Toxicity and horizontal transfer of bifenthrin and dimefluthrin against the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the efficacy of their dust applications in the field

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, poses a significant threat to biodiversity, agriculture, and public health in its introduced ranges. While chemicals such as toxic baits and dust are the main methods for S. invicta control, toxic baits are slow, requiring approximately one or two weeks, but dust can eliminate the colony of fire ants rapidly in just three to five days. To explore more active ingredients for fire ant control using dusts, the toxicity of bifenthrin and dimefluthrin, the horizontal transfer of bifenthrin and dimefluthrin dust and their efficacy in the field were tested. The results showed that the LD₅₀ (lethal dose) values of bifenthrin and dimefluthrin were 3.40 and 1.57 ng/ant, respectively. The KT₅₀ (median knockdown time) and KT₉₅ (95% knockdown time) values of a 20 μg mL^–1 bifenthrin dose were 7.179 and 16.611 min, respectively. The KT₅₀ and KT₉₅ of a 5 μg mL^–1 dimefluthrin dose were 1.538 and 2.825 min, respectively. The horizontal transfers of bifenthrin and dimefluthrin among workers were effective. The mortality of recipients (secondary mortality) and secondary recipients (tertiary mortality) were both over 80% at 48 h after 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00% bifenthrin dust treatments. The secondary mortality of recipients was over 99% at 48 h after 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00% dimefluthrin dust treatments, but the tertiary mortality was below 20%. The field trial results showed that both bifenthrin and dimefluthrin exhibited excellent fire ant control effects, and the comprehensive control effects of 1.00% bifenthrin and dimefluthrin dusts at 14 d post-treatment were 95.87 and 85.70%, respectively.     

外来物种红火蚁入侵生物学与防控研究进展

截至2019年,我国大陆发现红火蚁Solenopsis invictaBuren发生危害已经15年了。在有关部门/机构的支持下,围绕着种群控制理论和技术,华南农业大学红火蚁研究中心坚持开展红火蚁相关基础研究和防控应用工作。本文系统总结了我国大陆红火蚁入侵、传播和扩张的时空规律,阐明了红火蚁暴发灾变的生物学基础和规律以及入侵对农业生态系统的影响,明确了其入侵优势和生态学效应,阐释了红火蚁的化学防治理论基础;介绍了监测技术体系、检疫除害技术体系和应急防控、根除与治理技术体系的创建,以及推广应用。研究成果可为我国红火蚁的防治提供重要科技支撑与保障。     

First record of the little fire ant,Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Chinese mainland

In January 2022, we received ant specimens collected from three field colonies from Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China. They were identified as the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, through morphological and molecular analyses. Wasmannia auropunctata is listed as one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and has spread from its native range in South America to every continent except Antarctica. DNA analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in nine specimens of W. auropunctata found that they had a close genetic relationship with specimens from Argentina. This study represents the first formal record of the establishment of W. auropunctata outdoor in Chinese mainland. However, the invasion stage and occurrence degree of W. auropunctata in China are not clear to date. The implementation of quarantine measures, investigation of the occurrence and distribution, and development of monitoring and control strategies are needed to actively respond to the threat posed by this highly invasive ant.     

4种猛蚁的巢穴结构及巢内生物

敏捷厚结猛蚁Pachycondyla astuta Smith、聚纹双刺猛蚁Diacamma rugosum(Le Guillou)、横纹齿猛蚁Odonto-ponera transversa(Smith)和猎镰猛蚁Harpegnathos venator(Smith)是我国东部和南部地区比较常见的猛蚁,可捕食林木白蚁,是一类潜在的天敌昆虫.通过挖巢的方法对这4种猛蚁的筑巢环境、巢穴结构和巢内生物进行了研究.结果表明,4种猛蚁的巢穴均为地下巢,多建在橡胶林、荔枝林等林间空地;结构比较简单,深度一般不超过0.6 m,巢室仅有几个至数十个,在土壤中分布无规则至分层排列.巢穴内部或周围常可见到膜翅目、等翅目昆虫以及土壤小型多足类和等足类动物.     

