灰色关联及非线性规划法构建传递函数估算黑土水力参数

土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率是重要的水力参数,为了简便准确获取这些参数,以松嫩平原黑土区南部为研究区域,采集136个采样点土样用于测定不同土层土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率以及土壤理化性质,并运用灰色关联分析确定影响土壤水力参数的主要土壤理化性质,采用非线性规划构建土壤分形维数、有机质、干容重、土壤颗粒组成与土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率之间的土壤传递函数,并通过与现有土壤传递函数对比分析进行精度验证。结果表明:1)土壤分形维数是估算土壤水分特征曲线模型参数和饱和导水率的主要参数之一,同时,干容重和有机质含量也在不同土层土壤传递函数中起到重要的作用;2)通过验证分析,不同土层各参数平均绝对误差接近于0,均方根误差值也都较小,其中在不同土层土壤传递函数估算的土壤含水率均方根误差分别为0.022、0.017cm~3/cm~3;3)对比分析其他已存的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率的土壤传递函数,该文构建的土壤传递函数均方根误差值均较小,决定系数值都在0.66以上,表明估算精度较高,均好于其他方法估算精度,具有良好的区域适应性。综上,所构建的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率土壤传递函数可以用于松嫩平原黑土区土壤水力参数估算。     

滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究

确定苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和导水率的影响因素,构建适合该区的土壤转换函数,是研究该区田间土壤水盐运动和盐渍化防控的重要前提。本文在该区典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本理化性质,探讨了该区土壤饱和导水率的剖面分布特点,对影响饱和导水率的土壤基本性质进行了主成分分析,并建立了用于该区饱和导水率间接估算的土壤转换函数。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率随剖面深度增加呈表土层高、亚表层低、底土层又升高的趋势,20~40 cm土层饱和导水率最小,介于2.75~6.73 cm·d-1,属低透水强度;土壤容重随剖面深度增加表现出与饱和导水率相反的变化特点。除了容重、孔隙度、质地等物理因素外,土壤肥力、盐分等化学性质也是影响饱和导水率的重要因素;影响滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的因素可由持水特性、盐碱状况、养分特征和土壤质地4个主成分反映,其累计贡献率达78.17%。在Vereecken转换函数中引入土壤盐分后可提高预测精度,修正函数Vereecken_1是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数。本文构建的土壤转换函数,可通过较易获得的砂粒、黏粒、容重、盐分和有机质对耕层土壤饱和导水率进行较高精度的预测,其结果可为滩涂盐渍化农区田间尺度土壤饱和导水率间接估算以及水盐运动数值模拟提供支持。     

太湖地区农田生态环境中土壤饱和导水率研究

对太湖地区主要水稻土类型的饱和导水率进行了研究.结果表明,该土壤的饱和导水率变化于7.20×10-5～6.33×10-4 cm/s, 并随着深度的增加饱和导水率迅速下降;原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率相差很大, 土壤的质地、有机质含量、容重、孔隙度和结构系数等均对饱和导水率有一定的影响.原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间的实际情况, 对研究土壤水分平衡和水土保持有极其重要的意义. 而扰动土的饱和导水率只能作为一种农业工程的参考数据被运用.     

Steady state capillary rise in some soil profiles

Results of calculations of steady state capillary rise are presented for one-layered and multi-layered soil profiles ranging from coarse sand to heavy clay. The effect of the considered hydraulic conductivity function on the calculated height of capillary rise is shown by using four different methods of describing the relation for the same uniform sand profile. The methods include: power and exponential functions; a table of data derived from only the saturated conductivity and the soil moisture retention curve; a modified Brooks and Corey method calculating the coefficients from soil texture and organic matter content, including hysteresis; approximation of the data in the table by three power functions. A practical application of the steady state calculations is computing the groundwater table depth that yields the optimum production for a soil profile covered by grass.     

