Restriction of DNA replication to the reductive phase of the metabolic cycle protects genome integrity

When prototrophic yeast cells are cultured under nutrient-limited conditions that mimic growth in the wild, rather than in the high-glucose solutions used in most laboratory studies, they exhibit a robustly periodic metabolic cycle. Over a cycle of 4 to 5 hours, yeast cells rhythmically alternate between glycolysis and respiration. The cell division cycle is tightly constrained to the reductive phase of this yeast metabolic cycle, with DNA replication taking place only during the glycolytic phase. We show that cell cycle mutants impeded in metabolic cycle-directed restriction of cell division exhibit substantial increases in spontaneous mutation rate. In addition, disruption of the gene encoding a DNA checkpoint kinase that couples the cell division cycle to the circadian cycle abolishes synchrony of the metabolic and cell cycles. Thus, circadian, metabolic, and cell division cycles may be coordinated similarly as an evolutionarily conserved means of preserving genome integrity.     

肉鸡酵母水解物代谢能及氨基酸可利用率评定

【目的】 评定肉鸡对酵母水解物的表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率,拟为酵母水解物在肉鸡饲粮中的广泛应用提供基础参数。【方法】 选择18 d、体重无差异的科宝白羽肉仔鸡160只,随机分成对照组和试验组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只试验鸡,公母各半。对照组饲喂以玉米淀粉、葡萄糖、纤维、大豆油配制的无氮日粮,试验组饲喂以酵母水解物为唯一粗蛋白质来源的半纯合日粮,对照组和试验组均添加0.5%的二氧化钛作为外源指示剂。试验期间自由采食,全收粪法收集试验鸡22—24 d粪便,并统计该期间肉鸡采食量,通过检测日粮以及粪便中总能、含氮量来计算酵母水解物表观代谢能值和氮校正表观代谢能值。粪便收集完后自由采食,26日龄麻醉剖解收集回肠后半段食靡,分别检测日粮、回肠食糜中氨基酸及二氧化钛含量,计算酵母水解物回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率。【结果】 （1）酵母水解物总能值为18.19 MJ·kg ^-1,表观代谢能值为11.22 MJ·kg ^-1,氮校正表观代谢能为10.17 MJ·kg ^-1,其有效能值与普通豆粕相当。（2）酵母水解物粗蛋白质含量为41.7%,总氨基为36.97%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸之比为44﹕56,与普通豆粕接近;酵母水解物肉鸡限制性氨基酸依次为Met、Met+Cys、Arg、Leu、Ile、Phe+Tyr、Val、His、Lys、Thr、Trp,与豆粕差异较大。（3）酵母水解物回肠表观氨基酸消化率、标准回肠氨基酸消化率、全肠道表观氨基酸消化率均大于70%,肉鸡可利用限制性氨基酸依次为Met、Met+Cys、Arg、Leu、Ile、Thr、Phe+Tyr、His、lys、Val、Trp,蛋氨酸、精氨酸为第一、第二限制性可利用氨基酸,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸为第三、第四限制性可利用氨基酸,苏氨酸可利用较差,为第五限制性可利用氨酸,酵母水解物限制性氨基酸与豆粕差异较大。【结论】 酵母水解物是一种蛋白饲料原料,其蛋白质含量、有效能值与豆粕相当,但其氨基酸组成及氨基酸可利用率与豆粕存在较大差异。因此,酵母水解物在肉鸡日粮中应用,需要考虑补充不同氨基酸或者搭配不同蛋白质饲料来平衡氨基酸的需要。     

Evaluation of Apparent Metabolic Energy,Nitrogen Corrected Metabolic Energy,Biological Value of Protein and Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acid of Yeast Hydrolysate for Broilers