单个蚁巢红火蚁对不同距离蚂蚁类群的影响

 【目的】研究新定殖单个蚁巢红火蚁入侵荒草地后对距蚁巢不同距离蚂蚁类群的影响。【方法】采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法调查距红火蚁蚁巢不同距离的蚂蚁类群种类及其数量变化,并应用主成分分析法和群落多样性指数探讨新定殖红火蚁对距蚁巢不同距离蚂蚁类群数量动态变化及其多样性的影响。【结果】红火蚁入侵后与本地蚂蚁竞争激烈,红火蚁对距小蚁巢1 m、大蚁巢1和3 m处蚂蚁类群多样性的影响较大。在距红火蚁小蚁 巢1m处,红火蚁工蚁数量随时间推移逐渐减少,在红火蚁占较大比例的6月（45.02%）及占较小比例的8月（16.01%）,蚂蚁个体数和优势度指数增加,物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数下降。在距红火蚁大蚁巢1、3 m处,红火蚁工蚁数量随时间推移呈现先降而后逐渐上升趋势,在红火蚁占较小比例的6月（48.36%,1 m）、7月（34.06%,3 m）和红火蚁占较大比例的9月（89.94%,1 m;59.52%,3 m）,蚂蚁优势度指数增加,多样性指数和均匀度指数下降。主成分分析结果还揭示了引起荒草地单个蚁巢不同距离蚂蚁类群数量变动的主要蚂蚁种类及其变化情况。【结论】两种入侵荒草地的红火蚁种群对距其蚁巢较近距离蚂蚁类群多样性的影响较大。在小蚁巢和大蚁巢近距离处,红火蚁工蚁占比例较大,本地蚂蚁物种数、个体数、蚂蚁类群优势度指数增加,多样性指数和均匀度指数下降。     

南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响

合理的森林恢复方式能提高植物多样性,进而提高生态系统服务功能.在我国南方红壤区研究了3种典型森林恢复方式(引进种恢复的湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林本地种恢复的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林和自然恢复的天然次生林)的植物区系构成和植物群落多样性.结果表明:(1)湿地松人工林有155种植物,隶属66科118属,马尾松人工林有137种植物,隶属59科97属;天然次生林有226种植物,隶属86科160属,3种森林恢复方式的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势科属明显不同,马尾松人工林的优势物种和天然次生林更相似;(2)天然次生林的植物区系基本构成、植物区系类型种类高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,并且天然次生林的温带成分比例高于湿地松人工林;(3)恢复方式对植物群落的多样性指数有显著影响,天然次生林的物种丰富度、辛普森指数明显高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,两种人工林之间差异不显著;(4)3种森林恢复方式的植物群落结构存在显著差异,相比湿地松人工林,马尾松人工林的植物群落组成与天然次生林更相似.总之,自然恢复的天然次生林植物群落多样性高于人工恢复的马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,本地种马尾松人工林在维持区域植物群落结构功能上优于引进种湿地松人工林.     

广东红火蚁多个生境中诱饵对蚂蚁诱集作用比较

研究了荔枝园、荒草地和绿化带3种红火蚁Solenopsis invicta入侵生境中火腿肠、沙丁鱼、黄粉虫和蜂蜜4种诱饵及其组合对蚂蚁的引诱作用.结果表明,火腿肠、火腿肠 蜂蜜、沙丁鱼 蜂蜜这3种诱饵不仅能诱到较多的蚂蚁种类,也能诱到较多的蚂蚁数量;红火蚁对火腿肠的趋性最强,而火腿肠诱集其他蚂蚁的数量最少;通过对3种生境中不同诱饵诱集其他蚂蚁数量占所诱蚂蚁总数的百分比的分析发现,蜂蜜和加蜂蜜的诱饵诱集其他蚂蚁的数量最多;综合多方面的因素,在红火蚁发生区进行蚂蚁群落调查,火腿肠 蜂蜜和沙丁鱼 蜂蜜是最好的诱饵选择.     

