地下水超采综合治理水利工程措施分析——以馆陶县为例

对地下水超采治理中水利工程措施进行了分析,简要介绍了地表水替代地下水、井灌区高效节水中应采取的水利工程措施。地表水替代地下水,是指通过一系列水利工程措施,建立从水源到田间的完善的灌溉体系,充分利用地表水灌溉,减少地下水开采;井灌区高效节水,是指对井灌区,通过发展节水灌溉,提高灌溉水利用系数,减少地下水开采。文中分析了不同工程措施的适用情况,并以河北省馆陶县地表水替代地下水工程为例,介绍了不同水利工程措施在地下水超采治理中的实践应用,为开展地下水超采治理提供参考。     

水均衡法评价玛纳斯河流域莫索湾灌区地下水资源

莫索湾灌区位于玛纳斯河下游,地下水补给以侧向径流补给和灌溉水入渗补给为主,因此,地下水位多年动态变化特征基本上反映了地下水开采量的变化特征。基于水均衡分析法,分析了研究区地下水资源利用情况,对灌区1998-2007年地下水系列各项补给量和排泄量进行平衡计算,指出灌区地下水位明显受灌溉用水量和人工开采量的双重控制,尤其是人工开采量对地下水位变化影响最大。基于此,地下水开采应该以保证生态环境为前提,合理地开发利用地下水资源,实现地下水资源的可持续利用。     

基于采补平衡的河套灌区井渠结合模式及节水潜力

确定合理的渠井结合比以保证地下水采补平衡,是发展井渠结合灌溉、保证灌区节水和可持续发展的重点和难点。根据井渠结合区的地下水可开采量与井渠结合井灌区的灌溉用水量之间的平衡关系,建立地下水补给均衡模型。该模型考虑各级渠道输水、田间灌溉和降雨入渗对地下水的补给,地下水开采量则根据井灌区灌溉用水量确定,建立地下水补给与地下水开采量之间的均衡方程,通过求解该均衡方程,得到井渠结合区渠井结合比的合理范围在2.3~3.4之间。同时,通过局部敏感性分析方法,分析了该模型涉及参数中对渠井结合比影响程度较大的5个参数,敏感性从大到小依次为:地下水可开采系数、土地利用系数、渠道输水补给地下水系数、田间灌溉补给地下水系数、降雨补给地下水系数。进一步根据渠井结合比,计算了灌区实施井渠结合灌溉的节水潜力,结果表明,井渠结合全部实施后,灌区的节水潜力在3.4~4.6亿m~3,节水效果显著。     

灌区耗水量变化对地下水均衡影响研究

从宝鸡峡灌区水资源形成及转化的角度出发界定了灌区耗水量的概念。通过对灌区水量平衡关系分析,建立了灌区地下水量平衡模型,通过模型计算与分析,结果表明渠系及田间入渗补给量、地下水开采量是主要的地下水平衡要素;宝鸡峡灌区1991~2003年渠系蒸发及浸润损失量和渠系渗漏补给量总体呈递减的趋势,当渠首引水量和渠系利用系数一定时,渠系蒸发及浸润损失量和渠系渗漏补给量呈反比关系。灌区田间灌溉耗水量与田间灌溉入渗补给量也呈递减趋势;灌区地下水耗水量和地下水开采量总体呈上升趋势。     

变化地下水埋深与灌水量对土壤水与地下水交换的影响

【目的】探究不同地下水埋深和灌水量对土壤水与地下水交换的影响,提高灌溉水利用效率。【方法】在河套灌区开展了不同地下水埋深与灌水量对土壤含水率、地下水埋深及土壤水与地下水交换影响的田间试验,分析变化地下水埋深与灌水量对土壤水与地下水交换的影响。【结果】不同灌水量下,灌水前后0～60 cm土壤含水率变化明显,灌水主要补充耕作层,生育期第3次灌水入渗量约占灌水总量25%,灌水量越大,土壤水对地下水入渗补给量越大。地下水埋深随灌水量增加而显著减小(P0.05),地下水补给量与灌溉量的比值依次为L1处理L2处理L3处理L4处理L5处理L6处理L7处理L8处理L9处理。【结论】在河套灌区年均地下水埋深为1.8 m的区域,生育期单次灌水量110 mm,秋浇300 mm,可显著减少灌溉水下渗,以达到充分利用潜水蒸发,提高水资源利用效率,实现节水增产的目的。     