【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apparent metabolic energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy, ileal apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate in broilers, so as to provide the reference for the wide application of yeast hydrolysate in broiler diets. 【Method】 A total of 160 Cobb white-feathered broilers at 18 days old with no difference in body weight were randomly divided into the control group and experimental group. There were 8 replicates in each group, and 10 chickens with half male and half female were in each replicate. The control group was fed a nitrogen-free diet consisting of corn starch, glucose, fiber and soybean oil, and the experimental group was fed a semi-homozygous diet using yeast hydrolysate as the sole crude protein source. Furthermore, the control group and the experimental group were fed with 0.5% titanium dioxide, respectively, as an exogenous indicator. During the whole experiment, free feeding was available for broilers, feces were collected on 22-24 days using total fecal collection method, and the feed intake of broilers was counted. Further, the apparent metabolic energy of yeast hydrolysate and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy were calculated by measuring the total energy and nitrogen content in both diets and feces of broilers. After26 days of experiment, the latter half of ileum was dissected under anesthesia, the chime was taken out, and the contents of amino acids and titanium dioxide in both diet and ileal chyme were measured to calculate the apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate. 【Result】 (1) The total energy value of yeast hydrolysate was 18.19 MJ·kg ^-1, the apparent metabolic energy value was 11.22 MJ·kg ^-1, and the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy was 10.17 MJ·kg ^-1. Effective energy was equivalent to that of common soybean meal. (2) Crude protein content of yeast hydrolysate was 41.7%, and total amino acid was 36.97%. The ratio of essential amino acid to dispensable amino acid was 44:56, which was close to that of common soybean meal. The limiting amino acids of yeast hydrolysate were Met, Met+Cys, Arg, Leu, Ile, Phe+Tyr, Val, His, lys, Thr and Trp, which were different from soybean meal. (3) The ileal apparent amino acid digestibility, standard ileal amino acid digestibility and total intestinal apparent amino acid digestibility of yeast hydrolysate were all higher than 70%. The available limiting amino acids were Met, Met+Cys, Arg, Leu, Ile, Thr, Phe+Tyr, His, Lys, Val, and Trp. Methionine and arginine were the first and the second limiting amino acids, and leucine and isoleucine were the third and the fourth limiting amino acids, respectively. Threonine was poorly available, and was regarded as the fifth restrictive available amino acid. In addition, the limiting amino acids of yeast hydrolysate were quite different to soybean meal. 【Conclusion】 Yeast hydrolysate was a kind of protein feed material. Its protein content and effective energy value were similar to soybean meal, but its amino acid composition and availability were quite different to soybean meal. Therefore, in the application of yeast hydrolysate in broiler diet, it was necessary to consider the need of supplementing different amino acids or mixing different protein feeds to balance amino acids.     

Control of yeast mating signal transduction by a mammalian beta 2-adrenergic receptor and Gs alpha subunit

To facilitate functional and mechanistic studies of receptor-G protein interactions, [corrected] the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor (h beta-AR) has been expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was achieved by placing a modified h beta-AR gene under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter. After induction by galactose, functional h beta-AR was expressed at a concentration several hundred times as great as that found in any human tissue. As determined from competitive ligand binding experiments, h beta-AR expressed in yeast displayed characteristic affinities, specificity, and stereoselectivity. Partial activation of the yeast pheromone response pathway by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists was achieved in cells coexpressing h beta-AR and a mammalian G protein (Gs) alpha subunit-demonstrating that these components can couple to each other and to downstream effectors when expressed in yeast. This in vivo reconstitution system provides a new approach for examining ligand binding and G protein coupling to cell surface receptors.     

Disruption of the yeast N-myristoyl transferase gene causes recessive lethality

The structural gene for N-myristoyl transferase (NMT1) has been cloned from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 455 amino acids (Mr = 52,837) that has no identifiable significant primary sequence homology with any protein in currently available databases. Overexpression of NMT activity was achieved by means of the yeast episomal plasmid YEp24 without obvious effects on growth kinetics, cell morphology, or acylprotein metabolic labeling patterns. Insertional mutagenesis of the NMT1 locus on yeast chromosome XII caused recessive lethality, indicating that this protein acyltransferase activity is necessary for vegetative cell growth.     

乙醇发酵分离耦合过程中负压对酵母代谢的影响

研究了负压对酵母繁殖力、酵母形态、发酵性能、发酵副产物等的影响,结果表明:通过平板和显微镜观察,发现负压对酵母的繁殖力和形态有一定的影响;抽样的最大乙醇浓度、乙醇生产力比对照高;抽压过程中有一部分糖被消耗转化为菌体的维持能;并根据发酵结果,对菌体生长、糖消耗、CO2生成、乙醇生成进行了曲线拟合。     

水稻OsVDAC5真核表达载体的构建及在酵母中的表达研究

[目的]构建水稻OsVDAC5的真核表达载体,对其进行真核表达研究。[方法]将Osvdac5基因与酵母表达载体pPIC3.5K连接,通过电转化的方法插入到毕氏酵母GS115中,筛选阳性重组菌株,通过0.5%的甲醇诱导使外源的水稻Osvdac5基因表达,并利用West-ern Blot鉴定表达蛋白的特异性。[结果]成功构建了Osvdac5::pPIC3.5K酵母表达载体,将其整合到酵母GS115基因组后,对其进行诱导表达,产物经Western Blot检测,证实了表达蛋白为OsVDAC5。[结论]该研究结果为进一步研究OsVDAC5蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

植物防御素基因alfAFP(M. sativa)在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及对水稻病原菌的抑制

