作物秸秆腐解过程中土壤微生物量的研究

研究了不同作物秸秆腐解过程中土壤微生物量Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ的变化,结果表明：当玉米、谷子、马铃薯和苜蓿秸秆施入土壤后,其微生物量Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ明显增高。不同的秸秆在腐解过程中微生物量Ｃ和Ｐ有相同的变化趋势,即施入秸秆后０～１５天快速增加,然后缓慢下降,４５天时降至最低。４５～６０天又出现一个上升阶段,之后又下降。不同秸秆的微生物量Ｎ差异较大。比较４种秸秆,在腐解的整个过程中土壤微生物量Ｃ表现为玉米〉谷子〉苜蓿     

玉米秸秆腐解过程的红外光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）对玉米秸秆腐解过程进行了研究,由光谱变化的分析可见,随着腐解的进行,羟基,酮羰基,甲基,亚甲基和次甲基的含量逐渐降低,腐解产物的脂族性降低,芳香性趋于升高和增强,有机成分中的无机元素特别是硅释放出来,并以ＳｉＯ２等氧化物的形式逐渐积累,一些阳离子则形成羧酸盐和碳酸盐。羰基在腐解过程中皆形成羰酸盐。就秸秆中叶片和茎秆腐解变化的差异来说,叶片腐解产物中甲氧基的含量增加     

水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆在好气和厌氧条件下的腐解规律

采用室内模拟培养的方法,研究了水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆在好气和厌氧条件下的腐解规律。结果表明:在0~3个月的培养时间内,水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆腐解较快,腐解率达55%以上。在好气培养条件下,水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆质量减少50%所需要的时间(t_(1/2))分别为59.2 d和52.9 d,而在厌氧培养条件下的t_(1/2)分别为72.6 d和79.9 d。水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆在好气培养条件下的碳释放速率常数k(0.61~0.6月~(-1))高于其在厌氧培养条件下的碳释放速率常数k(0.55~0.57月~(-1))。水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆在好气培养条件下的氮释放速率常数k(0.25~2.36月~(-1))也高于其在厌氧培养条件下的氮释放速率常数k(0.16~2.32月~(-1))。水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量在好气培养条件下的减少速率高于其在厌氧培养条件下的减少速率。综上所述,好气培养条件有利于作物秸秆降解和营养物质的释放。     

植物秸秆腐解特性与微生物群落变化的响应

采用网袋法探讨不同新鲜秸秆在农田土壤的腐解特征,结合Biolog微平板技术,对不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,随着腐解时间的增加,新鲜秸秆的残留率波动不大,秸秆的腐解速度为玉米秸秆大于大豆秸秆。整个腐解时期,不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的平均颜色变化率AWCD值由高到低依次为FCN(新鲜玉米秸秆+氮)、FC(新鲜玉米秸秆)、FB(新鲜大豆秸秆),说明玉米不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的密度大、稳定性好,大豆秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落相对密度小,稳定性差,3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的AWCD值之间没有显著差异(P0.05),但不同秸秆类型与腐解时间的交互作用之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的优势种群主要以糖类和多聚物为主,在腐解中后期难分解物质逐渐累积,均表现为对芳香化合物的利用最弱。3种秸秆的腐解残留率与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、土壤温度、氨基酸、多胺类的碳源利用方面影响较大,土壤含水量和秸秆含水量的高低在一定程度上影响不同秸秆的腐解残留率。     

玉米秸秆腐解过程中形成胡敏酸的组成和结构研究

采用化学方法和谱学方法对玉米秸秆腐解生成胡敏酸（CCSR HA）的组成和结构进行了研究.结果表明,CCSR HA的碳组成可分成三个部分：脂肪族碳、芳香族碳和羧基碳,它们的含量分别为59.62%、26.94%和13.44%.CCSR HA主要的官能团包括羟基、烷基、羧基、酰胺基、苯环、烷氧基及碳水化合物结构,木质素残体是其骨架,碳水化合物结构或类糖结构及烷基片段是其主要组成单元.其类型属于Rp型胡敏酸.未腐解的玉米秸秆本身就含有类胡敏酸物质（OCSR HA）,OCSR HA和CCSR HA的官能团组成上有一定差异,后者结构中,甲基、亚甲基、次甲基、醚键官能团和酚羟基的含量降低,而酰胺成分、游离的羧基、甲氧基、碳水化合物组分相对含量升高,脂族性升高,芳香性降低,芳香度由初始的42.19降至腐解后的29.97,并且与无机物质的结合能力增强.就元素组成的变化看,CCSR HA中C和H元素的含量趋于降低,而N和O元素的含量趋于升高.CCSR HA同土壤胡敏酸相比,糖类结构含量较高,并且以片段的形式与水解木质素残体相连.羧基含量较低,但以不同的连接方式存在着.     

不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素

农田土壤中秸秆腐解伴随氮磷钾养分的释放是重要的生物地球化学过程,也是秸秆还田替代化肥养分的基础。了解不同农区秸秆分解过程中的养分释放动态,揭示秸秆、气候和土壤条件的交互作用机制,是制定秸秆还田合理措施的理论基础。基于寒温带-暖温带-中亚热带的黑土、潮土、红壤互置试验平台,研究了小麦、玉米秸秆在3年腐解过程中养分释放过程和影响因素。结果表明,秸秆中养分释放速率的大小顺序为KPN;秸秆中氮素和磷素在寒温带以及在红壤和潮土中表现为先富集再释放特征,在暖温带、中亚热带以及黑土中表现为直接释放特征;秸秆中钾素均表现为直接快速释放特征,在腐解0.5 a平均释放率达89.5%。气候和土壤条件主导了氮磷的释放,其相对平均贡献率分别为19.5%和15.2%。在腐解后期(2~3 a)气候、土壤和秸秆因素对养分释放的贡献率30%,说明土壤生物因素可能起了主导作用。     

不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、 黑麦草(YH)、 肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、 氮、 磷、 钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、 磷、 钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。     

玉米秸秆腐解规律及土壤微生物功能多样性研究

试验以玉米长期连作和玉米—小麦轮作土壤为研究对象,采用网袋法设定秸秆覆盖和深埋2个还田处理,间隔不同时间取样,分析秸秆腐解特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,针对不同土壤来说,玉米—小麦轮作土壤中2种秸秆还田方式下(T1和T2),玉米秸秆腐解速率、养分(N、P和K)释放率均高于玉米长期连作土壤(CT1和CT2);不同秸秆腐解时间下,土壤微生物群落功能多样性各处理表现不同。总的来说,T1和T2处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均高于CT1和CT2。在玉米长期连作种植区,秸秆深埋比秸秆覆盖能更有效提高玉米秸秆腐解率和改善土壤微生物群落结构的功能多样性。     

秸秆腐解过程中土壤无机纳米微粒对酶活性影响研究

通过玉米秸秆腐解的培养试验,研究了土壤无机纳米粒子(SINP)对玉米秸秆腐解中磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:SINP加入腐解的玉米秸秆中后,对土壤中的酶活性有显著的影响,但这种影响因酶的种类不同而有显著的差异。SINP对所有磷酸酶(酸性、碱性、中性)活性都有提高作用,并以腐解的初期和后期提高的幅度最大和最显著。在初期和中后期也显著增加了腐解物中蛋白酶的酶活性。SINP对脲酶活性总体趋势具有显著促进作用。对蔗糖酶活性的促进作用在玉米秸秆腐解的前期非常明显,但在中后期起抑制作用。因此,土壤纳米粒子能够促进有机物料腐解过程中的酶活性,继而促进有机物料的矿化。     

少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响

为了研究高产灌溉条件下土壤耕作模式对还田玉米秸秆腐解的影响,在山东龙口采用4种土壤耕作模式（常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖）进行了一年两季田间试验,测定了秸秆腐解率、秸秆腐解速率和秸秆的纤维素含量。结果表明：秸秆腐解速率与土壤温度具有显著的相关性。旋耕秸秆还田和耙耕秸秆还田两种少耕模式和常规耕作秸秆还田模式的秸秆腐解率、平均秸秆腐解速率无显著差异,说明少耕模式并不因减少耕作程序而降低作物秸秆在田间的腐解。免耕模式的秸秆腐解率和腐解速度显著低于以上3种耕作模式,经过小麦和玉米两个生长季节后仍有37.78%的玉米秸秆剩余,而且秸秆中纤维素质量分数为20.69%,腐解质量差,会对下年作物的出苗产生 影响。     

玉米秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成演化特征

【目的】土壤中存在着大量的分解秸秆的微生物。研究秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成的演化规律,对了解和调控农田微生物群体组成以促进秸秆分解具有重要意义。【方法】试验于2014年10月至2015年10月在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地进行,将成熟期玉米秸秆(茎和叶)烘干,剪成长1~2 cm、宽0.3~1 cm的碎片,称12 g样品(相当于8 t/hm^2)装入15 cm×10 cm的尼龙网包(孔径0.04 mm)内,于10月5日冬小麦出苗后埋置在小麦垄间。分别于埋置后0、1、2、4、7、10和12个月收集秸秆包和土壤样品。测定秸秆样品干物质量和碳氮含量,选择埋置了0、2、4、7和12个月的秸秆及其土壤样品分析细菌丰度及群落组成。【结果】秸秆埋入土壤后的前2个月内分解最快,然后逐步减慢,在1、2、4、7、10和12个月后分别降解了总生物量的19.2%、32.9%、44.2%、52.2%、66.8%和73.8%。秸秆埋入土壤后,秸秆和土壤中细菌丰度均显著增加,分别于第4和7个月达到最高后开始下降。秸秆细菌的丰度指标OTUs、ACE、Chao1和多样性指标Shannon随试验时间的延长逐步增加,而Simpson指数随试验时间延长逐步降低,而土壤中这些指标在试验过程中没有显著变化。与刚埋置秸秆时相比,埋置2个月后的秸秆细菌Bacteroidetes门相对丰度明显增加,主导细菌群为Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门。Actinobacteria丰度在埋置2个月后明显降低,然后又随试验时间延长逐步增加。Planctomycetes、Saccharibacteria、Verrucomicrobia、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi和Gemmatimonadetes丰度在原始秸秆中较低,埋入土壤后随试验时间延长逐步增加。Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria和Flavobacteriia主导前期细菌纲组成,而Actinobacteria、Anaerolineae和Bacilli纲丰度在后期逐步增加。秸秆分解速率主要受其碳含量影响,秸秆细菌群落组成前期与秸秆碳含量相关,后期与秸秆氮含量相关。随着试验的进展,秸秆细菌群落组成与土壤中的细菌群落组成趋同。【结论】秸秆埋入土壤后前2个月的分解速率最高,随后逐步降低。秸秆分解前期细菌群落由富营养型组分Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门和Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Flavobacteriia和Alphaproteobacteria纲主导,随后被逐步增加的贫营养型组分Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Saccharibacteria门和Deltaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria纲等代替。秸秆碳氮含量变化是影响秸秆分解及其过程中细菌群落演化的主要原因。     

小麦秸杆好氧堆肥过程中微生物多样性与优势菌群分析

为明确小麦秸秆好氧堆肥各典型发酵阶段中的优势功能菌群,该研究通过16s rDNA高通量测序技术对堆肥过程中微生物多样性进行了分析.结果表明,堆肥过程中各典型发酵阶段中微生物的多样性存在显著差异,各阶段中的优势功能菌群各有不同.在升温期微生物种类主要以片球菌属(Pediococcus)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和...     

玉米秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成演化特征

【目的】土壤中存在着大量的分解秸秆的微生物。研究秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成的演化规律,对了解和调控农田微生物群体组成以促进秸秆分解具有重要意义。【方法】试验于2014年10月至2015年10月在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地进行,将成熟期玉米秸秆(茎和叶)烘干,剪成长1~2 cm、宽0.3~1 cm的碎片,称12 g样品(相当于8 t/hm^2)装入15 cm×10 cm的尼龙网包(孔径0.04 mm)内,于10月5日冬小麦出苗后埋置在小麦垄间。分别于埋置后0、1、2、4、7、10和12个月收集秸秆包和土壤样品。测定秸秆样品干物质量和碳氮含量,选择埋置了0、2、4、7和12个月的秸秆及其土壤样品分析细菌丰度及群落组成。【结果】秸秆埋入土壤后的前2个月内分解最快,然后逐步减慢,在1、2、4、7、10和12个月后分别降解了总生物量的19.2%、32.9%、44.2%、52.2%、66.8%和73.8%。秸秆埋入土壤后,秸秆和土壤中细菌丰度均显著增加,分别于第4和7个月达到最高后开始下降。秸秆细菌的丰度指标OTUs、ACE、Chao1和多样性指标Shannon随试验时间的延长逐步增加,而Simpson指数随试验时间延长逐步降低,而土壤中这些指标在试验过程中没有显著变化。与刚埋置秸秆时相比,埋置2个月后的秸秆细菌Bacteroidetes门相对丰度明显增加,主导细菌群为Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门。Actinobacteria丰度在埋置2个月后明显降低,然后又随试验时间延长逐步增加。Planctomycetes、Saccharibacteria、Verrucomicrobia、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi和Gemmatimonadetes丰度在原始秸秆中较低,埋入土壤后随试验时间延长逐步增加。Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria和Flavobacteriia主导前期细菌纲组成,而Actinobacteria、Anaerolineae和Bacilli纲丰度在后期逐步增加。秸秆分解速率主要受其碳含量影响,秸秆细菌群落组成前期与秸秆碳含量相关,后期与秸秆氮含量相关。随着试验的进展,秸秆细菌群落组成与土壤中的细菌群落组成趋同。【结论】秸秆埋入土壤后前2个月的分解速率最高,随后逐步降低。秸秆分解前期细菌群落由富营养型组分Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门和Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Flavobacteriia和Alphaproteobacteria纲主导,随后被逐步增加的贫营养型组分Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Saccharibacteria门和Deltaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria纲等代替。秸秆碳氮含量变化是影响秸秆分解及其过程中细菌群落演化的主要原因。     

Carbon,nitrogen and microbial biomass interrelationships during the decomposition of wheat straw: A mechanistic simulation model

The behavior of added carbon as crop residues and nitrogen in agricultural ecosystems is most often quantitatively described by empirically derived first-order rate reactions. A mechanistic approach may be more precise for describing interrelations between C, N and microbial populations during short periods of active decomposition. The effect of N on the disappearance of C from a wheat straw system, and the response of the biomass to N additions, was simulated using microbial growth and maintenance terms derived from the literature. Results of the simulation were compared with microbial growth and wheat straw decomposition measurements made with an electrolytic respirometer. Straw decomposition rate was shown to be strongly dependent on available C and N during initial decomposition. When N is limiting, excess available C apparently is immobilized as polysaccharides.     

Microbial respiration and growth during the decomposition of wheat straw

The effect of N on the disappearance of C from 1.5 g wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. “Nugaines”) straw decomposing in sand and the response of the biomass to addition of N (adequate to bring the C:N ratio to 48:1) and C (200 mg of glucose-C) were determined. A concept was used that assumed the change in the microbial biomass was proportional to the change in acid hydrolyzable amino acid-N. Microbial respiration (CO₂ evolution and O₂ uptake) and growth were stimulated by the initial addition of N (which brought the original C:N ratio from 150:1 to 48:1), but the addition of the same amount of N to the system at 240 h that had received no N initially resulted in slight if any increase in respiration or microbial growth. The response of the microflora to the 200 mg of glucose-C additions after 240 h indicated the microbial populations were primarily limited by available C rather than available N after only 240 h incubation, even though about 95% of the original straw residue-C plus biomass C remained in the system. Respiratory quotients indicated a qualitative shift over time in the average oxidation state of the substrates being metabolized. It is postulated that the RQ shift resulted, at least in part, from death of the population rather than totally from the availability of the straw substrate.The initial addition of N resulted in 3.8 times the net amino acid production, but only 1.6 times the CO₂-C production over 240 h compared with the control without added N. These results suggest that N availability might result in a change in the growth yield of the microbial population.     

Carbon and nitrogen transformations during wheat straw and root decomposition

C and N transformations were followed during the decomposition of winter wheat (Triticum aestirum L.) straw and roots in a sand and nutrient solution mixture. The samples were divided into water soluble, 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolyzable, and 6 n H₂SO₄ residue C and N fractions. Changes in microbial biomass and residue composition (by proximate analysis) were followed for 192 days.Decomposition defined as the breakdown of original plant material showed little net difference between straw and root samples although their decomposition patterns were different. On the basis of percentage of original total C. more CO₂₋C evolved from the straw than the roots, and the difference was nearly equal to the difference in their respective water-soluble C fractions. Lower CO₂ evolution from the roots was related to the smaller microbial biomass which developed during root decomposition. A larger proportion of the root material was ash and lignin, some of which was water extractable but was not microbially utilized. Under nonlimiting nutrient conditions differences in decomposition between different plant parts reflected the differences in residue composition at the initiation of decomposition.Most of the N immobilized during decomposition appeared in the 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolyzable N fraction. Nitrogen immobilized in this fraction was used to estimate changes in microbial biomass. There was an increase in water-soluble N with time but mineral N remained constant.The proportions of plant constituents removed from fresh undecomposed straw by the 6 n H₂SO₄ hydrolysis were comparable to those removed during 192 days of decomposition as determined by proximate analysis. Cumulative CO₂-C evolved during the 192-day study was comparable to the sum of initial water-soluble and acid-hydrolyzable C.     