基于BP神经网络的土壤水力学参数预测

为了获取区域土壤水分和溶质运移模拟所需的土壤水力学参数,利用黄淮海平原曲周县的试验资料建立基于BP神经网络的土壤转换函数模型。本文采用土壤粒径分布、容重、有机质含量等土壤基本理化性质,来预测土壤饱和导水率Ks、饱和含水量sθ、残余含水量θr、以及van Genuchten公式参数α、n的对数形式ln(α)和ln(n),并与多元线性逐步回归方法进行比较。t检验结果表明,BP神经网络训练和预测得到的模拟值与实测值之间吻合很好,该方法具有较高的预测精度。通过对平均相对误差的比较,得出在粒径分布的基础上增加容重、有机质含量等输入项目,可以提高部分土壤水力学参数的预测精度,而有些参数的预测精度反而降低。以误差平方和为标准的比较结果表明,BP神经网络模型的预测效果总的来看要优于多元线性回归法。     

Variation of Water Retention in Various Soils of Kuwait

Soil properties varied in water retention; due to soil texture and organic matter content. Variations of texture in many soils are effected mostly to soil forming factors of parent materials of the soil; biological activities; climactic variation; and duration of soil reaction. While the organic matter contents are affected totally by the environmental conditions of the soils. Water holding capacity of different soils influences' plant growth and development in diverse soil characteristics of the world and determines soil productivity. Water resources for agricultural activities are limited, particularly in arid environment and soil water-holding capacity of arid soil is very low. Kuwait can be good example of arid environment with limited water resources for agriculture activities and possess soil of coarse texture with very low organic matter content (Anonymous, 1997). Agricultural development in Kuwait meets many problems for crop production and urban landscaping. Water resources are limited and the quality is deteriorating at the same time soil water holding capacity is very low. Enormous amount of water, particularly desalinated expensive water is wasted for agricultural activities. This paper will study various parts of Kuwaiti soils water holding capacity and develop water retention data for efficient water irrigation and improvement of plant growth.     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被恢复过程中土壤入渗特征的变化

采用空间代替时间的方法,将黄土丘陵区1,4,8 a退耕地上的植物群落组成演替序列,并以当地较稳定的天然狼牙刺群落和人工柠条群落作对照,用圆盘入渗仪(Z—700)对上述群落下土壤稳定入渗过程和入渗特征进行了对比研究。(1)天然狼牙刺群落下土壤稳定入渗速率小于人工柠条群落下的稳定入渗速率,因为人工柠条群落生物量较高,植被对土壤的改善作用更大。(2)随着退耕年限的增加,土壤的平均入渗速率和饱和导水率也在增加,其中1,4,8 a退耕地上饱和导水率分别达到狼牙刺群落下的52%,74%和98%。稳定入渗率能够达到狼牙刺群落下的57%,88%和91%。说明随着退耕地上植被的恢复,土壤稳定入渗速率不断提高。(3)土壤的入渗特征受土壤理化性质影响很大。其中土壤孔隙度对土壤稳定入渗影响最大,因为随着退耕地植被的恢复,通过根系的穿插分割作用,以及根系死亡后形成的生物性大孔,使土壤中有效孔隙数量不断增加,土壤入渗性能得到提高。     

Integrated tillage-water-nutrient management effects on selected soil physical properties in a rice-wheat system in the Indian subcontinent

We studied few soil physical indicators after eighth cropping cycle of rice-wheat. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with two tillage (rice: puddling vs. non-puddling; wheat: conventional tillage vs. no-tillage), three water management (rice: submergence vs. drainage; wheat: five/three/two irrigations) and nine nutrient (N) management treatments (inorganic vs. integrated nutrient management). The bulk density (t m^?3) in non-puddled soil (1.33) was significantly less than puddled soil (1.59); while mean weight diameter (0.55 mm) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (0.43 cm h^?1) were higher in the former treatment. Irrigation after 3-days of drainage was found to enhance soil aggregation (0.54 mm) and moisture retention (71.6%) during rice. No-tillage in wheat had overall positive impact. Organic sources of nutrients increased soil water retention (biofertilizer for rice), water conductivity and aggregate stability (combined organics for rice and wheat). Interactions between (tillage × N), (water × N), (tillage × water) revealed crop-wise variations. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil aggregation for rice; and bulk density, water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity for wheat were identified as sensitive soil physical indicators. We suggest an effective combination of no tillage and intermittent irrigation with integrated nutrient management for sustaining soil physical quality in rice-wheat rotation.     

