大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的研究进展

综述了大麦籽粒蛋白质组分,籽粒蛋白质含量的遗传特性等方面的研究进展,并对气候与环境条件下对大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响了介绍。这些研究报道,可为优质大麦的生产育种提供借鉴。     

长江流域大麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量分析

通过对长江流域区试大麦品种在各试点籽粒蛋白质含量的测定和系统分析，阐明了大麦籽粒蛋白质含量不仅受遗传因素制约，同时亦受产地的生态条件和生产水平的影响，通过大麦籽粒蛋白质含量与其千粒重的相关分析，指出在选择籽粒高蛋白质含量的材料时，要防止千粒重的下降。     

长江流域大麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量分析

通过对长江流域区试大麦品种在各试点籽粒蛋白质含量的测定和系统分析，阐明了大麦籽粒蛋白质含量不仅受遗传因素制约，同时亦受产地的生态条件和生产水平的影响，通过大麦籽粒蛋白质含量与其千粒重的相关分析，指出了选择籽粒高蛋白质含量的材料时，要防止千粒重的下降。     

大麦籽粒和苗粉蛋白质含量的检测

为了解大麦籽粒及苗粉中蛋白质含量的差异,以242份大麦为材料,研究了不同基因型大麦籽粒及苗粉蛋白质含量的差异。结果表明,大麦籽粒蛋白质含量高于20%的有7份,含量低于10%的有7份,含量中等的有228份;大麦苗粉蛋白质含量高于33%的品种有8份,含量低于20%的有24份,含量中等的有210份。青稞的蛋白质含量较高;分蘖期大麦苗粉可作为高蛋白饲料。大麦籽粒和苗粉蛋白质含量相关系数为0.461,达极显著水平(P0.01)。     

若干因子对几个二棱大麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

大麦历来是我省冬季主要谷类作物之一。从七十年代中期以来,二棱大麦型品种是我省大麦主要栽培品种。随着畜牧业、尤其是啤酒工业的蓬勃发展,对籽粒品质要求业已提到议事日程上来。众所周知,优质啤酒大费要求籽粒蛋白质含量适中,饲料大麦要求籽粒蛋白质含量高、赖氨酸含量也高。为此,为了进一步了解影响二棱大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的因子,近     

啤酒大麦籽粒蚕白质含量对酿造品质的影响

啤酒大麦籽粒的主要成分是淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪等。国外关于蛋白质含量对啤酒大麦酿造品质的影响进行了系统研究,M·Moll综述了籽粒蛋白质含量对啤酒大麦酿造品质的影响。我国关于啤洒大麦籽粒蛋白质对酿造品质的影响资料较少,本文将讨论1986年华北春大麦区五个早熟啤洒大麦品种的籽粒蛋白质含量对酿造品质的影响。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因素及其动态变化综述

影响大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的主要栽培因素（氮肥、播种期和播种量、收获期）和气象因素（降雨量和温度），同时对大麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的动态变化规律也进行了论述。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因素及其动态变化综述

影响大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的主要栽培因素（氮肥、播种期和播种量、收获期）和气象因素（降雨量和温度）,同时对大麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的动态变化规律也进行了论述。     

云南22个大麦新品种(系)的营养品质分析

为了解新育成大麦品种(系)籽粒的营养品质状况,采用近红外光谱分析技术,对云南省22份大麦新品种(系)籽粒的水分、蛋白质、淀粉、粗纤维含量等品质性状进行测定与分析。结果表明,参试大麦新品种(系)籽粒各品质性状的平均值为:水分含量9.58%,蛋白质含量13.67%,淀粉含量49.26%,粗纤维含量5.28%。参试品种(系)籽粒的蛋白质、粗纤维含量整体较高,水分含量较低;淀粉平均含量与对照S500差异不显著,低于对照的品种(系)有15个。4个品种(系)14BL1-86、云大麦12号、滇青1号及川12259达到饲用大麦一级标准。所有参试品种(系)粗纤维含量过高是作饲用大麦的主要影响因素,只有云大麦12号、川12259、滇青1号3个品种达到饲料大麦的标准;蛋白质含量过高是作啤酒大麦应用的主要问题,22个参试品种均达不到一级啤酒大麦的质量标准。     

利用RNAi技术沉默大麦B-Hordein基因的研究

为限制大麦籽粒中贮藏蛋白的积累,降低其蛋白质含量,以大麦幼胚为受体材料,采用农杆菌介导的转化方法,将大麦B组醇溶蛋白基因gp4/antisense gp4片段与Ubi启动子相连导入大麦,经PCR检测证实,含有gp4反向重复基因片段的RNAi抑制表达框架已成功转入大麦。RT-PCR结果表明,转基因株系中B-Hordein mRNA积累受到明显抑制。收获T1代籽粒,经近红外谷物分析仪测定表明,2个转基因大麦株系籽粒蛋白质含量(分别为11.4%、11.7%)较对照(12.3%)降低。因此,利用RNA干涉技术降低大麦蛋白质含量是可行的。     

Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed,food, and biofuels production

Grain compositional components impacting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) use in food, feed and fuel products, must be combined with improved agronomic traits to produce a commercially viable barley cultivar. Little current information is available on grain composition and variability among winter barley genotypes. This study was conducted to determine the variability among modern hulled and hulless winter barley genotypes in grain composition. Barley types varied significantly in grain and kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan, oil and ash content, but not in protein concentration. Hulless barley had significantly higher grain test weight and starch concentration than hulled and malting types, and significantly higher beta-glucan than malting barley. Hulless barley had significantly lower kernel weights, oil, and ash concentrations than hulled and malting types. Higher starch and lower fiber and ash in grain of hulless barley versus hulled feed or malting type barley are characteristics that increase hulless barley desirability. Selection for high starch concentration among all barley types is feasible and will facilitate development of barley cultivars better suited for use in feed, malt, and ethanol production.     

Barley grain β-glucan content as affected by nitrogen and irrigation

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with high grain β-glucan content in the soluble dietary fiber fraction may be useful as a specialty crop for human food. In contrast, low β-glucan content is desirable for brewing or animal feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and irrigation on barley grain β-glucan content. Relationships between barley grain β-glucan content and some agronomic traits were examined. Generally, high nitrogen levels increased barley grain β-glucan content in both years. The N₂ treatment gave the best grain β-glucan contents. A negative effect of irrigation was observed for barley grain β-glucan content. Increased levels of irrigation tended to decrease grain β-glucan content in barley. Non-irrigated treatments commonly had the greatest values for grain β-glucan content in all treatments. Higher positive correlations between β-glucan and protein content were observed in both years. A negative correlation between β-glucan content and 1000 grain weight was significant in 1999 while a negative correlation between β-glucan content and sieve analysis was significant in 2000. It may be concluded that increased nitrogen is desirable for high grain β-glucan content in barley but not irrigation.     

粒苗多用型福大麦1号的特征特性及配套栽培技术

为适应福建省生产发展的需要,采用秋水仙素溶液处理闽诱3号麦株,诱发变异、选育出粒、苗多用型二棱皮大麦新品种福大麦1号。文章对该品种的特征特性进行了详细描述,并对其籽粒、麦苗产量表现及其蛋白质、17种氨基酸、SOD酶活性等进行了检测和多品种比较。针对该品种的不同栽培用途,总结出进行籽粒、麦叶、青大麦生产应采取的相应栽培技术措施。     

Endosperm and aleurone cell structure in barley and wheat as studied by optical and Raman microscopy

Grain ultrastructure is of utmost importance when designing grain processing procedures in the food industry. In this study, wheat and barley grain components were localised using optical and Raman microscopy. The optical microscopic analyses were performed using several selective stains to localise β-glucan, protein and starch or autofluorescence to image the ferulic acid and other fluorescing substances. Alternatively, Raman microscopy was applied to localise the grain components without any need for preceding staining or other sample pretreatment. Both methods provided consistent information on the grain structures, illustrating the distribution of polysaccharides, aromatics and protein in endosperm and aleurone layers. In aleurone layers of both barley and wheat, a distinct difference between the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls was observed. The anticlinal cell walls were enriched with aromatic substances which were present in remarkably lower concentrations in the inner periclinal cell walls but for barley, an even higher concentration in the outer periclinal cell wall was observed. In addition, Raman spectroscopy illustrated the detailed distribution of substances across the aleurone cell walls: β-glucan was adjacent to proteins and it was deficient in the middle lamella whereas arabinoxylan was enriched in the outer cell wall layers and middle lamella.     

大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性评价

为了解大麦籽粒大小的遗传多样性与稳定性,以185份大麦种质资源为材料,测定了7个试验环境下籽粒的长度、宽度、长宽比及千粒重等性状,对其遗传多样性和稳定性进行了分析评价。结果表明,所有试验环境下二棱大麦粒长、粒宽及千粒重均值均大于六棱大麦,籽粒长宽比均值均小于六棱大麦;二棱大麦与六棱大麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽及籽粒长宽比在品种(系)间及环境间差异均极显著,且品种(系)与环境之间存在极显著的互作效应,籽粒大小在环境间差异程度因性状而异,其中以千粒重的差异程度最大。依据10级分类分布频次法则,千粒重和粒宽分布比较集中,六棱大麦集中分布在3、4等级,二棱大麦集中分布在7、8等级;粒长和籽粒长宽比分布比较分散,六棱大麦粒长和籽粒长宽比分别分布在1~10等级和2~10等级范围内,二棱大麦粒长和长宽比分别集中分布在4~8等级和2~7等级范围内。千粒重与粒长、粒宽及粒长与籽粒长宽比呈极显著正相关,粒宽与籽粒长宽比呈极显著负相关;粒长与粒宽及千粒重与籽粒长宽比的相关性因棱型不同而异。二棱大麦千粒重的稳定性小于六棱大麦,而粒长和籽粒长宽比的稳定性恰好相反,粒宽的稳定性与棱型无关;皮大麦千粒重稳定性小于裸大麦,其余籽粒大小性状的稳定性与皮裸无关。通过熵权法TOPSIS对大麦籽粒大小进行综合评价,筛选出籽粒饱满且稳定的品种川52209,其可作为大麦籽粒性状改良的优异种质。     