Impact of wheat straw decomposition on successional patterns of soil microbial community structure

The dynamics of indigenous bacterial and fungal soil communities were followed throughout the decomposition of wheat straw residue. More precisely, such dynamics were investigated in the different soil zones under the influence of decomposing wheat straw residue (i.e. residues, soil adjacent to residue = detritusphere, and bulk soil). The genetic structures of bacterial and fungal communities were compared throughout the decomposition process long by applying B- and F-ARISA (for bacterial and fungal-automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) to DNA extracts from these different zones. Residue decomposition induced significant changes in bacterial and fungal community dynamics with a magnitude of changes between the different soil zones ordered as followed: residue > detritusphere > bulk soil, confirming the spatial structuration of the sphere of residue influence to the 4-6 mm soil zone in contact with residue. Furthermore, significant differences in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities were apparent between the early (14 and 28 days) and late (from 56 to 168 days) stages of decomposition. These could be related to ecological attributes such as the succession of r- (copiotrophs) and K- (oligotrophs) strategists. Microbial diversity at the early (28 days) and late (168 days) stages of degradation was further analysed by a molecular inventory of 16S and 18S rDNA in DNA extracts from the residue zone. This confirmed the succession of different populations during residue decomposition. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Neurospora sp. were dominant in the early stage with subsequent stimulation of Actinobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria taxa, as well as Basidiomycota fungal taxa and Madurella spp. According to the ecological attributes of these populations, microbial succession on fresh organic residue incorporated in soil would be dominated by copiotrophs and r-strategists in the early stages, with oligotrophs (K-strategists) increasing in relative abundance as substrate quantity and/or quality declines over time.     

三组微生物菌群分解油菜秸秆的消化液性质比较

利用微生物对秸秆进行酸化前处理能够有效提高秸秆甲烷发酵效率。该文以探索不同微生物菌群对秸秆消化过程的影响为目的,利用3组不同的菌群（纤维素分解菌群MC1、纤维素分解菌群WDC2以及牛粪菌群（CD））消化油菜秸秆,通过监测消化液的性质变化,评价不同菌群对油菜秸秆酸化前处理的效果。结果表明,菌群WDC2、MC1、CD均能有效地提高油菜秸秆消化效率（油菜秸秆分解率分别为46.77%、44.28%和43.40%）,相比于未加入外源菌的对照处理,分解率提高12.21%～15.58%。WDC2和MC1能有效地提高消化液中的化学需氧量（COD）,在分解的48 h,2组菌群的 COD比未加入外源菌群处理分别提高9.13%和7.83%。CD不能提高培养液中的COD含量。此外,相比与MC1与CD,WDC2能够更好的维持培养液内的可溶性糖含量。可见, 3组菌群均能够促进油菜秸秆消化分解,纤维素分解菌群WDC2具有更好的油菜秸秆分解活性和COD溶出能力,优于其他2组菌群。     

Combining conservation tillage with nitrogen fertilization promotes maize straw decomposition by regulating soil microbial community and enzyme activities

Straw return can effectively improve farmland soil microenvironment and fertility. However, excessive straw in the topsoil adversely affects seed germination and crop growth. At present, the characteristics and key driving factors of straw decomposition in dry farmlands are unclear. Based on the interactions between tillage practices including zero tillage (ZT), chisel tillage (CT), and plow tillage (PT) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, i.e., low N (N1, 180 kg ha^-1), normal N (N2, 240 kg ha^-1), and high N (N3, 300 kg ha^-1), quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology and an enzymatic detection kit were used to investigate the effects of key straw C-degrading enzyme activities and microbial abundance in soil on maize straw decomposition during the growth period of winter wheat in the winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system in a dry farmland of the Loess Plateau, China. Between 2018 and 2020, ZT and CT significantly increased winter wheat yield (by 10.94% and 12.79%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 20% and 26.67%, respectively), compared with PT. Compared to N1 and N3, N2 significantly increased wheat yield (by 4.65% and 5.31%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 26.33% and 13.21%, respectively). The partial least squares pathway modelling showed significant positive direct effects of soil moisture, NO-₃, NH⁺₄, total N, bacteria, and cellulase, laccase, and xylanase activities on straw decomposition, while soil pH, fungi, and Actinomycetes had significant negative direct effects. Overall, conservation tillage (ZT and CT) combined with N2 was beneficial for straw decomposition in the drylands of the Loess Plateau and improved straw resource utilization and basic soil fertility. The results of the study clarified the key drivers of straw decomposition in dry farmlands and provided new ideas for developing updated soil management practices and adaptive N application strategies to promote the resource utilization of straw and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.