Variation Of Water Retention In Various Soils Of Kuwait

Soil properties varied in water retention; due to soil texture and organic matter content. Variations of texture in many soils are effected mostly to soil forming factors of parent materials of the soil, biological activities, climactic variation, and duration of soil reaction. While the organic matter contents are affected totally by the environmental conditions of the soils. Water holding capacity of different soils influences plants growth and development in diverse soil characteristics of the world and determines soil productivity. Water resources for agricultural activities are limited, particularly in arid environment and soil water holding capacity of arid soil is very low. Kuwait can be good example of arid environment with limited water resources for agriculture activities and possess soil of coarse texture with very low organic matter content (Anonymous, 1997). Agricultural development in Kuwait meets many problems for crop production and urban landscaping. Water resources are limited and the quality is deteriorating at the same time soil water holding capacity is very low. Enormous amount of water, particularly desalinated expensive water is wasted for agricultural activities. This paper will study various parts of Kuwaiti soils water holding capacity and develop water retention data for efficient water irrigation and improvement of plant growth.     

再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质影响的试验研究

通过室内土柱模拟试验的方法，研究了再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：再生水灌溉对土壤扩散率和饱和导水率的影响与连续灌溉再生水的次数有关，短时间灌溉有降低的作用，但随着灌溉次数的增加，土壤扩散率和饱和导水率有增加的趋势；同时，随着灌溉次数的增加，土壤pH值降低，土壤有机质和全盐量增加；土壤溶液中各离子浓度有显著变化。灌溉5次之后，除0～10cm土层全盐量为0．107％外，其他各层均低于0．1％的限度；0～10，10～20，30～40cm土层的ESP均在5％～10％范围之内，20～30cm土层的ESP基本保持在原始的水平。再生水灌溉对土壤次生盐渍化的影响不显著。     

应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布

田间表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性是影响灌溉水分入渗和土壤水分再分布的主要因素之一,研究土壤饱和导水率的空间变化规律,有助于定量估计土壤水分的空间分布和设计农田的精准灌溉管理制度。为了探究应用其他土壤性质如质地、容重、有机质预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的可行性,试验在7.6 hm2的葡萄园内,采用均匀网格25 m×25 m与随机取样相结合的方式,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤饱和导水率、粘粒、粉粒、砂粒、容重和有机质含量,借助经典统计学和地统计学,分析了表层土壤饱和导水率的空间分布规律、与土壤属性的空间相关性,并对普通克里格法、回归法和回归克里格法预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的结果进行了对比。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率具有较强的变异性,平均值为1.64 cm/d,变异系数为1.17;2)表层土壤饱和导水率60%的空间变化是由随机性或小于取样尺度的空间变异造成;3)土壤饱和导水率与粘粒、粉粒、砂粒和有机质含量具有一定空间相关性,而与土壤容重几乎没有空间相关性;4)在中值区以土壤属性辅助的回归克里格法对土壤饱和导水率的预测精度较好,在低值和高值区其与普通克里格法表现类似。研究结果将为更好地描述土壤饱和导水率空间变异结构及更准确地预测其空间分布提供参考。     

不同植被对土壤理化性质影响——以王东沟小流域为例

[目的]分析陕西省长武县王东沟流域9个径流小区不同植被覆盖条件对土壤理化性质的影响,为黄土高原生态建设提供科技支持。[方法]采用环刀法、定水头法以及重铬酸钾外加热法等分层测定0—40cm间土壤容重、毛管持水量、饱和持水量、饱和倒水率以及有机质含量。[结果]饱和持水量、毛管持水量、土壤有机质表现为草、灌地显著优于纯林和混交林,而土壤容重、饱和导水率各小区间差异不显著。[结论]草地和沙棘灌木林地土壤理化性质高于其他植被组合,培肥土壤,涵养水源,利于保水保土。侧柏纯林的土壤理化性质最差,水保效益最低。     

