中国虱属分类研究 Ⅲ.分类与检索

本文是“中国虱属分类研究”系列论文的第３篇,主要介绍了目分亚目、粉亚目分组、纳组分科、虱科分属以及虱属分种团等５个目和虱属研究中常用的检索表。     

针茅狭跗线螨生物学及其寄主专一性研究

针对针茅芒刺对草地畜牧业的危害,采取生物防治措施控制其发生与危害.通过调查明确了针茅芒刺的天敌类群,并对针茅芒刺优势天敌--针茅狭跗线螨生物学及寄主专一性进行了研究,阐明了针茅狭跗线螨对针茅芒刺的抑制机理,明确了其寄主范围,以确保在针茅草原利用该天敌防治针茅芒刺的安全性.     

A taxonomic study ofNorbanus Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from China

The Chinese species of the pteromalid genusNorbanus Walker are reviewed. Six valid species, including four newly recorded species, are recognized. Diagnoses and a key to species are provided. The specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

The host ranges,classification and identification of eight persistent aphid-transmitted viruses causing diseases in legumes

Seventy one seed-lines representing 23 species of papilionoid legumes and 17 species of nonlegumes were collected and distributed to four countries; Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the U.S.A. In each of these countries plants were grown from the seeds and their susceptibility to a total of eight persistent aphid isolates transmitted viruses was assessed. The viruses were a strain of beet western yellows (BWYV) fromGlycine max in Illinois, legume yellows (LYV) in California and a virus in Michigan (MiAV) fromMedicago sativa, fromPisum sativum causing leaf roll and top yellows in New Zealand (PeLRV-NZ) and the Netherlands (BLRV), isolates of subterranean clover red leaf from New Zealand (SCRLV-NZ) and Tasmania (SCRLV-T), and subterranean clover stunt (SCSV) from Tasmania.The relationships between the eight viruses as indicated by their host reactions were assessed using computer classification techniques. SCRLV-NZ and SCRLV-T were the most similar. They had moderately wide host ranges that included some non-legumes. A second group comprized BWYV and PeLRV-NZ. These were typical of most beet western yellows virus strains in that they infectedBrassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris andStellaria media. MiAV and BLRV also formed a pair. They generally induced severe symptoms on the hosts which they infected and had host ranges confined to legumes except that BLRV also infectedClaytonia perfoliata andErodium spp. The relationships of LYV and SCSV were not consistent. They paired together in some classifications, but SCSV sometimes grouped with the SCRLV isolates. Both had host ranges confined to legumes, caused severe symptoms in most hosts and were often difficult to recover from affected plants. LYV had some affinities with BLRV and MiAV.The tests indicated a set of test plants which were most useful for propagating and identifying persistent aphid-transmitted viruses from legumes. Two,P. sativum cv. Onyx andTrifolium subterraneum cv. Bacchus Marsh were susceptible to all isolates. Ten others distinguished between the isolates and wereArachis hypogea, Beta vulgaris, C. bursa-pastoris, G. max cv. Shirotsurunoko,Gomphrena globosa, Lactuca sativa, Lens esculenta cv. 179307,M. sativa cv. Washoe,Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Canadian Wonder andTrifolium hybridum.Samenvatting Eenenzeventig zaadmonsters van 23 soorten van de Papilionaceae en 17 andere soorten werden verzameld en naar laboratoria in Australië, Nieuw Zeeland, Nederland en de Verenigde Staten van Amerika gezonden. In elk van deze landen werden de uit de zaden verkregen planten op hun vatbaarheid voor acht door bladluizen op persistente wijze overgebrachte virussen getoetst. Het betrof de volgende virussen: beet western yellows virus (BWYV) vanGlycine max uit Illinois, legume yellows virus (LYV) uit Californië, een virus vanMedicago sativa uit Michigan (MiAV), twee virussen die bladrol en topvergeling inPisum sativum veroorzaken, één uit Nieuw Zeeland (PeLRV-NZ) en één uit Nederland (BLRV), isolaten van het subterranean clover red leaf virus uit Nieuw Zeeland (SCRLV-NZ) en Tasmanië (SCRLV-T) en subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV).De verwantschap tussen de acht genoemde virussen, zoals blijkend uit de reacties van de verschillende waardplanten, werd vastgesteld met behulp van een computerprogramma voor classificatie.SCRLV-NZ en SCRLV-T vertoonden de meeste verwantschap. Beide hadden een tamelijk grote waardplantenreeks, waaronder enkele soorten die niet behoorden tot de vlinderbloemigen.BMYV en PeLRV-NZ vormden een tweede groep. Zij waren typisch voor de meeste stammen van het beet western yellows virus in zoverre zij de toetsplantenBrassica napus, Capsella bursa-pastoris enStellaria media konden infecteren.MiAV en BLRV vormden eveneens een paar. Zij veroorzaakten meestal verschillende typen symptomen op de vatbare waardplanten. De waardplantenreeks was beperkt tot de Leguminosae. Alleen kon BLRV ookClaytonia perfoliata enErodium spp. infecteren.De mate van verwantschap tussen LYV en SCSV was niet eenduidig. Uit bepaalde eigenschappen zou tot onderlinge verwandtschap besloten kunnen worden, uit enkele andere echter zou meer een verwantschap tussen SCSV en SCRLV worden vermoed. De waardplantenreeks van LYV en SCSV was beperkt tot de Leguminosae; beide veroorzaakten hevige symptomen in hun waardplanten en konden moeilijk worden geïsoleerd uit geïnfecteerde planten. LYV vertoonde enige verwantschap met BLRV en MiAV.Op grond van de resultaten van de proeven kon een groep van toetsplanten worden samengesteld, die zeer bruikbaar is voor de virusvermeerdering en voor de identificatie van de genoemde acht virussen. Twee van de toetsplanten, nl.P. sativum enTrifolium subterraneum cv. Bacchus Marsh bleken vatbaar voor alle isolaten. Tien andere, nl.Arachis hypogea, Beta vulgaris, C. bursa-pastoris, G. max cv. Shirotsurunko,Gomphrena globosa, lactuca sativa, Lens esculenta cv. 179307,M. sativa cv. Washoe,Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Canadian Wonder enTrifolium hybridum zijn geschikt voor onderscheiding van alle genoemde isolaten.     

Investigation of the host ranges of the leaf blotch pathogens of onion (Cladosporium allii-cepae) and leek (C. allii)

Inoculation of a range of Allium species and two non-alliaceous species with isolates of Cladosporiumallii-cepae and C. allii , obtained from onion and leek, respectively, demonstrated that the two pathogens had distinct host ranges. Conidia of C. allii-cepae, applied either dry or in aqueous suspension, infected A. altaicum, A. fistulosum (Japanese bunching onion), A. cepa (bulb onion), A. cepa var. ascalonicum (shallot), A. galanthum, A. pskemense and A. vavilovii . Dry conidia of C. allii applied at a high concentration caused atypical necrosis on A. altaicum, A. fistulosum, A. cepa var. ascalonicum, A. galanthum, A. pskemense, A. vavilovii, A. sativum (garlic), A. ampeloprasum and A. porrum (leek). Only A. ampeloprasum and A. porrum became typically infected following inoculation with conidia applied dry at low concentration or in aqueous suspension. Isolates of C. allii from leek failed to infect A. vineale, the type host. The length of conidia of a single isolate of C. allii-cepae varied significantly on different Allium spp.     

美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物抗虫性初步研究

为了确定美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard对主要寄主植物的抗虫性强增、本课题选择了黄瓜、丝瓜、苦瓜、菜豆、豇豆等属及葫芦科中的16个品种进行抗虫性鉴定。通过自由选择和非自由选择试验以及田间初步调查表明：同属植物不同品种的抗虫性存在很大差异，以黄瓜津杂4号、特长架豆（菜豆）、之豇28－2抗虫性最强，黄瓜津春4号、菜豆玉豆35、豇豆无架豆抗性较差；不同种植物的抗虫性差异极为显著，抗虫性强弱依次为苦瓜、葫芦、丝瓜、黄瓜、豇豆、菜豆。同时，本课题对美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物的抗虫机制作了初步研究。     

Pectobacterium spp. isolated from rotting carrots obtained from markets in Gampaha district,Sri Lanka exhibit the potential of having broad host ranges

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Carrot production in Sri Lanka faces severe post-harvest losses due to bacterial soft rot. The quality deterioration of vegetables owing to typical bacterial...     

