金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗候选抗原SirH和StbA及其抗血清的免疫保护作用研究

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗候选抗原SirH和StbA及其抗血清的免疫保护作用,分别用纯化蛋白StbA、SirH以及甲醛灭活的金黄色葡萄球菌为免疫原免疫小鼠,收集抗血清,测定血清效价,然后用致死剂量的金黄色葡萄球菌攻击,评价两种抗原的免疫保护作用。分别用SirH和StbA抗血清免疫小鼠,4 h后用致死剂量的金黄色葡萄球菌攻击,评价抗血清的保护作用。结果显示,StbA和SirH抗血清效价均为1:1 638 400。金黄色葡萄球菌攻击主动免疫小鼠,SirH纯化蛋白免疫组(60%)和StbA纯化蛋白免疫组(70%)存活率均明显高于对照组(0%)(P0.05),金黄色葡萄球菌全菌免疫组(20%)存活率与对照组(0%)差异不具备显著统计学意义(P0.05)。SirH纯化蛋白免疫组(60%)和StbA纯化蛋白免疫组(70%)存活率均高于金黄色葡萄球菌全菌免疫组(20%)。将抗血清免疫小鼠后,用金黄色葡萄球菌腹腔内注射攻击小鼠,免疫组小鼠16~18 h内全部死亡,而对照组小鼠在攻毒后12~14 h内全部死亡。结果表明,SirH和StbA是具有潜力的保护性抗原,但其抗血清都不具有保护作用。     

伊氏锥虫单虫克隆的2个变异体的VSG的交叉免疫保护试验

为了考察同一克隆锥虫的不同变异体的可变糖蛋白分子 (VSG)有无交叉免疫作用 ,首先采用蛋白酶抑制剂TLCK处理 ,分离纯化伊氏锥虫安徽株单虫克隆 2个早期变异体ShTat1 1、ShTat1 2的VSG ,然后采用这 2种VSG进行交叉免疫保护试验。试验鼠分为对照组 ,ShTat1 1VSG免疫组 ,ShTat1 2VSG免疫组。用弗氏佐剂按常规进行 3次免疫注射 ,每次抗原用量均为 50 μg/只。三免后第 1 2天 ,将各组小白鼠随机分为 2个小组 ,分别用ShTat1 1、ShTat1 2攻击 ,每只攻虫 1 50 0条。结果攻虫后的对照鼠及异源攻虫后的免疫鼠尾血最早出虫时间均为攻虫后第 3天 ;同源锥虫攻击后免疫鼠的尾血最早出虫时间为第 6天。对照组经攻虫 ,保护率均为 0 /8;免疫鼠经交叉攻虫 ,保护率均为 0 /8;VSG免疫鼠用同源锥虫攻击 ,保护率分别为 5/1 0和 3/1 0。表明各VSG激发的免疫只能抗同源锥虫的感染 ,对异源锥虫感染无保护力     

迟缓爱德华菌胞外产物的致病性及生物活性分析

以迟缓爱德华菌(E.tarda)胞外产物(ECP)为研究对象,通过饱和硫酸铵法从E.tarda培养上清中纯化得到其ECP,利用动物模型分析其致病性,并通过细胞试验证实了该产物对巨噬细胞功能影响,进一步测定其ECP的酶活性,并利用LC-MSMS方法分析E.tarda ECP蛋白成分。结果表明:迟E.tarda ECP对斑马鱼具有致病性,其具有淀粉酶、脂肪酶、卵磷脂酶活性和溶血活性可能在这一过程中发挥关键作用。除此之外,E.tarda ECP还能够显著增强巨噬细胞吞噬细菌活性的能力。LC-MSMS分析鉴定所提纯的ECP含有110种蛋白成分,涉及多种酶类、细胞结构蛋白和功能性蛋白。本研究为揭示E.tarda致病机理,研制新型疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎重组亚单位疫苗诱导小鼠免疫保护效果的观察