渠井结合灌区地下水位对不同渠系节水水平的响应

以泾惠渠灌区为研究对象,基于灌区地下水观测数据,运用FEFLOW建立泾惠渠灌区地下水三维模拟模型。在满足模拟规范要求的精度要求下,模拟11种不同节水水平情景,研究了地下水位对不同影响因素条件下的响应情况。得到地下水位对本次研究的三种主要影响因素条件下的响应情况为:斗口以下灌溉水利用系数灌溉定额干支渠水有效利用系数。模拟最终得到灌区最优渠井节水水平配置:干支渠水有效利用系数0.71,斗口及以下灌溉水有效利用系数0.90。在生产实际中应优先考虑提高斗口以下灌溉水有效利用系数,并以此为依据确定灌区渠系防渗衬砌标准。     

石津灌区农业水资源利用效率的初步研究

采用灌溉水利用系数、灌溉效率和水分生产率3种指标,结合石津灌区2004~2005年冬小麦生育期内的耗水量和产量,从灌区管理与水资源利用的角度,评价了该灌区农业水资源的利用状况。同时运用地下水位观测资料分析计算了田间渗漏水量和垂向回归水量,定量分析了垂向回归水补给量对灌溉效率的影响。经计算,灌溉水利用系数为0.476、灌溉效率平均为0.667、灌溉水分生产率不同尺度分别为1.214、1.350、1.490、1.751 kg/m3。回归水的再利用使得灌溉效率值平均提高了18.8%。     

北屯灌区用水效率与效益评价

根据北屯灌区基本资料,选取灌溉水利用系数、渠系水利用系数、田间水利用系数、灌溉水生产效率、耕地有效灌溉率和节水灌溉工程面积率6个指标,构建了模糊综合评价模型,对影响灌区用水综合效益的因素进行了分析.结果表明,工程状况与灌区节水灌溉的发展对灌区灌溉水利用效率的影响较为显著.     

河网区不同尺度灌区节水潜力分析

针对河网地区回归水的存在及其重复利用加大了节水潜力的尺度效应,也导致了关于真实节水潜力的诸多争论的问题,采用首尾法对比研究了河网区不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数,并对不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数提高阈值与真实节水潜力进行了综合评价.结果表明,大中型灌区灌溉水利用系数显著低于小型灌区的,且各小型灌区之间的灌溉水利用系数变异系数大.影响灌溉水利用系数的各因素中,节水灌溉因子所占的比重较大,可通过实施节水灌溉工程以提高灌溉水利用系数.大中型灌区单位面积的真实节水潜力显著低于小型灌区的.但同时,由于试验区灌区大中型灌区面积大,节水潜力主要依赖于大中型灌区,特别是大型灌区,试验区各大型样点灌区的近期真实节水潜力为(0.800~6.372)×10~7m~3;远期真实节水潜力为(1.095~8.201)×10~7m~3.不同尺度灌区应采取不同的相应节水措施,以提高灌溉水利用系数.     

基于SEBAL模型和环境卫星的区域蒸散发量及灌溉水利用系数估算研究

【目的】探索基于遥感技术建立准确快捷评估区域蒸散发量和灌溉水利用系数的方法。【方法】以河套灌区义长灌域为研究区,基于SEBAL(Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land)模型和较高时空分辨率的环境卫星影像,建立了SEBAL遥感蒸散发估算模型,并与降水量、灌水量和地下水位数据结合,计算了研究区的灌溉水利用系数。【结果】SEBAL模型反演的作物蒸散发量的平均绝对误差在5%以内;2013—2017年研究区灌溉水利用系数在0.427～0.572之间,平均值0.492,高于河套灌区的平均水平。人民支渠区的灌溉水利用系数在0.447～0.688之间,均值为0.516。研究区地下水补给量均值为52.13 mm,约占灌水量的3%～7%,忽略地下水补给量会对灌溉水利用系数准确计算带来0.03～0.08的误差。【结论】基于SEBAL遥感蒸散发模型快速测算了灌溉水利用系数,计算结果具有较好的精度和可信度。模型尺度差异性较小,在不同空间尺度的适用性较好。     

Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area,North Queensland,Australia

The Burdekin Delta is a major irrigation area situated in the dry tropics of North Queensland. It is unique in that (i) it overlies shallow groundwater systems that serve as a major water supply for the irrigation of sugarcane, and (ii) it is adjacent to the world heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. Water management practices include large recharge pits and surface spreading of water to assist with replenishment of the groundwater. This has been useful in maintaining groundwater levels to help control seawater intrusion. This technique, however, can be costly and ineffective in unconfined aquifer systems, which are subjected to large amounts of groundwater pumping for irrigation. There are more than 1800 production bores currently used for irrigation in the Burdekin Delta and the large volumes of water extracted have at times lowered the regional water tables and made it difficult to control seawater intrusion.     

Assessment of alternative water management options for irrigated agriculture

A simulation study on alternative water management strategies was carried out for Sirsa Irrigation Circle in Haryana, covering an area of about 4800 km². Results showed that crop evapotranspiration and soil salinity development under reduction in canal water supply and increase in groundwater use, are largely influenced by the amount and distribution of rainfall. Reduction in canal water supply by 25% during the rainy season is unlikely to have any adverse effect on the salinity development in the study area. Reduction in crop evapotranspiration due to decreased canal water supply can partly be compensated by the increase in groundwater use. Leaching of salts due to monsoon rains in the study area shows that groundwater of even relatively poor quality can be used for irrigation without excessive long-term build up of soil salinity under deep groundwater depth conditions. However, increased groundwater extraction without associated actions will not be very effective to solve the problem of rising groundwater levels.     

Assessing the groundwater dynamics and impacts of water saving in the Hetao Irrigation District, Yellow River basin

Water resources allocated to the agricultural sector in the Yellow River basin are being reduced due to severe water scarcity and increased demand by the non-agricultural sectors. In large-scale irrigation districts, the application of water-saving practices, e.g., improving the canal system, using water-saving irrigation technology and adjusting cropping patterns, is required for the sustainable agricultural development and the river basin environmental equilibrium. Adopting water-saving practices leads to lowering the groundwater table and to controlling salinity impacts related to excessive irrigation. However, assessing the effects of water-saving practices on the groundwater system requires further investigation. The Jiefangzha Irrigation Scheme of the Hetao Irrigation District is used as a case study for analyzing the temporal and spatial dynamics of the groundwater table. A lumped parameter groundwater balance model has been developed with this purpose and to assess impacts of various water-saving practices. The model was calibrated with monthly datasets relative to the non-frozen periods of 1997-1999 and validated with datasets from 2000 to 2002. Results indicate that canal seepage and deep percolation account for respectively 48% and 44% of the annual groundwater recharge. Groundwater discharge by direct evaporation and plant roots uptake represents 82% of the total annual groundwater discharge. After validation, the model was applied to assess the impacts of various canal and farm irrigation water-saving practices. It was observed that improvements in the canal system (e.g., canal lining, upgrading the hydraulic regulation and control structures, improving delivery schedules) might lower the groundwater table by 0.28-0.48 m, depending upon the level of implementation of these measures. Higher declines of the groundwater table are predicted when water-saving technologies are applied at both the canal and the farm systems. That decline of the water table favours salinity control and reduces capillary rise, thus reducing the groundwater evaporation and uptake by plant roots; that reduction may attain 128 mm. However, predictions may change depending on the way how water-saving measures are applied, which may be different of assumptions made; therefore, there is the need to perform a follow-up of the interventions in order to update predictions. Results indicate the need for appropriate research leading to improved irrigation management when the decline of the groundwater level will reduce groundwater contribution to vegetation growth.     