 【目的】大多数的植物防御素对不同的病原菌具有抗菌活性,其中来自苜蓿种子的防御素alfAFP的转基因土豆和番茄已经被证明对病原菌具有强抗病性。进一步研究该基因对稻瘟病、纹枯病、白叶枯病三大重要病害的抑制作用,对水稻抗病基因工程研究具有重要的意义。【方法】本试验将alfAFP构建到表达载体pPIC9K上,电转化毕赤酵母（GS115）,再进行蛋白质的分泌性诱导表达,最后进行体外重组蛋白对水稻病菌的抑菌活性检测。【结果】通过15%的SDS-PAGE检测,得到大约6.5 kD的重组蛋白。alfAFP融合蛋白对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病和白叶枯病均具有一定的抑制活性,其中对纹枯病的作用最为明显。【结论】alfAFP在酵母中成功诱导表达,并对水稻测试病菌具有一定的抑制活性,预示着alfAFP防御素基因在水稻抗病基因工程中具有潜在的应用价值。     

非酿酒酵母属酵母的葡萄酒发酵应用研究进展

葡萄皮上天然存在着非酿酒酵母属酵母（non-Saccharomyces），主要在葡萄酒浸渍和发酵初期发挥作用，近年来非酿酒酵母属酵母在葡萄酒发酵中的应用受到越来越多的关注。相对于酿酒酵母，非酿酒酵母属酵母在酒精发酵中具有较弱的发酵力，可将还原糖转化为乙醇及其他代谢副产物，是生产复杂风味和低酒度葡萄酒的潜在优良酵母。不同非酿酒酵母属酵母菌种在葡萄酒发酵应用中具有不同的代谢特征，选择具有一定特征的优良非酿酒酵母属酵母应用于发酵中，可以提高葡萄酒的特色化品质。本研究在总结商业化非酿酒酵母属酵母的种类、酿造特点和应用方式的基础上，重点综述了不同非酿酒酵母属酵母对葡萄酒颜色、香气、口感和安全健康4个方面的积极作用、代谢机理和研究热点：具有高产酸、多糖、胞外丙酮酸及低吸附性等特性的非酿酒酵母属酵母可通过不同代谢机理促进葡萄酒颜色的稳定；不同非酿酒酵母属酵母通过低产乙醇、乙醛、降低挥发性酚类，高产乙酸乙酯、乙酸酯类化合物、乙酯类化合物、高级醇、与萜烯或硫醇释放相关的酶类等途径促进葡萄酒果味香气的提升，增加香气复杂性；非酿酒酵母属酵母通过高产甘油、多糖和乳酸，降解苹果酸等方式调节葡萄酒的口感特征；非酿...     

酵母乙醇提取物对重组大肠杆菌外源蛋白表达的影响

酵母乙醇提取物是利用啤酒干酵母经培养发酵后提取的富含多种活性物质的混合物。初步实验研究发现,该物质对大肠杆菌蛋白表达有明显促进作用。为了进一步研究其对蛋白表达的作用,以E.coli BL21(DE3)/p GEX-4t-1-ggt为主要研究菌,以2 g·L-1乳糖作为诱导剂,研究酵母乙醇提取物对γ-GGT蛋白表达的作用。研究发现,分批添加终浓度10 g·L-1的酵母提纯提取物到2 g·L-1的乳糖为诱导剂的培养基中可以显著提高γ-GGT蛋白的表达及宿主菌的生长,蛋白表达量比1 mmol·L-1 IPTG诱导效果高10%~50%,菌体密度提高1.75~3倍左右。对于其他的重组蛋白及表达宿主有相似的作用。酵母乙醇提取物与乳糖组成的复合制剂可以有效替代有毒性的IPTG作为诱导剂的使用,为大规模诱导蛋白表达奠定了基础。     

Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature

Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30° to 36°C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.     

Generation and Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags （ESTs） from Muscle Full-Length cDNA Library of Wujin Pig

Porcine skeletal muscle genes play a major role in determining muscle growth and meat quality. Construction of a full-length cDNA library is an effective way to understand the expression of functional genes in muscle tissues. In addition, novel genes for further research could be identified in the library. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA library from porcine muscle tissue. The estimated average size of the cDNA inserts was 1 076 bp, and the cDNA fullness ratio was 86.2%. A total of 1 058 unique sequences with 342 contigs （32.3%） and 716 singleton （67.7%） expressed sequence tags （EST） were obtained by clustering and assembling. Meanwhile, 826 （78.1%） ESTs were categorized as known genes, and 232 （21.9%） ESTs were categorized as unknown genes. 65 novel porcine genes that exhibit no identity in the TIGR gene index of Sus scrofa and 124 full-length sequences with unknown functions were deposited in the dbEST division of GenBank （accession numbers： EU650784-EU650788, GE843306, GH228978-GH229100）. The abundantly expressed genes in porcine muscle tissue were related to muscle fiber development, energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Gene ontology analysis showed that sequences expressed in porcine muscle tissue contained a high percentage of binding activity, catalytic activity, structural molecule activity and motor activity, which involved mainly in metabolic, cellular and developmental process, distributed mainly in intracellular region. The sequence data generated in this study would provide valuable information for identifying porcine genes expressed in muscle tissue and help to advance the study on the structure and function of genes in pigs.     