重组表达猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌6种主要毒力因子基因:apxⅠ、apxⅡ、apxⅢ、apxⅣ、apfa和omp,以重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢ和rOMP组合免疫小鼠作为试验I组,重组蛋白rApxⅠ、rApxⅡ、rApxⅢr、OMPr、ApxⅣ和rApfa组合免疫小鼠作为试验Ⅱ组,PBS为对照组,分3次免疫小鼠,采用背部皮下多点注射,每次间隔2周,免疫剂量为0.2 mL/只,3免后1周分别以APP1型菌Shope 4074株(5×109cfu)和APP2型菌S1536株(5×1010cfu)进行攻毒试验。通过小鼠保护率与抗体效价的相关性研究、肺部病理变化及肺脏细菌的分布情况等指标进行综合评价。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组4种重组蛋白特异性抗体水平显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),对APP1型菌攻毒的保护率(9/10)明显高于试验Ⅱ组(5/10)和对照组(0/8),小鼠的免疫保护率与抗体效价之间存在显著正相关;且该组对APP2型菌攻毒的保护作用(无肺脏损伤)也明显优于其它两组(典型肺部损伤)。间接免疫荧光试验表明试验Ⅰ组对肺脏细菌的清除效果也明显优于其他两组。本试验揭示试验Ⅰ组对不同血清型APP攻击能够提供很好的交叉保护作用,从而为猪传染性胸膜肺炎新型疫苗的研制提供参考。     

Clade 2.2 H5N1亚型禽流感重组灭活疫苗株的构建及其对小鼠免疫效力的评价

为研制安全、有效的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)重组灭活疫苗,本研究以A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)(PR8)AIV为内部基因供体,以Clade2.2H5N1亚型AIV A/Bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/2005(BHGQH/05)为表面抗原血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因供体,通过反向遗传操作,在符合人类疫苗生产标准的Vero细胞中救获低致病性的疫苗毒株,将制备的灭活全病毒疫苗单次和加强免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测疫苗的免疫保护效果。实验结果表明,单次和加强免疫组小鼠均能对同源和异源病毒的攻击提供100%完全保护;加强免疫能够显著提高HI和NT抗体的水平,用BHGQH/05做抗原检测加强免疫不加佐剂组的HI和NT抗体滴度分别高达1173.3和1280。本研究为下一步在灵长类动物模型上的免疫评价以及进一步的临床试验奠定了坚实的基础。     

鸡传染性支气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗对异源LT95Ⅰ株病毒攻击的免疫保护

将共表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)SI基因和鸡干扰素.丫基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-IFNγ S1)接种4周龄SPF鸡,免疫3周后用同源(LX4株)及异源强毒株(LTJ951)攻毒,评价重组疫苗对异源病毒的保护作用.结果显示,重组疫苗接种1周后,免疫鸡产生抗IBV的抗体;而且外周血中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞的含量略高于非免疫对照组;攻毒后,异源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD4+T淋巴细胞呈下降趋势,并且该组低水平CD4+的状态一直持续到试验结束,而其他组CD4+T淋巴细胞均迅速上升,峰值达到14.5%;同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组CD8+T淋巴细胞呈高水平的表达,而其他组攻毒后均无明显变化;保护率结果显示,同源强毒株攻毒免疫组的发病率和死亡率为21.43%和0%,与其他各组相比均有显著差异;另外同源强毒株攻毒的免疫组病理损伤与异源强毒株攻毒的试验组相比明显减轻,其排毒时间和排毒量也均有所减少;强毒攻毒后所有试验组体重无显著差异.以上结果可以说明,重组疫苗能对同源强毒株产生较好的免疫保护,但不能对遗传关系较远的强毒株产生有效的免疫应答.     

一株猪丹毒杆菌分离株的致病性与耐药性分析

从某猪场病死猪心血、肝、脾等组织分离到1株革兰阳性杆菌,经细菌形态、16S rRNA基因扩增,确定分离菌为猪丹毒杆菌。对分离菌进一步开展了药物敏感性试验、耐药基因的检测、细菌致病性试验及免疫保护性试验。结果发现:分离株对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、氟苯尼考高敏,但对氨基糖苷类、四环素、林可霉素、诺氟沙星等耐药;分离株可扩增出氨基糖苷类耐药基因aac C2和四环素耐药基因tetB,但菌株中没有扩增到四环素耐药基因tetA。细菌致病性试验表明该毒株对小鼠的LD50为1.77×10~5cfu/mL。小鼠免疫保护试验结果表明,疫苗G4T10免疫后28 d,以分离株攻毒,对照组全部死亡(5/5),免疫组小鼠攻毒后没有死亡,仅表现为体重减轻,表明现用猪丹毒疫苗能保护小鼠抵抗猪丹毒的致死性攻击。     

致奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌Csa1A、Hlɑ和EsxA-B重组蛋白的表达及免疫效果的评价