CPSP模型在华北井灌区农业水管理中的应用

为研究不同农业水管理措施对区域水平衡的影响,选择北京市大兴区为华北井灌区代表性研究区,以CPsP模型为技术支持,研究了提高灌溉水利用率、采用亏缺灌溉、改善农业种植结构及利用区外水源等不同水管理措施影响下区域水平衡、区域耗水、区域取水及用水指标的变化规律.结果表明,在资源型缺水区域,提高灌溉水利用率、采用非充分灌溉及改善农业种植结构在一定程度上能缓解区域水资源紧缺的压力,特别是采用非充分灌溉及改善作物种植结构能显著减少区域取水及耗水总量,并能减少地表水及地下水的补给量中回归水所占比例,在缓解区域水资源紧缺压力的同时也降低了区域水质遭受回归水污染风险.另外,在未来情景中,因经济快速发展及人口持续增长,工业及居民生活用水量增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将会加剧,为确保区域水资源良性循环,势必采取积极有效的水资源管理模式.     

内蒙古河套灌区地下水开发利用模式的实例研究

内蒙古河套灌区节水改造后,引黄水量大幅度减少。在河套灌区内选择一块有代表性的区域作为研究对象,探讨河套灌区全面实施节水改造方案后,地下水开发利用的可行性以及井渠结合的合理模式。以MODFLOW软件为计算工具,对不同水井布局方案在某一确定的地下水开采强度下计算区地下水动态变化过程进行预测。计算结果表明,井渠结合区每年开采1200 m3/hm2条件下,连续多年运用能够保持采补平衡。不同的水井布局方案的计算表明,1200 m3/hm2开采水平下,以局部集中布井的布局形式较好。     

Modeling approach for the assessment of recharge contribution to groundwater from surface irrigation conveyance system

Rice–Wheat rotation system utilizes surface, ground and rain water resources conjunctively. Recent studies have shown increasing contribution of groundwater for crop irrigation. As the system utilizes water pumped from the underlying aquifer and partly seeps back, a cycle of recharge and discharge continues. Sustainability of groundwater system for the on-going drought in the country depends mainly on the recharge of the aquifer. The reported study was, therefore, carried out to measure and assess the recharge contribution of a distributary of canal in Punjab, Pakistan. Assessment of recharge through distributary was carried out using a groundwater flow “MODFLOW” model, which utilized the observed watertable, climatic, crop and soil for a period of about 1 year in addition to hydraulic conductivity, evapotranspiration and aquifer characteristics data. The requisite primary data for “MODFLOW” were collected from field and secondary data from public sector organizations dealing with water. Model calibration involved changing input parameters within reasonable limits until acceptable matches were obtained between the observed and simulated water levels for all observed hydrographs. The external inputs such as, recharge through irrigation, precipitation, stresses due to evaporation, lateral flow and stream were simulated to calculate the monthly water budget of aquifer. As concluded, recharge contribution was 16.5% of the inflow rate of the distributary. Using predicted results of the model a relationship between recharge (R) and discharge (Q) was also developed. Although, the presented results of recharge contribution were limited to one distributary of canal irrigation system, yet the developed methodology can be extended to the other canal systems of the Indus Basin.     

Understanding and managing groundwater and salinity in a tropical conjunctive water use irrigation district

Agricultural production around the world is increasingly being constrained by hydrological factors—such as over-extraction of groundwater in some locations, rising water tables in others, and worsening groundwater quality in general. One such area is the Lower Burdekin irrigation area in northern tropical Australia, where rising watertable levels and increasing salinity concentrations within alluvial deposits are causing concern. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of the processes driving trends in groundwater quantity and quality in Mona Park, a conjunctive water use irrigation district in the Lower Burdekin. The analysis is intended to enable land and water managers to explore alternative policy and management practices to help support the reversal in current trends, and to improve water table conditions in terms of both water quantity and quality. Key lessons that are applicable to the development of new irrigation schemes in wet-dry tropical regions elsewhere in the world are emphasised.This study demonstrated that simple qualitative methods that link historical developments and observed climatic and hydrological trends can support development of a robust understanding of groundwater behaviour. The results showed that to minimise groundwater accessions in wet-dry tropical regions, a large soil water deficit should be maintained in the unsaturated zone prior to the onset of the wet season to buffer against potentially large wet season recharge events, and that this strategy should be implemented from when irrigation is first commenced. It is very clear that groundwater systems under or down gradient from irrigated areas need to be managed adaptively, such that: (1) timely decisions are made in response to changes in watertable level and groundwater quality; and (2) suitable mechanisms are in place to ensure farmers have the financial incentives and flexibility to respond in the short-term. The work also demonstrated that the establishment of good baseline data prior to irrigation development, and long-term analysis (>30 years) involving various combinations of wet and dry periods, are required in order to build a comprehensive understanding of potential groundwater behaviour and adaptive management needs.     

Sensitivity of groundwater recharge under irrigated agriculture to changes in climate, CO2 concentrations and canopy structure

Estimating groundwater recharge in response to increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change is critical for future management of agricultural water resources in arid or semi-arid regions. Based on climate projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this study quantified groundwater recharge under irrigated agriculture in response to variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (550 and 970 ppm) and average daily temperature (+1.1 and +6.4 °C compared to current conditions). HYDRUS 1D, a model used to simulate water movement in unsaturated, partially saturated, or fully saturated porous media, was used to simulate the impact of climate change on vadose zone hydrologic processes and groundwater recharge for three typical crop sites (alfalfa, almonds and tomatoes) in the San Joaquin watershed in California. Plant growth with the consideration of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration was simulated using the heat unit theory. A modified version of the Penman-Monteith equation was used to account for the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Irrigation amount and timing was based on crop potential evapotranspiration. The results of this study suggest that increases in atmospheric CO₂ and average daily temperature may have significant effects on groundwater recharge. Increasing temperature caused a temporal shift in plant growth patterns and redistributed evapotranspiration and irrigation water use earlier in the growing season resulting in a decrease in groundwater recharge under alfalfa and almonds and an increase under tomatoes. Elevating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations generally decreased groundwater recharge for all crops due to decreased evapotranspiration resulting in decreased irrigation water use. Increasing average daily temperature by 1.1 and 6.4 °C and atmospheric CO₂ concentration to 550 and 970 ppm led to a decrease in cumulative groundwater recharge for most scenarios. Overall, the results indicate that groundwater recharge may be very sensitive to potential future climate changes.     

A cross disciplinary framework for linking farms with regional groundwater and salinity management targets

Irrigation delivers major benefits in food security and human development. Irrigation also leads to waterlogging and salinity which threaten the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and pose major socioeconomic and environmental risks. The issue can be addressed by limiting net recharge to groundwater such that the water and salt keep natural equilibria. Often the information on net recharge within catchments is unavailable, particularly at lower spatial scales such as the farm or paddock; this offers little guidance for on-farm land and water management decisions—basic decisions that ultimately impact regional net recharge and waterlogging and salinity dynamics. This paper develops a cross disciplinary framework based on the concept of net recharge for setting paddock scale targets and to link these to the regional targets and community's goals for sustainable irrigation management. A management model, cast in a dynamic programming format to integrate a detailed hydrological model with an economic model was applied to estimate the productivity, profitability and sustainability of irrigated agriculture in a region of the Murray Darling Basin in Australia. SWAGMAN^® Farm model was used to determine paddock scale net recharge. This interactive model enables an individual farmer to choose a profit optimizing crop mix while lowering net recharge; this in turn leads to a win-win outcome for all farmers. The net recharge metric can be used for the conversion of diffuse source groundwater recharge to a point source recharge at paddock scale, enabling the definition of private property rights to a common pool problem and assigning individual responsibilities for its management—a vexing issue and a new concept for the commons literature. Net recharge shows significant spatial and temporal variation which warrants a targeted/zonal approach to address the issue. Regional and targeted strategies and actions to address the issue are identified. Apart from its applied and action research orientation, the development of paddock scale net recharge metric is perhaps the most significant conceptual contribution of this research which can lead to shared management of groundwater aquifers.     

漳河灌区节水灌溉影响分析

为了解决越来越严重的水资源危机，发展节水灌溉已经成为灌区越来越重要的任务。自改革开放以来，漳河灌区灌溉用水量有了大幅度下降，而农业生产总产量却有所上升。灌区通过节水灌溉，使得灌溉水分生产率不断提高，在保证农业生产总产量稳步提高的前提下节约灌溉用水。与此同时，将所节约的农业灌溉用水转移到如发电、城镇供水、工业用水等非农业用水部门，从而大大提高了单方水利用效益。这是我国开展节水灌溉较为成功的典范。通过研究漳河灌区节水灌溉的影响，寻求大型灌区真实节水的途径，使得有限的水资源得到更加充分、合理的利用。