能量消化率比NC组提高5.5%(P0.001),同时,与NC组比较,酶制剂组饲粮粗蛋白质消化率提高5.9%,差异极显著(P0.001)。XYL、BGL和XB三组与NC组相比,饲粮中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及半纤维素消化率分别提高33%、30%与34%(P0.02)。同时,酶制剂添加组饲粮P消化率比NC组提高46%(P0.01)。结果表明,玉米DDGS饲粮联合添加木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶可以提高保育猪日增重,且β-葡聚糖酶起主导作用。虽然木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶对保育猪日均采食量与增重耗料比没有影响,但至少部分降低了玉米DDGS对饲粮养分利用率及生产的负面影响。     

饲粮中添加不同组合非淀粉多糖酶制剂对1～21日龄肉仔鸡小肠黏膜结构及其养分表观利用率的影响

本文旨在研究小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同组合的非淀粉多糖酶制剂对1～21日龄肉仔鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率及小肠黏膜形态结构的影响.选用1日龄AA肉鸡360羽,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮、低能对照组饲喂低能饲粮,4个酶制剂添加组饲喂低能饲粮+0.01%酶制剂(酶制剂1组:木聚糖酶,酶制剂2组:木聚糖酶+β-葡聚糖酶,酶制剂3组:木聚糖酶+β-葡聚糖酶+β-甘露聚糖酶,酶制剂4组:木聚糖酶+β-葡聚糖酶+β-甘露聚糖酶+纤维素酶),饲养试验时间21 d.结果显示:1)酶制剂2组、酶制剂3组和酶制剂4组3种酶制剂添加组肉仔鸡的日增重和饲料表观利用率比低能对照组显著提高(P<0.05),其中酶制剂3组和酶制剂4组肉仔鸡的日增重和饲料表观利用率与正常对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).2)酶制剂3组、酶制剂4组肉仔鸡的蛋白质和能量表观利用率显著高于低能对照组(P<0.05),与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0.05).3)添加酶制剂后能使21日龄肉仔鸡小肠黏膜厚度和绒毛长度增加,隐窝深度降低,其中酶制剂4组对空肠黏膜形态结构有较好改善作用,酶制剂3组对回肠黏膜形态结构效果最好(P<0.05),各酶制剂组对十二指肠黏膜形态结构无显著影响(P>0.05).这表明酶制剂3组和酶制剂4组能提高能量表观利用率,改善低能饲粮下肉仔鸡的小肠黏膜形态结构,使肉仔鸡的生产性能提高到正常饲养水平.     

大麦-小麦无抗型日粮添加壳聚糖和非淀粉多糖酶对肉鸡生长性能和盲肠微生物组成的影响

试验旨在研究大麦—小麦无抗型日粮中添加壳聚糖(CTS)和非淀粉多糖(NSP)酶对1~42 d肉鸡生长性能、空肠组织结构和盲肠微生物组成的影响。选择720羽1 d ROSS 308商品代肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复(30羽/重复),对照组饲喂以大麦—小麦为主的基础日粮,CTS组、NSP酶组和CTS+NSP酶组饲喂含300 mg/kg CTS、200 mg/kg NSP酶和150 mg/kg CTS+100 mg/kg NSP酶的日粮,试验期42 d。结果显示:CTS组、NSP酶组和CTS+NSP酶组较对照组显著提高了21 d、42 d肉鸡末重和1~21 d、1~42 d肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05)。CTS+NSP酶组较对照组、CTS组和NSP酶组显著降低22~42 d及1~42 d料重比。CTS组和CTS+NSP酶组1~42 d肉鸡胸腺指数显著高于对照组和NSP酶组(P0.05)。日粮添加CTS+NSP酶较其他各组显著降低了空肠隐窝深度(P0.05),显著提高了空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(P0.05)。NSP酶组或CTS+NSP酶较对照组和CTS组显著提高了盲肠乳酸杆菌含量(P0.05),与对照组相比,CTS组、NSP酶组或CTS+NSP酶组均显著降低了盲肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.05)。综合考虑,本试验中150 mg/kg CTS+100 mg/kg NSP酶应用效果最佳。     

饲用复合酶制剂对肉鸡的屠宰性能及肠道健康的影响

研究旨在探讨饲用复合酶制剂对肉仔鸡肠道健康的影响。按重复组体重一致的原则,试验分1个对照组和3个试验组:分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+酶制剂(试验1组)、低能量日粮+酶制剂(试验2组)、低能量日粮(试验3组)。饲养周期42 d,测定存活率、均重、日增重、日采食量、消化道生理、屠宰性能、肠道微生物数量。结果表明,在饲料中直接添加饲用复合酶能改善肉仔鸡的生产性能,降低饲料能量后添加酶制剂对肉仔鸡的生产性能不但没有负面影响,还有改善肉鸡生产性能的趋势,饲用复合酶制剂对屠宰性能和肠道微生物数量无显著影响。     

低能饲粮中添加不同酶制剂对肉鸭生长性能和养分回肠表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同酶制剂对低能饲粮条件下肉鸭乍长性能和养分回肠表观消化率的影响.选取784只1日龄健康樱桃谷肉公鸭,共设7个处理,每个处理7个重复,每个晕复16只鸭,试验分为前期(1～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)两个阶段.处理1饲喂正对照(PC)饲粮(ME:前期12.13 MJ/kg,后期10.92 MJ/kg),处理7饲喂低能的负对照(NC)基础饲粮(ME:前期11.76 MJ/kg,后期10.59 MJ/kg),处理2～6在NC基础上分别添加500 mg/kg酶制剂A、200 uL/kg酶制剂B、150 uL/kg酶制剂C1、300 uL/kg酶制剂C2、200 uL/kg酶制剂D.试验基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕-菜粕-麦麸型饲粮,粉料,肉鸭为笼养.结果表明:(1)与正对照组相比,负对照组有降低肉鸭生产性能和养分回肠表观消化率的趋势(P>0.05);酶D组42 d体重、后期和全期增重最高,与酶A组差异显著(P<0.05),与其余各组差异不显著(P>0.05);各处理的采食量无显著差异;前期料重比以酶B组最大,与酶D组差异极显著(P<0.01),与正对照组和酶C1组差异显著(P<0.05);后期料重比各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05);全期料重比以酶D组最小,与酶A、B,C2负对照组差异显著(P<0.05);(2)与负对照相比,酶C1和酶D组显著提高粗蛋白回肠表观消化率(P<0.05).由此可知,低能饲粮中添加200 uL/kg酶D或150 uL/kg酶C能够改善肉鸭的生长性能和回肠养分表观消化率;添加500 mg/kg酶A、200 uL/kg酶B或300 uL/kg酶C对肉鸭生长性能和养分消化率均无改善作用.     

低能日粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对肉仔鸡生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低能日粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶对肉仔鸡生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响。选用648只1日龄AA肉仔鸡公雏,随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复18只鸡。试验期42 d,分0~21 d和22~42 d 2个阶段饲养。试验基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型。6个处理组分别饲喂高能日粮(前期代谢能:12.55 MJ/kg;后期代谢能:12.97 MJ/kg)、低能日粮(前期和后期日粮的代谢能分别比高能日粮降低0.42 MJ/kg)以及在低能日粮基础上分别添加β-甘露聚糖酶300、400、500、1 000 mg/kg的日粮。结果表明:与低能组相比,添加β-甘露聚糖酶500、1 000 mg/kg处理组肉仔鸡22~42 d和0~42 d日增重显著提高(P0.05),耗料增重比显著降低(P0.05),且随添加量增加呈线性和二次变化(P0.05);添加β-甘露聚糖酶500、1 000 mg/kg肉仔鸡饲料中干物质、粗蛋白质和总能的消化率与高能组无显著差异(P0.05),且随着酶添加量的增加,饲料中粗蛋白质消化率呈线性增加趋势(P=0.04)。以试验全期平均日增重和耗料增重比为效应指标,采用单斜率折线模型分析,获得肉仔鸡日粮中β-甘露聚糖酶最佳添加量分别为529.5 mg/kg和503.2 mg/kg。综合生长性能和养分消化的结果,肉仔鸡日粮中β-甘露聚糖酶最佳推荐用量为500 mg/kg。     