为评价金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)Csa1A、Hlɑ和EsxA-B蛋白的免疫保护作用,本研究构建了重组质粒p GEX-4T-2-Csa1A、pET-22b-Hlα、pGEX-4T-2-EsxA-B并分别转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导并利用相应层析柱纯化后,采用SDS-PAGE检测重组蛋白的表达。结果显示,获得了纯度较高的重组蛋白Csa1A(rCsa1A)、Hlɑ(r Hlɑ)和EsxA-B(r EsxA-B),纯度分别为89%、95%、85%,大小分别为54 ku、33 ku和39 ku。以纯化的r Csa1A、rHlɑ和rEsxA-B 60μg/只分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫3次,每次间隔14 d,采用间接ELISA法检测各组小鼠免疫后14 d的抗体效价。结果显示,3种重组蛋白免疫后均能刺激小鼠产生较高效价的抗体,三免后抗体效价分别为1:14 700(rCsa1A)、1:16 890(rHlɑ)、1:15 760(rEsxA-B)。利用5型NM2株(2×107cfu/只)、8型LZ145株(2×10~7cfu/只)、336型XJ44株(2×10~7cfu/只)3种血清型S. aureus分别经尾静脉注射攻菌,观察并统计各组小鼠的发病和死亡率,评价各重组蛋白的免疫保护率。结果显示,分别经原核表达了rCsa1A、rHlɑ和rEsxAB。攻菌后对照组小鼠全部死亡;3组重组蛋白免疫组96 h内死亡的小鼠在攻菌48 h后出现精神沉郁,食欲不振等症状,而存活小鼠未出现临床症状。r Csa1A、rHlɑ和rEsxA-B免疫组小鼠提供的抵抗NM2、LZ145、XJ44菌株攻击的保护率分别为60%、60%、50%;80%、70%、70%;50%、60%、60%,其中rHlα的免疫保护效果最佳,其对3种攻毒菌株提供的平均保护率为73.3%,是较为理想的亚单位疫苗候选抗原。以上结果表明,S. aureus rHlα能够刺激免疫小鼠产生抗体,对小鼠提供不同程度的保护力。本研究为奶牛乳腺炎S. aureus亚单位疫苗的研制和应用提供参考依据。     

表达幽门螺杆菌外膜蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌疫苗菌对小鼠的免疫保护作用

为研究含pLAO的重组耻垢分枝杆菌疫苗(Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis,rM.S)对小鼠的保护作用。将重组耻垢分枝杆菌疫苗pLAO(MS)2×107灌胃免疫接种BALB/c小鼠,同时设PBS组、耻垢分枝杆菌空菌组,免疫4周后,各组处死一批小鼠,取胃组织待用;余下的小鼠用幽门螺杆菌标准株(Helicobacter pylori SS1,Hp SS1)攻击2次,4周后处死小鼠,进行胃组织快速尿素酶试验、Hp培养、炎症程度及其炎症活动度评分,以评价疫苗对胃黏膜Hp感染的免疫保护作用,ELISA检测Hp特异性血清IgG和IgA水平。结果表明疫苗组Hp定植评分均明显低于PBS组和空菌组,疫苗组不仅可以降低Hp的定植,而且能减轻Hp造成的小鼠胃黏膜的局部慢性炎症反应。免疫后BALB/c小鼠特异性抗体显示rM.S疫苗诱导的Hp特异性血清IgG、IgA水平都升高。因此rM.S疫苗经灌胃接种BLAB/c小鼠能降低Hp定植,减轻胃黏膜的炎症反应,对Hp感染有明显的预防保护作用。     

产单核细胞李氏杆菌突变株的感染动力学研究

以BALB/c小鼠为实验动物模型,对actA基因和plcB基因双缺失的产单核细胞李氏杆菌（LM）yzuLM1-2菌株进行感染动力学研究。分别用减毒突变株yzuLM1-2和野生型菌株yzuLM4给BALB/c小鼠静脉注射或灌服,并对脏器中LM的分布动态进行测定。结果显示,在显著高于野生型菌株感染剂量的条件下注射或灌服接种后,减毒突变株组小鼠肝和脾中的LM数量迅速下降,被清除的速度显著快于野生型菌株组。溶血素（LLO）抗体的测定结果显示,减毒突变株菌能和野生型菌同样激发较高水平的抗体。小鼠免疫保护试验结果显示,减毒突变株免疫组对同种血清型LM的攻击具有较好的免疫保护力,可达100%。结果表明,yzuLM1-2突变株侵袭力下降,致病力降低,能激发较高水平的抗体产生,可以作为预防动物李氏杆菌病的候选疫苗菌株,并为用作运送外源保护性抗原的载体提供了材料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -