奶牛性控冻精人工授精受胎率的观察

为全面掌握和推广性控冻精人工授精技术,加快共和县奶牛改良步伐,推动奶牛养殖业大发展。2008年从天津引进性控冻精100支,在恰卜恰镇地区进行了奶牛性控冻精人工授精试验示范工作,现将本次试验报告如下：     

Influence of cornual insemination on conception in dairy cattle

The objective of this study was to compare conception to artificial insemination (AI) services in dairy cattle when semen was deposited into the uterine body or into both uterine horns (cornual insemination). Nine herdsman inseminators (HI) in four commercial dairy herds in Washington constituted the experimental units. Herds ranged in size from 393 cows to 964 cows. The duration of the experiment was 12 mo in three herds and 18 mo in the fourth herd. At the beginning of the experiment all inseminators were trained to deposit semen in the body of the uterus. Inseminators were instructed to use this method for 6 mo. Following employment of body deposition, the same inseminators were retrained to deposit one-half of the semen into the right uterine horn and one-half into the left uterine horn. Cornual inseminations were performed for 6 mo. A total of 4,178 services constituted the data set. Milk samples were collected from cows on the day of insemination and later were assayed for progesterone (P4). There was variation (P less than .01) in conception associated with month of insemination and insemination method (P less than .001). The monthly variation was not associated with season of the year. Least squares means for conception when semen was deposited in the uterine body was 44.7%, compared with 64.6% when cornual insemination was employed. The insemination treatment X inseminator interaction was not significant. Results suggest that cornual insemination provides an alternative to deposition of semen in the uterine body.     

不同稀释液对西门塔尔种公牛冷冻精液的影响

稀释液成分是影响冷冻精液品质和母牛受胎率的重要因素.试验比较了不同稀释液对西门塔尔种公牛精液的冷冻效果.结果表明,1号稀释液与3号稀释液在精子活力和A 级精子百分率指标上没有显著差异(P＞0.05),冷冻保护效果均显著优于2号稀释液(P＜0.05),达到了正常水平的要求,能够有效地保证冷冻精液质量.     

德克塞尔羊在高寒地区生理生化指标的测定和分析

对引入青海省三角城种羊场21只德克塞尔羊的生理、生化指标进行了测定。结果表明:T37.84±0.30℃,R44.73±8.17(次/min),P87.69±9.96(次/min),瘤胃蠕动2.49±0.22(次/min),RBC8.28±1.49(×1012/L),Hb含量106.00±10.29(g/L),WBC12.00±4.17(×109/L),嗜碱性细胞0.70±0.10(%),嗜酸性细胞1.10±1.23(%),嗜中性细胞33.15±1.79(%),单核细胞3.45±2.92(%),淋巴细胞61.60±4.16(%),PCV0.34±0.05(L/L),MCV41.37±3.09(fL),MCH11.97±0.86(pg),MCHC290.67±41.53(g/L); LDH331.67±156.51(U/L),GOT149.33±40.82(U/L),GPT54.00±9.85(U/L),AKP146.67±79.63(U/L),TP53.67±18.01(g/L),GLU3.33±0.73(mmol/L),GHO0.73±0.29(mmol/L),TCA2.31±0.32(mmol/L)。     

奶牛性别控制的研究途径与现状

介绍了应用于奶牛生产中的性别控制技术的途径、方法及现状,为使奶牛性别控制技术在生产实践中广泛应用提供理论指导。     

西门塔尔牛、安格斯牛杂交生产利用研究

为了探讨西门塔尔牛和安格斯牛杂交改良本地黄牛效果,采用西门塔尔牛和安格斯牛作为肉牛终端父本,分别与本地黄牛开展二元经济杂交,对杂交F1体重变化、屠宰性能数据进行了统计分析研究。结果表明：两者杂交F1均比本地黄牛生长速度快且产肉率高,可有效提高本地黄牛的屠宰性能。说明西门塔尔牛和安格斯牛改良本地黄牛杂交优势明显,可有效增加本地黄牛养殖的经济效益,值得推广。     

The effect of changing the sex ratio on the efficiency of cattle breeding operations

The direct effect of sex control in providing a higher proportion of male calves for beef production can increase the beef output of a dual-purpose population by up to 5%. The actual increase depends on the rate of cow turnover and on the net superiority of males over females in the population concerned. Control of the sex ratio also permits an increase in the intensity of selection, particularly in the paths dams-sons and dams-daughters. The total effect could be an improvement of the order of 10% in the rate of genetic change in the population. Thirdly, control of the sex ratio increases the possibilities for beef crossing in dairy or dual-purpose cattle populations. This can increase the beef output of the population by up to 4%, depending on the rate of cow turnover and the superiority of the beef strains used. If these opportunities are pursued they are likely to drive the population into specialised strains of dairy and beef cattle.     