Effects of broad-leaf crops and their sowing time on subsequent wheat production

Lupin, field pea, lentil, chickpea, canola, linseed, and barley were sown at different times (late April-early July) to study their effects on subsequent wheat production on a red earth at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. The cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum) included Dunn, Derrimut, Maitland and Dinkum; narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) cultivars were Danja, Geebung and Gungurru, and either the L. angustifolius line 75A/330 (1989–1990) or the broad-leaf lupin L. albus cv. Ultra (1991–1992). Only one cultivar of the other crops was grown in any year and after 1989 lentil (Lens culinaris cv. Aldinga) was replaced by chickpea (Cicer arietinum cv. Amethyst). The canola (cv. Shiralee (1989–1991), cv. Barossa (1992)) and linseed (cv. Glenelg) rotations received annual applications of 40–50 kg N/ha as urea.Compared to barley and the oilseeds, grain legumes increased soil mineral N supply to the following wheat crop. Over 4 years the mean wheat grain yield response to a broad-leaf crop, relative to barley, was 115% for lupin, 84% for field pea, 88% for linseed and 86% for canola. However, the effects of the various crops on subsequent wheat grain yields and grain protein varied markedly with season. The main advantage of lupin over field pea occurred in years when disease reduced growth of field pea crops. In high rainfall years, wheat yields following lentil and chickpea were lower than those following lupin. The narrow-leaf cultivars of lupin promoted greater wheat yields than either the reduced branching line 75A/330 or the broad-leaf albus cultivar Ultra. Delayed sowing of lupin reduced yield and grain protein of wheat, except when low rainfall curtailed growth of either crop in the rotation. There was little effect of field pea sowing date on wheat grain yield but sowing in late June combined with a dry spring, reduced mineral N supply and grain protein. Late sowing of oilseeds had no consistent effect on wheat grain yield but increased grain protein in most years. Late sowing of barley typically increased wheat grain yield but had little effect on grain protein. The effects of sowing time were mainly attributed to effects on soil N supply and for barley on disease incidence in the subsequent wheat.     

Increased grain yield and micronutrient concentration in transgenic winter wheat by ectopic expression of a barley sucrose transporter

Optimising assimilate partitioning to spikes is important to increase wheat yield potential. Novel winter wheat lines (HOSUT), ectopically expressing barley sucrose transporter HvSUT1 controlled by the barley Hordein B1 promoter were used to evaluate the potential of improved sucrose uptake capacity on grain yield and quality under field-like conditions. Three independent HOSUT lines were grown over three years in micro-plots. Grain yield per plot was significantly increased by 28%, together with higher protein yield per plot and higher iron and zinc concentration when compared to the non-transformed control wheat Certo. Thousand grain weight was enhanced, indicating that expression of HvSUT1 increases individual grain sink strength. HOSUT grains are larger, display increased grain width and to a lesser extent grain length, indicating transgene effects at a stage when grains grow under filial control. Grain number per spike was decreased by 15% and protein contents by 5%, on average, especially that of glutenins. Overall, despite some compensating effects on grain number per spike and protein contents, HOSUT lines generate a significant yield advantage. The findings can contribute to understanding determinants of grain size and number and its relationship to grain sink strength and might identify limitations of wheat yield potential.     

Protein and hordein content in barley seeds as affected by nitrogen level and their relationship to beta-amylase activity

Two barley cultivars differing in grain size and protein content were used to investigate the effects of nitrogen nutrition, cultivar and their interaction on grain protein content, hordein content and beta-amylase activity and the relationship between hordein content and beta-amylase activity during in vitro spike culture. The content of protein and hordein fraction, and beta-amylase activity in barley grains increased as the nitrogen level in culture solution increased. Grain protein content was significantly affected by nitrogen treatment and cultivar, and there was no significant interaction between nitrogen treatment and cultivar. Hordein content and beta-amylase activity were significantly affected by nitrogen treatment and cultivar as well as their interaction. Beta-amylase activity was positively correlated with grain protein and hordein contents, and the ratio of hordein B:C was negatively correlated with total protein content and beta-amylase activity.