东北典型黑土区坡耕地涝渍地土壤持水性和导水性研究

中国东北典型黑土区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,对我国粮食安全和国民经济的稳定起到举足轻重的作用。作为土壤退化的一种特殊形式,涝渍地严重影响着垦区的农业生产。在东北典型黑土区坡面涝渍地及其周围正常耕地中布设采样点,测定了土壤剖面质地分布情况及土壤水分特征曲线,以揭示东北黑土区坡面涝渍地土壤水分过大的根本原因。结果表明,涝渍地土壤剖面中细质地土壤类型所占比例为90%,质地较粘重。涝渍地土壤具有较高的进气值,水吸力较大,保持在中小孔隙中的水分只有在较大吸力范围内才能缓慢释出,这造成涝渍地土壤具有极强的持水能力,不容易失水,再加上极弱的导水能力,水分饱和但不会被释放。以上这些土壤特性导致了涝渍地土壤长期处于湿度过大的状态。本研究结果可为涝渍地治理提供依据。     

基于支持向量机的土壤水力学参数预测

为了分析支持向量机在土壤水力学参数预测方面的效果，应用支持向量机构建用于预测土壤水力学参数的土壤传递函数，以土壤粒径分布、容重、有机质含量等土壤理化性质为输入项，分别预测土壤饱和导水率、饱和含水率、残余含水率，以及van Genuchten公式参数的对数形式。结果表明预测值和实测值不存在显著性差异，用支持向量机预测土壤水力学参数是可行的。不同输入项处理的预测分析表明，输入项为粒径分布、粒径分布和容重、粒径分布和有机质含量3种情况的预测效果差异不明显，而输入项为粒径分布、容重和有机质含量时预测效果优于前3种情况。支持向量机在预测土壤水力学参数方面的效果要优于多元线性逐步回归模型，而与BP神经网络模型相比不具有明显好的预测效果。     

Improvement of physical and hydraulic properties of desert soil with amendment of different biochars

Purpose

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amendment of different biochars on the physical and hydraulic properties of desert soil.

Materials and methods

Biochars were produced with woodchip, rice straw, and dairy manure at temperatures of 300 and 700 °C, respectively. Each biochar at 5% (w/w) was mixed with desert soil, and the mixtures were incubated for 120 days.

Results and discussion

The different biochar treatments greatly reduced soil bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Especially the rice straw biochar addition resulted in the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivities among the treatments. Biochar addition significantly increased water retention of desert soil at any suction. At the same suction and experimental time, the treatment with the rice straw biochar produced at the lower temperature resulted in higher water content than the other treatments. The biochar additions slightly enhanced formation of soil macro-aggregates in the early experimental time. However, the aggregate contents gradually decreased with time due to the lack of effective binding agents (e.g., soil organic matter and clay minerals).

Conclusions

The changes of hydraulic properties of desert soil were attributable to the biochar properties. The higher fine particle content, porosity, and surface hydrophilicity of rice straw biochars were the most beneficial properties to increase soil water retention and to reduce water flow in the desert soil. The improvement of hydraulic properties by biochar addition may provide a potential solution to combat desertification.

     

Soil structural indices' dependence on irrigation water quality and their association with chromophoric components in dissolved organic matter

Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) may affect soil structure and stability and the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the soil solution. The objectives of our study were (i) to evaluate the impact of TWW irrigation, as compared with fresh water (FW) irrigation, on aggregate stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (indices of soil structure stability) and (ii) to determine whether these indices can be associated with the chromophoric indicators of water‐extractable DOM in TWW‐ and FW‐irrigated soils. We studied aggregate stability and soil hydraulic conductivity (HC) of four different soil types irrigated with either TWW (for at least 5 years) or FW. The results were linked to earlier published data on the concentration scores of fluorescent chromophoric DOM components (obtained from excitation‐emission matrices of flouorescence coupled with parallel factor analysis), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and absorbance at 254 nm (Abs254). These were all obtained from water extracts of the same soils as those used in the current study. Irrigation with TWW decreased aggregate stability, in comparison to irrigation with FW, in the sandy clay and clay soils, while in the loamy sand TWW increased aggregate stability. The apparent steady state HCs in the TWW‐irrigated samples in the loamy sand, sandy clay and clay soils were similar to, or significantly less than, those obtained in the FW‐irrigated samples. In the sandy loam the opposite trend was noted. Results of principal component and classification analyses showed that the aggregate stability indices were directly associated with soil organic matter and DOM attributes in the coarse‐textured soils, while in the fine‐textured soils inverse associations were noted. Only in the fine‐textured soils were the HC attributes associated (directly) with some of the DOM characteristics. Our results suggest that structural indices of fine‐textured soils are more sensitive than those of coarse‐textured soils to the composition of water extractable DOM.     