B型超声波引导进行妊娠奶牛早期胎儿性别诊断

使用B超对75头妊娠44～108d的奶牛进行胎儿性别诊断,主要以形态学上脐带根部区域是否存在生殖结节为判定标准。除1头妊娠44日龄母牛因胎儿小和1头妊娠81日龄母牛子宫下垂没有取得诊断结果外,其余73头均取得了诊断和产犊结果。结果表明:总的1次诊断准确率为87.7%(64/73),诊断结果为雄性的准确率(97.0%)显著高于诊断结果为雌性的准确率(80.0%)(P≤0.05)。在首次性别诊断后10d,随机挑选10头进行2次诊断,其准确率为100%(10/10)。台式(6/8MHz线阵探头)和便携式(5MHz凸阵探头)B超进行诊断的准确率无差异(P>0.05),每头牛诊断平均需3min左右,但便携式B超使用更为简便。对诊断为雄性胎儿的6头奶牛进行了人工流产,均在流产10d后恢复到正常泌乳曲线,首次观察到发情的时间平均为流产后36.2d,平均配妊时间为流产后46.3d。研究表明,奶牛胎儿性别诊断的最佳时间窗口为妊娠61~80d,其诊断准确率较高(2次检查准确率为100%),人工流产后对奶牛的生产性能影响小。     

大豆黄酮对奶牛产奶量和乳中常规成分的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对不同泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳中常规成分的影响。结果表明,1)大豆黄酮能明显提高泌乳中期奶牛的产奶量;2)大豆黄酮可显著提高泌乳晚期奶牛乳蛋白含量和乳脂率;另外对乳糖的影响是泌乳早期和泌乳晚期上升,而泌乳中期有所下降。     

Genetic gain in dairy cattle populations is increased using sexed semen in commercial herds

Using stochastic simulation, the effect of using sexed semen to cow dams (CD) in a dairy cattle breeding scheme, with or without use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) to bull dams (BD), on annual genetic gain at the population level was examined. Three levels of sexed semen were combined with three levels of MOET: no sexed semen, sexed semen to the best CD and sexed semen to all heifers, combined with no MOET, MOET on all BD and MOET randomly on 20% of the BD. In total, nine scenarios were compared. The simulated population was monitored for 30 years and included 450 herds with 100 cows each. Each year 50 young bulls (YB), 10 active sires and 215 BD were selected on best linear unbiased prediction estimated breeding values by truncation selection across the simulated population, and the YB were tested within the population. Use of sexed semen alone gave a positive increase in the annual genetic gain of 2.1% when used on the best CD and 2.7% when used on all heifers, but only the latter was statistically significant. The increased annual genetic gain was caused by a larger contribution from the CD to the BD. Use of sexed semen together with MOET on BD increased the annual genetic gain by 1.8-2.5% compared with schemes without sexed semen and MOET on all BD. Performing MOET on all BD enables selection of offspring with high Mendelian deviations, which increase the annual genetic gain. Use of sexed semen decreased the genetic lag between the sires and the CD by 12-14% when used on the best CD and by 6% when used to all heifers. The decrease in the genetic lag is caused by the increased selection intensity of the cow dams.     

奶牛性控冻精人工授精影响因素研究

用分离X和Y精子的性控精液进行人工授精是控制家畜性别之最简单可行的方法.然而,低密度性控精液输精效果还不如常规人工授精,许多技术环节都有待改进.以常规冻精和稀释常规冻精为对照,研究解冻方法、输精时间和部位、不同精液来源和输精员以及育成和经产牛等因素对性控冻精人工授精妊娠率的影响.结果显示,精液解冻水浴温度和持续时间对人工授精效果有显著影响,性控精液对解冻水浴温度更敏感;性控冻精和稀释常规冻精比常规冻精对输精时间要求更严格;3种精液输精到排卵卵泡同侧子宫角基部受胎率都显著高于输精于子宫体和同侧子宫角前端;3种精液育成牛受胎率(80%)都显著高于经产牛(50%);于输精同时注射促排卵素3号明显提高性控冻精受胎率;经严格挑选、能够从事胚胎移植操作的技术熟练输精员之间性控冻精受胎率差异不显著;在所设计的不同条件下,性控冻精与稀释同样倍数的常规冻精行为相似,说明精子分离过程没有对精子造成特殊损伤.研究结果说明,精确控制人工授精各个技术环节可以实现消除性控与非性控、低密度与高密度精演之间的差别,获得高妊娠率.     