瑞丽市 3 种类型柠檬园地表蚂蚁群落多样性研究

为探讨覆膜对柠檬园地表蚂蚁群落的影响,于2016年4月和7月采用陷阱法对云南省瑞丽市覆膜种植和常规种植模式下3种类型柠檬园地表蚂蚁群落进行调查。结果表明,柠檬园RG采集地表蚂蚁17种276头;柠檬园RH采集地表蚂蚁22种527头;柠檬园RI采集地表蚂蚁16种273头。3种类型柠檬园间地表蚂蚁相对多度和物种丰富度均有显著差异,柠檬园RH中地表蚂蚁的相对多度和物种丰富度均显著高于柠檬园RG和柠檬园RI。3种类型柠檬园间地表蚂蚁群落结构互不相似。覆膜降低了柠檬园地表蚂蚁群落的相对多度和物种丰富度,除草剂对柠檬园地表蚂蚁的相对多度和物种丰富度无影响,但可以改变地表蚂蚁群落结构。     

Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave

Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.     

河南省济源国家猕猴自然保护区蚂蚁资源调查

对河南济源国家猕猴自然保护区蚂蚁资源进行了调查,结果表明,共有5亚科17属31种,优势种为日本弓背蚁,并对其应用前景进行了综述.     

红火蚁生物防治研究进展

红火蚁起源于南美洲,是一种新入侵我国的有害生物。红火蚁对人类、动物、农业、经济、公共安全等方面都构成了严重威胁,国内外研究者在红火蚁防治方面做了大量的工作,其中在寄生红火蚁的蚤蝇人工饲养、繁殖和田间释放,微孢子虫的繁殖和利用,病原真菌的筛选和利用等方面,均已取得了阶段性进展。回顾了对红火蚁有防治潜力的生物种类、试验进展和可能的利用途径,并对我国今后红火蚁的生物防治的研究提出几点建议,以期能为我国红火蚁生物防治资源的保护和利用提供借鉴和参考。     

Susceptibility and tissue specificity of Spodoptera frugiperda to Junonia coenia densovirus

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which destroys many economic crops such as rice and maize, has recently invaded China. Insect viruses as biological control agents play important roles in killing pests. One potential viral insecticide is the environmentally highly infective and virulent densovirus. We successfully rescued Junonia coenia densovirus(JcDV) using its infectious clone in different insect cell lines and larvae of three insect species. Results showed that the lysate of cultured insect cells transfected by the JcDV infectious clone killed the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda. The LD_(50) of homogenate from JcDV-infected Spodoptera litura to the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda(1.76×10~8 viral genome copies per larva during 10 d post infection) was higher than that of the 2 nd instar S. litura(7.39×10~7 Jc DV genome copies) or Helicoverpa armigera larvae(9.71×10~7 JcDV genome copies). The LT_(50) of the S. litura homogenate(2.60×10~9 viral genome copies each larva) to the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda was 6.96 d, longer than that of the S. litura(6.18 d) or the 2 nd instar H. armigera(5.94 d). JcDV could infect the fat body of H. armigera, but not S. frugiperda or S. litura. Although JcDV can infect all three lepidopteran species, their susceptibility to the virus differs. JcDV has great potential as a biological control agent against pests such as S. frugiperda.     