科尔沁不同类型沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征及其环境影响因子

为了深入探究半干旱地区沙丘土壤水分时空变化特征及其与环境因子关系，以科尔沁沙地为研究区，综合运用原位观测、数值模拟和冗余分析等方法，对沙丘土壤水分的时空变化特征、变异性、水平衡及其与环境因子的定量关系进行研究。结果表明：沙丘土壤水分在垂直剖面呈现出由半流动沙丘"镜像S "形逐渐过渡为阴坡固定沙丘" S"形的趋势，在时间尺度上呈"正态分布"形；半流动、半固定和阴坡固定沙丘土壤水分变异性随深度的增加逐渐减弱，半阳坡固定沙丘呈"S"形分布，最大变异系数为75.45%，均属中等变异；半流动和半固定沙丘水分主要消耗于深层渗漏，分别占总水量的57.35%和54.56%，半阳坡固定和阴坡固定沙丘水分主要消耗于植被蒸腾，分别占总水量的77.15%和54.88%；沙丘土壤水分影响因子具有差异性，容重、砂粒含量、粉粒含量和饱和导水率是影响半流动、半固定和半阳坡固定沙丘土壤水分的主要环境因子，而有机质、砂粒含量、粉粒含量和饱和导水率是阴坡固定沙丘土壤水分的主要影响因子。研究表明，半阳坡固定沙丘小叶锦鸡儿易消耗深层土壤水，造成土壤干燥化，草本和半灌木有利于深层土壤水分保持。     

Soil degradation and desertification induced by vegetation removal in a semiarid environment

Abstract. The fragile soils at the transition between semiarid and arid areas are continuously threatened by human activity, which frequently involves the elimination of plant cover. We studied the impact of vegetation removal on soil characteristics in senmiarid Mediterranean Spain using two plots (15 m ± 5 m), installed on a north facing slope of 23%. Vegetation was removed from one of the plots (disturbed plot), and changes in the soil characteristics were compared with an undisturbed control plot. Fifty-five months after vegetation removal the organic carbon content decreased by 35%, the percentage of stable aggregates by 31% and soil bulk density increased by 8%. The models that best represented the changes of these parameters with time were linear equations. There were no significant differences between the water retention capacity or saturated hydraulic conductivity of the treatments. The rapid loss of soil organic matter and the consequences in terms of physical soil properties were considered to be the main factors in soil degradation. No symptoms of natural recovery were observed in the disturbed plot and the tendency was for a steady deterioration in soil behaviour. This means that human activity or climatic change leading to less vegetation could result in irreversible soil degradation in semiarid areas.     

Impact of land‐use changes on soil hydraulic properties of Calcaric Regosols on the Loess Plateau,NW China

Vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) have been effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau (NW China). Shifts in land cover result in modifications of soil properties. Yet, whether the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration is still not clear. The objective of this paper was to understand how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties such as permeability and soil water storage capacity. Three adjacent sites with similar soil texture, soil type, and topography, but different land cover (black locust forest, grassland, and cropland) were selected in a typical small catchment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River (Loess Plateau). Seasonal variation of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Our study revealed that land‐use type had a significant impact on field‐saturated, near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the creation of mesopores, which increase soil water‐storage capacity. Tillage of cropland created temporarily well‐structured topsoil but compacted subsoil as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant‐available water capacity. No impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at suction > 300 cm was found indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso‐ and microporosity. Our work demonstrates that changes in soil hydraulic properties resulting from soil conservation efforts need to be considered when soil conservation measures shall be implemented in water‐limited regions. For ensuring the sustainability of such measures, the impact of soil conversion on water resources and hydrological processes needs to be further investigated.