喷雾干燥破膜血球蛋白粉在断奶仔猪上的营养价值评定

试验选用体重(15.6±1.98)kg杜长大仔猪12头,在测定血球蛋白粉常规养分和氨基酸含量基础上进行消化代谢试验。采用单因子试验设计,用无氮日粮和血球蛋白粉半纯合日粮法测定血球蛋白粉中粗蛋白质和能量的消化利用率及猪回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率。结果表明:血球蛋白粉含粗蛋白质91.87%,总能20.96MJ/kg,总氨基酸71.85%,其中主要限制性氨基酸:赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和异亮氨酸含量分别为6.32%、0.91%、2.30%、0.36%。粗蛋白质表观和真消化率分别为92.69%和94.34%,总氨基酸回肠表观消化率80.83%,消化能19.28MJ/kg,代谢能19.03MJ/kg。     

喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉在仔猪日粮中的应用

早期断奶,可以提高母猪的年生产能力。但是,早期断奶易引起仔猪生产停滞、腹泻,甚至死亡,这主要是因为仔猪的消化机能发育不完善和主动免疫系统尚未健全。喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉易消化、适口性好、蛋白质组成稳定、含有丰定的免疫球蛋白,是断奶仔猪日粮中一种较理想的蛋白源,对于防止仔猪断奶后的生长停滞和仔猪腹泻有显著效果。     

马铃薯蛋白粉是仔猪优质蛋白质来源

随着欧盟决定从猪的饲粮中排除肉粉,马铃薯蛋白粉已成为欧洲颇受欢迎的猪饲料。大量实践证明,马铃薯蛋白粉将成为仔猪和其他幼畜禽饲粮的优质成分。饲喂5周龄前仔猪的试验表明,马铃薯蛋白粉的营养价值优于大豆粉或相当于脱脂奶粉,且马铃薯蛋白粉配合添加乳糖饲喂效果更好,见表1和表2。马铃薯蛋白粉是以马铃薯制作淀粉过程中的副产物,不仅含有丰富的蛋白质,而且其氨基酸组成是相当均衡的,可与脱脂奶粉和鱼粉媲美(见表3)。此外,其灰分含量也相当高,其中磷的含量是钙的4倍。表1马铃薯蛋白粉与大豆粉饲喂1～5周龄哺乳仔猪的比较大豆粉马铃薯蛋白…     

马铃薯蛋白粉的营养特性及在仔猪日粮上的应用效果

马铃薯蛋白粉是生产马铃薯淀粉的主要副产物,营养价值丰富。本文就马铃薯蛋白粉的生产工艺、营养特性及在仔猪日粮上的应用效果做一综述,为饲料生产者提供参考。     

马铃薯蛋白粉对断奶仔猪的应用效果研究

选择30日龄断奶体重为(6.94±0.69)kg的二元杂种商品仔猪184头,按照窝别、性别、体重相近的原则分为5组,饲喂不含马铃薯蛋白粉的基础饲粮和以2%、4%、6%的马铃薯蛋白粉及4%的血浆蛋白粉等氮替代基础饲粮中豆粕的饲粮,每组4～5个重复,每个重复8头仔猪,进行28d的饲养试验。试验第15d称重后,每个重复选择1头体重接近该圈平均体重的仔猪前腔静脉采血,测定血液生化指标;试验第15～18d,以圈为单位,收集粪样,测定蛋白质表观消化率。研究马铃薯蛋白粉在断奶仔猪上的应用效果,确定其适宜添加量。结果表明,饲粮中添加2%马铃薯蛋白粉组,与基础饲粮组相比,试验全期可以提高日增重6.14%(P>0.05)、降低料重比10%(P<0.01),降低腹泻率6.24个百分点(P>0.05),效果相当于甚至优于4%血浆蛋白粉。饲粮中添加4%和6%马铃薯蛋白粉,仔猪生长性能显著或极显著低于基础饲粮组。但6%马铃薯蛋白粉组蛋白质表观消化率高于基础饲粮组和2%马铃薯蛋白粉组(P<0.05),血浆蛋白粉组蛋白质表观消化率略高于基础饲粮组(P>0.05);2%马铃薯蛋白粉组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、胆碱酯酶含量最高;4%血浆蛋白粉组血清尿素氮显著低于基础饲粮组,极显著低于马铃薯蛋白粉组;6%马铃薯蛋白粉组谷丙转氨酶活性高于4%、2%马铃薯蛋白粉组(P<0.05);各个处理血液谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸含量以及谷草转氨酶活性差异不显著。由此结论,马铃薯蛋白粉在断奶仔猪饲粮中的适宜添加量为2%。     

玉米蛋白粉营养价值评定及其评定技术的研究

试验选用6头平均体重(50.9±2.73)kg生长猪,应用套算法(The Difference Method),采用全消化道收粪技术,按6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米蛋白粉的氮(N)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、干物质(DM)、总能(GE)和消化能(DE)及其表观消化率,待测原料包括4种不同粗蛋白质含量的玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%,CGM).4种玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%)的表观消化能分别为4234、4029、4023和4244 kcal/kg,氮表观消化率分别为92.3%～96.3%;总能表观消化率分别为79.7%～89.7%;干物质表观消化率分别为82.7%～88.0%(P＜0.05).加工工艺影响玉米蛋白粉的养分表观消化率.采用套算法测定玉米蛋白粉的养分消化率,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量.     