人工管理和自然驱动下盐城海滨湿地互花米草沼泽演变及空间差异

将盐城国家级自然保护区核心区划分为人工管理区和自然湿地区两种模式,根据2000年、2006年、2011年3个时相的ETM+影像,运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析不同驱动力下互花米草沼泽景观变化的差异。结果表明:(1)人工管理区,2000-2011年,互花米草沼泽面积由272hm²增加到781hm²;平均分维数呈下降的趋势,聚合度指数呈上升的趋势,表明互花米草沼泽在空间上趋于聚集,在形状上趋于规则;从互花米草沼泽增长速率看,2000-2011年,呈现先快后慢的特征。在景观空间演变上,互花米草沼泽的平均宽度从598.679m增加到1719.002m,表现出向海陆两个方向扩张的特征。(2)自然湿地区,2000-2011年互花米草沼泽面积由2023hm²增加到3974hm²;平均分维数和聚合度指数呈先上升后下降的趋势;米草沼泽增长稳定,年增长约160-180 hm²/a,单位长度岸线年增长面积约为15hm²·km^-1·a^-1左右;比较发现,自然湿地区互花米草沼泽的增长速度高于人工管理区的增长速度。在景观空间演变上,互花米草沼泽平均宽度从1625.586m增加到3193.317m,2000-2006年表现出向海洋单方向扩张的特征,2006-2011年表现出向海陆两个方向扩张的性质。(3)在自然条件下互花米草沼泽扩张受到气候、地貌过程、水文过程、植被类型及种间竞争的影响,表现出明显的带状特征。在人工管理下,通过建设拦水堤坝等,阻止了潮汐作用下海水的扩散能力,生态过程发生改变,致使生态系统类型向淡水湿地方向演变,抑制了互花米草沼泽的扩张,表现出一定的镶嵌格局。     

马尾松人工林近自然化改造对植物自然更新及物种多样性的影响

中国人工林面积居世界第一位,而马尾松是中国人工林面积较大的树种之一,广泛分布于中国的亚热带区域。马尾松适应能力强,耐干旱、瘠薄,是南方低山丘陵区群落演替的先锋树种,也是荒山绿化造林的主要树种,马尾松人工林对生态防护、生态治理有着重大的意义。但是,绝大部分马尾松人工林为人工纯林,生态系统比较脆弱,生态服务功能较差。人工林的近自然改造对于增加林地生物多样性,提升人工林的生态服务功能具有重要意义。2005年,对中国林业科学院热带林业试验中心1993年造林的马尾松人工林进行4种不同强度(50%、40%、30%、20%)间伐后,套种大叶栎(Castanopsis fissa)、米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、润楠(Machilus pingii)、红锥(C. hystrix)4个乡土阔叶树种,各种套种密度皆为120株/hm²。分别于间伐前(2004年)及2010年对群落生物多样性及人工套种树种生态情况进行调查,结果表明:(1)间伐处理后,自然更新至乔木层的物种种类和数量都有显著的增加,600 m²的样方中,物种数由(2.75±2.56)种增加到(11.17±4.32)种,个体数由(5.75±4.31)株增加到(32.17±19.09)株,群落中乔木亚层的优势种变化不大,主要有南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、水锦树(Wendlandia uvariifolia),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、破布木(Cordia dichotoma)、白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus)等。新增加到乔木层的物种大都为之前群落中灌木层的种类,主要有三桠苦(Evodia lepta)、鸭脚木(Schefflera minutistellata)、白花龙(Styrax faberi)、中平树(Macaranga denticulata)、黄毛榕(Ficus esquiroliana)、华南毛柃(Eurya ciliata)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)、猴耳环(Pithecellobium clypearia)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)、毛黄肉楠(Actinodaphne pilosa)等。(2)间伐处理前,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(24.63±4.24)种,间伐处理后,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(27.58±3.80)种,不同间伐强度处理后林下灌草的优势种与间伐前大致相同,灌木层优势种为三桠苦,草本层优势种为弓果黍(Cyrtococcum patens)。不同间伐强度处理林分间,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均无显著差异,且与间伐前林分也无显著差异。(3)间伐促进了4个乡土树种幼树的生长,随着间伐强度的增加,大叶栎、红锥幼树的高度和胸径显著增长;50%的间伐强度的林分中,阔叶树种幼树的长势要显著好于其他间伐强度,50%的间伐强度最有利于马尾松林下套种的阔叶树种生长。(4)在马尾松林下套种的4个阔叶树种幼树的初期生长有明显差异。总体而言,大叶栎与米老排幼树的早期生长速率要明显高于红锥和润楠。     