Effect of deposition site and sperm number on the fertility of sheep inseminated with liquid semen

The effect of the deposition site and the numbers of sperm on the fertility of sheep was tested in a field trial in which 1292 Norwegian crossbred ewes aged between six months and five-and-a-half years from 52 farms were inseminated with liquid semen after natural oestrus. Cervical insemination with 150 x 10(6) and 75 x 10(6) spermatozoa resulted in 25-day non-return rates of 63.7 and 56.1 per cent, and vaginal insemination gave non-return rates of 63.3 and 56.6 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference between the cervical and vaginal inseminations, but the inseminations with 150 x 10(6) spermatozoa gave significantly higher non-return rates (P=0.004). There were significant differences between the non-return rates for different rams (P<0.0001) and farmers (P=0.0002) but the age of the ewe had no significant effect.     

中国西门塔尔牛改良当地黄牛效果测定

中国西门塔尔牛是我国育成的肉役奶兼用品种,被农业部列入黄牛改良区域规划中的主推品种.青海省民和县2006年起开展了中国西门塔尔牛冷冻精液,采用人工授精方式对当地黄牛进行杂交改良工作.本研究于2007-2009年对中国西门塔尔牛杂交改良后代进行了不同年龄阶段体尺、体重测定,以研究中国西门塔尔牛杂交改良后代的生长发育情况,为中国西门塔尔牛在高原地区品种改良效果提供依据.     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase intramuscular fat deposition and decrease subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on intramuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that the average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in dietary CLA were significantly lower than in the control group, while intramuscular the fat percentage was significantly higher. Compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in dietary CLA and the subcutaneous fat enzyme activities of LPL, hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) were significantly increased. Similarly, compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), FAS, stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), ACC, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), heart fatty‐acid binding protein (H‐FABP) and LPL gene expression in dietary CLA were significant increased, as were the subcutaneous fat of PPARγ, H‐FABP, LPL, CPT‐1 and HSL in dietary CLA. These results indicated that dietary CLA increases IMF deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipogenic gene expression, while decreasing subcutaneous fat deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipolytic gene expression.     

日粮中添加蛋氨酸对奶牛产奶性能的研究

蛋氨酸 (或赖氨酸 )通常被认为是合成奶牛乳蛋白的第一限制性氨基酸 ,很多报道 ,对反刍动物来说 ,补充游离氨基酸效果不佳 ,对氨基酸加以保护可以弥补这一缺陷。但也有相反的报道。试验通过在日粮中添加蛋氨酸对上述结论进行验证。试验分为试验 1组、试验 2组和对照组。试验 1组日粮中添加蛋氨酸 ,试验 2组日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸 ,通过 4 9d的集中饲养奶牛试验 ,结果表明 ,奶牛日粮中添加保护性蛋氨酸比添加普通蛋氨酸能明显的提高乳蛋白率 1 .6 2 % ,其他指标变化不明显     

Analysis of gestation length in American Simmental cattle

Records of gestation length (71,461) for Simmental cattle were distributed with mean 284.3 d and standard deviation 5.52 d. Gestation length was found to increase with percent Simmental and was 1.9 d longer for calves born to mature dams than for those born to heifer dams. Bull calves experienced gestation lengths 1.5 d longer than heifer calves. Sire, maternal grandsire, residual and total variances were estimated to be 2.42, .58, 22.78 and 25.78 d2, respectively, by Henderson's Method III. Heritability of gestation length was calculated to be .374 from the sire variance and .09 from the maternal grandsire variance. Direct additive genetic variance was considered to be of greater importance than maternal additive genetic variance. Correlations between the evaluations of sires for gestation length and heifer calving ease, birth weight and weaning weight were .26, .26 and .13, respectively.     

牛人工输精工作中的几点体会

牛人工输精的过程中常遇到许多客观的不利因素,与理论存在一定的差距.笔者根据几年的工作经验作以总结,以供同行借鉴.