低蛋白补充合成氨基酸日粮对仔猪氦排泄的影响

试验选用32头断奶仔猪，初始体重为6．8kg，共进行14d，其中适应期9d，正式收粪尿期为5d。试验全面研究了不同蛋白水平补充合成氨基酸对仔猪氨排泄的影响。研究发现，降低蛋白水平并按照理想蛋白模式补充合成氨基酸，显著降低了粪尿排放量（P=0．01），线性降低了氮排泄（P〈0．001），同时日氮沉积绝对量也呈现线性下降（P〈0．001）；平均每降低一个百分点的仔猪日粮蛋白水平．可减少8．4％的氮排泄量。     

喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉在断奶仔猪生产中的应用

近几年来喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）在仔猪饲料中的应用逐渐普及。尤其是实行三阶段仔猪日粮方案,血浆蛋白粉被认为是非常理想和必需的蛋白质。本文概述了SDPP的营养价值及其在断奶仔猪生产中的应用。喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）是利用检疫合恪的动物（主要是猪、牛、羊）的新鲜血液经抗凝、稳定化、消毒处理、分离卅血浆,经喷雾干燥获得的具有固定气味,存在灰白色至浅粉红色色阶的无定型粉状物。SDPP具有独持的营养价值,尤其适用于幼龄动物早期断奶时使用。     

马铃薯蛋白粉对28日龄断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

马铃薯蛋白粉是一种价格低廉的蛋白质饲料.蛋白质含量丰富,氨基酸组成相当均衡,对促进猪生产性能、改善肠道微生物起着极其重要的作用.本试验研究添加3.5%、4.5%、5.5%、6.5%的马铃薯蛋白粉对28日龄断奶仔猪生长性能的影响和适宜饲喂量.试验结果表明:4.5%组、5.5%组较对照组仔猪日增重分别提高14.67%、13.48%(p<0.01).料重比分别降低18.56%、15.91%(p<0.05);4.5%组、5.5%组仔猪日增重、日采食量、料重比差异不显著(p>0.05),较其他试验组差异显著(p<0.05),马铃薯蛋白粉适宜添加量为4.5%～5.5%.     

Nutritional value of a new source of fermented soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200) are greater than in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV). In experiment 1, 9 barrows (initial body weight: 9.17 ± 1.03 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained cornstarch and SBM-CV or Fermex 200 as the sole source of crude protein (CP), and AA were formulated. Results indicated that there were no difference between SBM-CV and Fermex 200 for SID of CP and AA. In experiment 2, 24 growing pigs (initial body weight: 14.19 ± 1.18 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to a corn-based diet or 2 diets that contained corn and SBM-CV or corn and Fermex 200. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-d adaptation and 4-d collection periods. Results indicated that the concentration of DE and ME in Fermex 200 were not different from DE and ME in SBM-CV. In experiment 3, 40 barrows (initial body weight: 11.01 ± 1.38 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 10 replicate pigs per diet. Four diets were formulated to contain Fermex 200 or SBM-CV and either 0 or 1,000 units/kg of microbial phytase. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates. Fecal samples were collected as explained for experiment 2. Results indicated that the STTD of P in Fermex 200 was greater (P < 0.01) than in SBM-CV, but the addition of microbial phytase to the diets increased the ATTD and STTD of P in SBM-CV, but not in Fermex 200 (interaction; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the SID of AA and concentrations of DE and ME in Fermex 200 were not different from values determined for SBM-CV, but the STTD of P was greater in Fermex 200 than in SBM-CV if microbial phytase was not added to the diet.     

