福建省葡萄病毒病的调查和研究

１９９０～１９９２年作者对福建省葡萄产区进行了抽样调查，发现该省约３１％的果园有葡萄扇叶病（ＧＦＬＶ）和葡萄卷叶病（ＧＬＲＶ）。在调查的１１３００株葡萄中（６０２亩），ＧＦＬＤ株发病率为１３．２７％，造成葡萄减产２７．２％；ＧＬＲＶ株发病率为７．３％，减产２１．５％。病株表现为不同程度的种性退化，生长赢弱、停滞，果实品质下降，果粒成熟不齐。     

应用酶联免疫吸附监测1994～1995年BYDV株系

１９９４～１９９５年从我国南北主要冬、春麦区黄矮病发病田块采集ＢＹＤＶ标样，进行酶联免疫测定。１９９４年测定标样１５９株，其中ＧＡＶ株系１１２株，占测定总数的７０．４４％；ＰＡＶ株系８株，占测定总数的５．０３％；与ＰＡＶ抗体和ＭＡＶ抗体都不发生免疫反应的共３９株，占２４．５３％。１９９５年测定了１８７株ＢＹＤＶ标样，ＧＡＶ株系８４株，占４４．９２％；ＰＡＶ株系１８株，占９．６３％；ＰＡＶ与ＧＡＶ混合感染９株，占４．８１％；阴性反应的７６株，占４０．６４％     

甘蔗黑穗病及其防治

甘蔗黑穗病及其防治（海南省白沙县植保植检站５７２８００）龚标勋五月上旬本县的七坊镇的高地、才棉蔗区发现有甘蔗黑穗病发生。平均每１０ｍ２有病株４株，亩发病率１３．３％，重的达１５％。并有发展趋势。病株失去经济价值，病田会造成减产甚至绝收。一、病状：病株...     

胚轴切断法诱导棉花抗棉铃虫及其生化机制研究

诱导抗虫棉株对棉铃虫营养代谢功能的影响表明,胚轴切断法结合假单胞杆菌（Ｄ－２２５１）诱导处理的棉株可使棉铃虫相对生长率（ＲＧＲ）、相对取食量（ＲＣＲ）和近似消化率（ＡＤ）明显降低,分别降低２２．９５％、２６．１２％和２７．２３％,仅用胚轴切断法处理的棉株可使ＧＲＧ、ＲＣＲ和ＡＤ分别降低１７．２５％、２１．４４％和４．０９％。对诱导处理棉株体内植物多元酚和抗虫萜烯类的测定结果表明,经过胚轴切断法后,     

茶蚕颗粒体病毒液剂与复合液剂的田间应用

本文报道茶蚕颗粒体病毒（ＡｂＧＶ）液剂与ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂田间防治茶蚕的效果。ＡｂＧＶ液剂６００ｍｌ／ｈｍ ２ 防治卵盛孵期至低龄幼虫期的效果可达８０．４％ ～９１．１％ ,并有明显的持效,施药后１～３ 年,茶蚕的自然感病率仍达４７．６％ ～６２．３％ ;ＡｂＧＶ杀虫双复合液剂（３００ｍ ｌ／ｈｍ ２）防治卵盛孵期至幼虫３龄前幼虫的效果可达８６．２％ ～９７．５％ 。９～１０月以应用复合液剂较好,能加快死亡速度,但持效较ＡｂＧＶ液剂差     

临夏地区春蚕豆根腐病发生与为害调查

对甘肃临夏地区的３４０块春蚕豆田根腐病的调查，明确了该区蚕豆根腐病死亡率为１％～９０％，平均为１５．３３％；死亡率小于１０％的地块占调查地块总数５９．７％，大于３０％地块占１７．３５％，随着海拔梯度的增高，蚕豆死亡率逐渐下降。病原真菌主要有腐皮镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ）、燕麦镰刀菌（Ｆ．ａｖｅ－ｎａｃｅｕｍ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍｒｏｓｅｕｍ）和尖孢镰刀菌（Ｆ．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）     

速克灵防治葡萄灰霉病

速克灵防治葡萄灰霉病张茂伟，于培贞，薛克富（青岛市植保站，２６６０７１）（山东省植保站）葡萄灰霉病（ＢｏｔｒｙｔｓｃｉｎｒｅａＰｅｒｓ．）是青岛地区的一种新病害，它主要为害叶片，使叶片变黄枯死，造成大量落果，一般减产５０％以上，严重的约８０％。应用波...     

麦田几种主要杂草复合危害损失研究

麦田几种主要杂草复合危害损失研究李复宁（湖北省襄北农场植保站襄阳４４１１２３）野燕麦ＡｖｅｎａｆａｔｕａＬ，、猪殃殃Ｇａｌｉｕｍａ－ｐａｒｉｎｅＬ．和小巢菜Ｖｉｃｉａｈｉｒｓｕｔａ（Ｌ．）Ｓ．Ｆ．Ｇｒａｙ．是鄂北岗地麦田３大恶性杂草，在田间常混合发生...     

不同类型的稻田中镰刀菌对螟虫的感染率调查

不同类型的稻田中镰刀菌对螟虫的感染率调查黄运霞，李华，黄荣瑞（广西农科院植保所，南宁５３０００７）ＩＮＶＥＳＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＰＡＴＨＯＧＥＮＥＣＩＴＹＯＦＦＵＳＡＲＩＵＭＳＰＰ．ＯＮＴＨＥＯＶＥＲＷＩＮＴＥＲＩＮＧＲＩＣＥＢＯＲＥＲＩＮＴＨ...     

杆状病毒表达猪传染性胃肠炎病毒钉状蛋白在血清学诊断上的应用

用从猪传染性胃炎病毒（ＴＧＥＶ）强毒Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ株（Ｍ５Ｃ）克隆建立的一株的重组杆状病毒（Ｒ２－２）表达的重组ＴＧＥＶ钉状糖蛋白（Ｓｐｉｋｅ，Ｓ）建立了一种阻断酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）来检测猪群中抗ＴＧＥＶ抗体。实验表明，用重组病毒Ｒ２－２接种昆虫传代细胞系Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａ ｆｒｕｇｉｐｅｒｄａ（ｓｆ９），所表达的重组蛋白量在接种后第７２小明达到最高值；该重组蛋白能与抗ＴＧＥＶ Ｓ蛋白Ａ     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.