A comprehensive species to strain taxonomic framework for xanthomonas

ABSTRACT A comprehensive classification framework was developed that refines the current Xanthomonas classification scheme and provides a detailed assessment of Xanthomonas diversity at the species, subspecies, pathovar, and subpathovar levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers targeting the conserved repetitive sequences BOX, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC), and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) (rep-PCR) was used to generate genomic fingerprints of 339 Xanthomonas strains comprising 80 pathovars, 20 DNA homology groups, and a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reference strain. Computer-assisted pattern analysis of the rep-PCR profiles permitted the clustering of strains into distinct groups, which correspond directly to the 20 DNA-DNA homology groups(genospecies) previously identified. Group 9 strains (X. axonopodis) were an exception and did not cluster together into a coherent group but comprised six subgroups. Over 160 strains not previously characterized by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, or not previously classified, were assigned to specific genospecies based on the classification framework developed. The rep-PCR delineated subspecific groups within X. hortorum, X. arboricola, X. axonopodis, X. oryzae, X. campestris, and X. translucens. Numerous taxonomic issues with regard to the diversity, similarity, redundancy, or misnaming were resolved. This classification framework will enable the rapid identification and classification of new, novel, or unknown Xanthomonas strains that are pathogenic or are otherwise associated with plants.     

A comparison of the efficiency of sprays of two drop-size ranges in an apple orchard

A two-season trial of a mist blower-sprayer with improved air-flow characteristics was made to assess the relative efficiency of 120 and 180 μm mass median diameter (MMD) drop-size sprays for the control of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) in a hedgerow-type apple orchard. The principal pesticide was binapacryl, applied at two rates for each drop-size. Under typical commercial conditions the smaller drop-size approximately halved the incidence of apple mildew found when the conventional 180 μm MMD drop-size spray was used; there was no conclusive advantage against red spider mite. Unexpectedly large variations occurred in the deposits from the weekly applications and were related to the humidity during spraying.     

虫害水平与植物影像色调的相关性研究

植物发生病虫害时,叶绿素水平会出现不同程度的下降,这种下降通常表现为近红外波段的反射率下降,在近红外遥感图像上可以探测到这种变化。通过一元回归分析证实了虫害水平与植物近红外影像色调具有显著相关性,研究了反射率测定及相关分析中采样位置与植物病虫害水平信息的关系,并对区分虫害类型是否有助于提高相关性等进行了比较研究。最后通过给出描述虫害水平与植物近红外影像色调关系的定量表达式和开发出相应的采样分析软件,使遥感技术大面积、快速监测城市绿化植物虫情成为可能。     

A comparative study of the Barley yellow dwarf virus species PAV and PAS: distribution,accumulation and host resistance

This study investigated the distribution and characteristics of the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) species BYDV‐PAS, which was recently separated from BYDV‐PAV, the most commonly studied BYDV species. Throughout 3 years of experimental monitoring of BYDV incidence, PAS was the most frequently occurring species infecting cereals and grasses in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, Rhopalosiphum maidis and Metopolophium dirhodum were recorded as BYDV‐PAS vectors, even though M. dirhodum does not usually transmit BYDV‐PAV. In field experiments with barley and wheat, where virus accumulation, symptoms and effect on the yield were tested, BYDV‐PAV was more severe than PAS. Infection with the BYDV‐PAV isolate resulted in greater expression of symptoms and also in a greater reduction in plant height and grain weight per spike than BYDV‐PAS. In a sensitive cultivar of barley (Graciosa), the amount of viral RNA of BYDV‐PAV was also significantly higher than that of BYDV‐PAS. In a tolerant line (Wbon‐123), however, no such differences were found. In conclusion, although BYDV‐PAS seems to be dominant in the Czech Republic, BYDV‐PAV has the potential to cause more significant crop losses in barley and wheat.     

The taxonomic position of Xanthomonas ampelina1

The internal taxonomic structure and the suprageneric relations of the causal agent of bacterial blight and canker of grapevine, the misnamed Xanthomonas ampelina, were examined. By studying more than 30 strains of different geographical origin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DNA: DNA hybridization, we established the homogeneity of X. ampelina. [¹⁴C]-labelled ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was prepared from the type strain of X. ampelina (NCPPB 2217) and hybridized with DNA from different representative strains from the Pseudomonas acidovorans rRNA complex in rRNA superfamily III. X. ampelina was found to be a separate branch in rRNA superfamily III, related at a suprageneric level to P. acidovorans, Alcaligenes paradoxus and the other organisms of the P. acidovorans rRNA complex.     

ICTV最新十五级分类阶元病毒分类系统中的植物病毒

本文报告了国际病毒分类委员会(ICTV)于2020年3月批准的最新2019病毒分类系统,全面采用了十五级分类阶元,分别为:域、亚域、界、亚界、门、亚门、纲、亚纲、目、亚目、科、亚科、属、亚属、种.寄主为植物的病毒包括了植物病毒和亚病毒感染因子(类病毒、卫星病毒和卫星核酸).植物病毒共有1 608种,涉及2个域、3个界、...     