木薯日粮中添加α-淀粉酶对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分消化利用的影响

本实验旨在评估木薯日粮中添加α-淀粉酶对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分消化利用的影响。400羽1日龄健康商品科宝肉仔鸡随机分为5组,每组8个重复,每个重复10羽鸡,分别接受正对照组(PC),负对照组(NC)及NC+1 500 U/kg、NC+2 000 U/kg、NC+2 500 U/kg等5种日粮。结果表明,加酶组(2 500 U/kg)平均日增重和平均日采食量显著高于NC组(P<0.05),且较NC组回肠末端粗蛋白质消化率提高2.3个百分点(P>0.05)。与NC组相比,加酶2 000 U/kg和2 500 U/kg组的总淀粉消化率分别提高1.3和1.5百分点(P>0.05)。本试验结果显示,木薯型日粮中添加α-淀粉酶可促进肉仔鸡1~21日龄平均日采食量和平均日增重。适宜的α-淀粉酶添加水平为2 500 U/kg。     

饲粮添加新产玉米对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道微生物区系的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮添加新产玉米对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道微生物区系的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取288只1日龄健康科宝肉仔鸡公雏,随机分为4组,每个处理组设6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲喂占饲粮总比例60%旧玉米(对照组)、占饲粮总比例40%旧玉米+占饲粮总比例20%新产玉米(处理Ⅰ组)、占饲粮总比例20%旧玉米+占饲粮总比例40%新产玉米(处理Ⅱ组)、占饲粮总比例60%新产玉米(处理Ⅲ组)4种饲粮。试验期为42 d,分前期(0～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)两个阶段进行。21、42日龄末测定各试验组试鸡生长性能,42日龄末采集对照组和处理Ⅲ组肉仔鸡回肠、盲肠食糜测定肠道微生物丰度。试验结果显示:(1)处理Ⅲ组显著降低了前期和后期肉仔鸡平均日增重(P0.05),增加了前期和后期肉仔鸡料重比(P0.05)。(2)对照组和处理Ⅲ组样本中盲肠和回肠相对丰度较高的菌门为Firmicutes和Proteobacteria;回肠相对丰度较高优势菌属为Lactobacillus、Romboutsia和Candidatus_Arthromitus;盲肠相对丰度较高优势菌属为Escherichia-Shigella、Faecalibacterium和Lachnoclostridium。(3)与对照组相比,处理Ⅲ组回肠中Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria和Lactobacillus显著增加,盲肠中Firmicute、Lactobacillus和Faecalibacterium显著增加(P0.05)。综上所述,随着饲粮中新产玉米添加比例的提高,肉仔鸡生长性能有所下降,而且对肉仔鸡肠道微生物区系发育产生了负面影响。     

豆粕和棉粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

试验研究了豆粕日粮和含5%～8%棉粕的日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及可能机制。试验Ⅰ为肉仔鸡饲养试验,选用1日龄AA商品代肉仔鸡公雏672只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理12个重复,每个重复14只鸡,试验期42d。结果表明:在棉粕和豆粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对42日龄肉仔鸡体增重分别提高了4.35%和3.49%。试验Ⅱ为排空强饲代谢试验。结果显示:豆粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶增加蛋公鸡色氨酸真消化率(P<0.001),对其他氨基酸消化率无影响。添加α-半乳糖苷酶的豆粕的,真代谢能值与不添加酶的相比,提高了4.69%(0.51MJ/kg)。本研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶,提高了色氨酸真消化率和真代谢能,有利于提高肉仔鸡生长性能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.