Late cretaceous precessional cycles in double time: a warm-Earth milankovitch response

Late Cretaceous climatic cycles are reflected in lithological and magnetic variations in carbonate sediments from South Atlantic Deep-Sea Drilling Project site 516F at a paleolatitude of roughly 30 degrees S. Magnetic susceptibility cycles 20 to 60 centimeters in length appear to be controlled by the precession of the equinoxes. Cyclicity is particularly robust within a 24-meter interval in the lower Campanian, where overtone spectral peaks are observed as well as secondary susceptibility maxima within individual precession cycles. One model for this behavior is that sedimentation in the narrow Cretaceous South Atlantic was controlled by equatorial climate dynamics, with the precessional insolation signal rectified by the large land masses surrounding the ocean basin.     

Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations

Analysis of cellular components at multiple levels of biological information can provide valuable functional insights. We performed multiple high-throughput measurements to study the response of Escherichia coli cells to genetic and environmental perturbations. Analysis of metabolic enzyme gene disruptants revealed unexpectedly small changes in messenger RNA and proteins for most disruptants. Overall, metabolite levels were also stable, reflecting the rerouting of fluxes in the metabolic network. In contrast, E. coli actively regulated enzyme levels to maintain a stable metabolic state in response to changes in growth rate. E. coli thus seems to use complementary strategies that result in a metabolic network robust against perturbations.     

人雌激素受体cDNA在酵母细胞中的表达

根据人全长雌激素受体cDNA序列,用RT—PCR方法使乳腺癌细胞MCF-7株扩增人雌激素受体基因(hER cDNA),通过pGEM—T／hER载体克隆到酵母表达载体中,并转化到酿酒酵母细胞中,用Western blot法和免疫组化法检测hER cDNA的表达。结果表明：hER cDNA在酵母细胞中成功表达,可用于建立环境雌激素的酵母细胞检测体系。     

酵母SOD1基因缺失突变体应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂CFW的转录组学分析

以酿酒酵母为研究材料,采用酵母全基因组表达谱芯片,分析超氧化物歧化酶SOD1基因缺失(sod1Δ)对酵母细胞应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂钙荧光白(CFW)全基因组转录表达谱的影响,为揭示植物病原真菌细胞壁调控机制以及植物抗真菌基因工程改造提供新的理论基础。结果表明:CFW(10μg/m L)处理1 h后,与野生型酵母细胞相比,sod1Δ酵母细胞中211个基因发生了显著差异表达(97个基因表达上调、114个基因表达下调)。随机选取5个差异表达基因采用定量PCR验证,结果与芯片分析结果一致。差异表达基因功能主要涉及细胞壁、细胞代谢、蛋白质合成、细胞防御以及大量功能未知蛋白。以上结果表明,SOD1基因缺失可显著改变酵母细胞应答真菌细胞壁抑制剂CFW胁迫的全基因组转录表达谱。     

雌激素调控的绿色荧光蛋白在酵母细胞中的表达

采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为报告基因,用酵母细胞构建环境雌激素(EEH)的评价体系,可敏感、快速、方便地筛选出EEH化合物。通过分子生物学技术,将GFP基因插入到pM P 206/ERE启动子CYC 1的下游,用GFP取代L ac Z基因,并转化于酵母细胞。DNA测序发现ERE-CYC 1-GFP框架正确。对转化子进行PCR鉴定,发现有雌激素受体基因(hER cDNA)和GFP基因特异条带,说明hER cDNA和GFP已重组于酵母细胞。荧光显微镜下发现大量的绿色荧光颗粒,表明GFP基因在酵母细胞中成功表达。酵母细胞经不同浓度雌二醇作用后,与GFP表达量有剂量效应关系。与其他酵母评价体系相比,以GFP为报告基因评价EEH不需要破坏细胞壁,也不需要底物,可在96孔板中完成,这为高通量筛选EEH化合物奠定了基础。     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选玉米ZmPRR73的互作蛋白

为了阐明ZmPRR73基因的生物学功能,构建诱饵表达载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73,利用酵母双杂交技术,从长日照光照环境诱导的热带玉米自交系的cDNA文库中筛选与ZmPRR73互作的蛋白。结果显示：构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-ZmPRR73对酵母菌株无毒性,且对报告基因无自激活活性,共鉴定出12个与ZmPRR73互作的候选蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些候选互作蛋白的功能涉及植物的转录调控、离子跨膜转运的调节、信号转导、电子传递链等多个方面,推测ZmPRR73蛋白与以上蛋白互作参与多个信号转导和代谢途径,研究结果补充和完善了ZmPRR73蛋白参与的调控途径,为进一步研究生物钟核心元件ZmPRR73的分子功能提供了新的分子证据。