A new approach to the physiological host plant-parasite relationship — A technique in the field of applied entomology

In connection with investigations on the influence of the physiological condition of the host plant on the population development of phytophagous insects and mites an apparatus for balance studies is described. Beans and radishes with their respective parasites, the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the peach aphid (Myzus persicae), were grown on an aerated small-scale waterculture. To the nutrient solution³²P was added. Mites and aphids were measurably radioactive after the experiment. Phosphorus uptake of the bean plants was much greater per gram of fresh weight than that of the radish plants. The radioactivity of animal material accounted for 2–3% of the total radioactivity recovered from nutrient solution, plants and parasites.Samenvatting In verband met het onderzoek naar de invloed van de fysiologische toestand van de waardplant op de populatieontwikkeling van fytofage insekten en mijten wordt een proefopstelling voor balansstudies beschreven (fig. 2). Bone- en radijsplanten, met hun respectievelijke parasieten het kasspint (Tetranychus urticae) en de groene perzikluis (Myzus persicae), werden gekweekt op een geaereerde kleine waterculture (fig. 3).In fig. 1 wordt schematisch weergegeven hoe, bij gebruik van twee verschillende voedingsoplossingen, de procentuele verdeling zou kunnen zijn van een bepaald element over voedingsoplossing, planten en parasieten.³²P werd aan de voedingsoplossing toegevoegd. De mijten en bladluizen, welke van de planten verwijderd werden door middel van een speciaal aangepast borstelapparaat, waren na de proef meetbaar radioactief (fig. 4).De radioactiviteit van het dierlijke materiaal bedroeg 2–3% van de totale radioactiviteit teruggevonden in voedingsoplossing, planten en parasieten.     

A test of taxonomic predictivity: resistance to early blight in wild relatives of cultivated potato

Host plant resistance offers an attractive method of control for early blight (caused by the foliar fungus Alternaria solani), a widespread disease that appears annually in potato crops worldwide. We tested the assumed ability of taxonomy to predict the presence of early blight resistance genes in wild Solanum species for which resistance was observed in related species. We also tested associations to ploidy, crossing group, breeding system, and geography. As in a prior study of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (white mold) resistance, tremendous variation for resistance to early blight was found to occur within and among species. There was no discernable relationship between the distribution of resistant phenotypes and taxonomic series (based on an intuitive interpretation of morphological data), clade (based on a cladistic analysis of plastid DNA data), ploidy, breeding system, geographic distance, or climate parameters. Species and individual accessions with high proportions of early blight resistant plants were identified, but high levels of inter- and intra-accession variability were observed. Consequently, the designation of species or accessions as resistant or susceptible must take this variation into account. This study calls into question the assumption that taxonomic or geographic data can be used to predict sources of early blight resistance in wild Solanum species.     

Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations

The Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites, now thought to be derived fungi. Presented here is a comparative small subunit rDNA (ssrDNA) analysis of 125 species of Microsporidia (sequences obtained from GenBank). This analysis shows that groups or clades are formed based largely on habitat and host. This result is supported by comparative molecular analyses of the past decade, and indicates that structural and ultrastructural characters are unreliable for distinguishing among higher-level microsporidian taxa. Our findings indicate the presence of five major clades of Microsporidia which group according to habitat. We present three new classes of Microsporidia based on natural phylogenetic groupings as illustrated by the ssrDNA analysis: Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia and Terresporidia. The names of the proposed classes reflect the habitat of each group. The class Aquasporidia, found primarily in freshwater habitats, is a paraphyletic group consisting of three clades. The Marinosporidia are found in hosts of marine origin and the Terresporidia are primarily from terrestrial environments.     

A test of taxonomic and biogeographic predictivity: resistance to Potato virus Y in wild relatives of the cultivated potato

A major justification for taxonomic research is its assumed ability to predict the presence of traits in a group for which the trait has been observed in a representative subset of the group. Similarly, populations in similar environments are expected to be more alike than populations in divergent environments. Consequently, it is logical to assume that taxonomic relationships and biogeographical data have the power to predict the distribution of disease resistance phenotypes among plant species. The objective of this study was to test predictivity in a group of widely distributed wild potato species, based on hypotheses that closely related organisms (taxonomy) or organisms from similar environments (biogeography) share resistance to a simply inherited trait (Potato virus Y [PVY]). We found that wild potato species with an endosperm balance number (EBN) of 1 (a measure of cross compatibility) shared resistances to PVY more than species with different EBN values. However, a large amount of variation was found for resistance to PVY among and within species. We also found that populations from low elevations were more resistant than those from high elevations. Because PVY is vectored by aphids, we speculate that the distribution of aphids may determine the level of selection pressure for PVY resistance.