华南藤黄科植物分类的初步研究

对华南藤黄科植物种类的初步整理和研究，共记载了４属１６种，隶属于３个族，包括华南产３属１２种和外来引种１属４种，其中有１个新种．文章总结了藤黄科器官形态演化趋势，分析了华南藤黄科植物区系的特征及其与邻近地区藤黄科植物区系的关系．     

Invasion biology of the cotton mealybug,Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley: Current knowledge and future directions

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which is native to North America, emerged as a major invasive insect pest of multiple crops in Asia at the beginning of the 21st century. Considering the economic significance of this insect and its rapid worldwide spread, we examined the possible factors driving its invasions. In this paper, we summarize the life history traits of P. solenopsis conceivably related to population development in invaded regions; these traits include its use of diverse host plants, reproductive capacity and mode, adaptation to temperature, response to food shortage, and insecticidal resistance. Then, focusing on the multiple trophic interactions that may promote or hinder invasion, we review the mutualistic relationship of this mealybug with ants and predation and parasitism by natural enemies. Finally, we suggest topics for future research and provide our perspective on the biological invasions of this mealybug. We speculate that specific biological factors associated with this mealybug, particularly its wide host range, high reproductive potential, evolved changes in life history traits, and mutualism with ants have played important roles in its invasions, allowing this pest to become established and rapidly increase its population upon its introduction into new regions.     

入侵生物红火蚁的危害及其防控措施

红火蚁是我国近年来发现的外来入侵生物之一,其对当地原生动植物、人畜和农业生产危害严重。介绍红火蚁的危害,并提出4条防控措施:建立建全预警监控机制;出入境检验检疫部门要加强对进口货物的检疫;国内植物检疫部门加强对红火蚁的监控和检疫;物理防治和药物防治相结合。     

First report of the South American tomato leafminer,Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), in China

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) originated in South America and is one of the most serious pests of tomatoes. It is also known to attack other solanaceous crops, including potato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco, and weedy species such as black nightshade. After accidental introduction into Spain in 2006, this pest spread rapidly throughout Afro-Eurasia and has become a major threat to tomato production worldwide. Here, we report the first record of T. absoluta as an invasive pest in China. It was found in tomato fields in Ili Kazakg Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Ili, Xinjiang), China, and its occurrence was confirmed by both morphological and molecular approaches. In Ili, T. absoluta has been found to attack eggplant, potato, and black nightshade. We found the larvae generally mining and feeding on leaves and boring into tomato fruits, with multiple larvae sometimes observed in a single fruit. Its infestation levels differ among the tomato fields and host species. In all of the surveyed tomato fields, T. absoluta infested 100% of plants. In some of the fields, up to 90% of the eggplant and 100% of the potato plants were infested. Since no natural enemies were found under field conditions, suitable management practices are urgently needed to stop the further spread of this destructive pest in China.     

Volatiles from Sophora japonica flowers attract Harmonia axyridis adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey(aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component(nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram(EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL~(–1). In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL~(–1) nonanal source over a 100 mg mL~(–1) diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations(10 and 100 mg mL~(–1)), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area(e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.     

不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用

随着马铃薯甲虫不断扩展其分布范围,其对寄主的适应性也在发生变化.在我国,马铃薯甲虫的主要寄主植物是马铃薯、茄子、番茄和天仙子.为进一步明确马铃薯甲虫对不同寄主植物的嗜食程度,研究了以上4种寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用,以及取食量的影响,同时进行了田间寄主选择性的调查.选择性试验结果表明:不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用差异显著,其中马铃薯、天仙子引诱作用显著高于茄子和番茄;取食量研究结果表明:马铃薯甲虫各龄期对不同寄主24 h取食量的大小依次为:马铃薯＞茄子＞天仙子＞番茄;1-2龄幼虫取食量小,3-4龄幼虫及成虫暴食寄主叶片,是马铃薯甲虫造成危害的主要阶段.