Comparison of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein and fish meal as protein sources for weaner piglets

A total of 32 weaner piglets (Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 9.6±1.2 kg, and 29.8±2.7 days of age, were used in a 28-day growth assay to compare low-glycoalkaloid potato protein with fish meal as the main protein source. The piglets were housed pair-wise in pens and were fed semi-ad libitum. During feeding the piglets were separated allowing individual feeding within the pen. Four diets were tested with varying proportions of a high quality fish meal (F) and low-glycoalkaloid potato protein (P): diet A (10% F); diet B (5% F and 5% P); diet C (2.5% F and 7.5% P) and diet D (10% P). On average, in weeks 1–4, the piglets on diets C and D had higher feed intakes (17%; P<0.01) and daily weight gains (18%; P<0.05) than the piglets on diets A and B. There was no effect of diet (P>0.05) on feed conversion. It can be concluded from the present study that low-glycoalkaloid potato protein can completely replace high quality fish meal in diets for weaner pigs. The improved feed intake and daily gain with increasing inclusion suggests that low-glycoalkaloid potato protein may be superior to fish meal as a protein source for weaner pigs.     

Standardized ileal digestibility of proteins and amino acids in sesame expeller and soya bean meal in weaning piglets

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of diets containing sesame expeller (SE) and soya bean meal (SBM) was determined using 15 piglets (Genetiporc^®), weaned at 17 ± 0.4 days with average body weight of 6.4 ± 0.7 kg (Fertilis 20 × G Performance, Genetiporc^®, PIC México, Querétaro, México). Piglets were randomly assigned to three treatments: (i) a reference diet with casein as the sole protein source; (ii) a mixed diet of casein–SE; and (iii) a mixed diet of casein–SBM. The chemical composition of SE and SBM was determined, and AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs) were determined for each protein source. SE contained greater quantities of ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, phytic acid, methionine and arginine than SBM. Lysine and proline contents and trypsin inhibitor activity were higher in SBM than in SE. The AID and SID of CP and AA (except for lysine and proline) were similar in SE and SBM. The AID of lysine and proline was higher in SBM than in SE (p < 0.05), and the SID of proline was higher in SE than in SBM (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that SE is an appropriate alternative protein source for early weaned pigs.     

Apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in soybean meal,fish meal,spray‐dried plasma protein and fermented soybean meal to weaned pigs

This study sought to determine whether fermentation could increase apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), energy (E) and amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) greater than that of soybean meal (SBM) in weaned pigs. Four weaned pigs (10.00 ± 0.30 kg) were surgically equipped with T‐cannulas and randomly followed a 4 × 4 Latin square design of treatments (SBM, FSBM, fish meal and spray‐dried plasma protein). Overall, the fermentation process was able to reduce the amount of anti‐nutritional factors (ANF), including trypsin inhibitors, raffinose and stachyose, in the FSBM diet, which were significantly reduced by 39.4, 92.2, and 92.9%, respectively, as compared to the SBM diet. As a consequence of ANF reduction in FSBM, the AID of DM, N and E as well as AA was significantly greater with FSBM than SBM. Taken all together, the fermentation process improved the nutritional quality of SBM, due to ANF reduction, leading to improvement of digestibility of AA. As such, FSBM can be potentially used as a specialized feed ingredient, especially for young animal diets in an attempt to reduce diet costs.     

南极磷虾粉氨基酸营养价值分析与评价

试验旨在评价南极磷虾粉氨基酸营养价值。采用国标方法,测定南极磷虾粉中氨基酸含量及组成,并将12种水产动物肌肉氨基酸组成作为参考模式,评价南极磷虾粉作为饲料蛋白源的氨基酸营养价值,并与鱼粉和豆粕进行比较。试验结果表明：南极磷虾粉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占干物质总重的67.18%、32.64%和23.73%,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的48.59%和35.32%,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的比值为94.50,符合FAO/WHO的理想蛋白质模式。通过氨基酸比值系数法计算,南极磷虾粉第一限制性氨基酸主要为蛋氨酸,而在所选的水产动物中,南极磷虾粉适合作为点篮子鱼、黄颡鱼和红鳍东方鲀的饲料蛋白源。南极磷虾粉氨基酸平衡性较好,营养价值较高,是一种值得开发利用并在水产动物饲料中应用的优质资源。     

大米粉的猪回肠氨基酸真消化率测定

大米加工副产品大米粉长期以来被添加到米糠中利用，显著降低了其利用率。本试验用三头施以回直肠吻合术猪，采用单因子设计，以大米粉为半纯合日粮，无氮日粮由醋酸纤维素提供粗纤维来测定内源值，测定了大米粉的猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率。大米粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率的平均值为76．20％，真消化率的平均值为85.86％。这些数据可为我国氨基酸消化率数据库提供参考，并且可作为以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮时的依据。     

土豆蛋白在水产饲料中的应用

本文综述了国内外关于水生生物对土豆蛋白的应用情况,及影响水生生物对土豆蛋白利用的因素。     

Sunflower expellers have greater ileal digestibility of amino acids than sunflower meal,but there are only minor variations among different sources of sunflower meal when fed to growing pigs

The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of origin or processing procedure on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in sunflower coproducts. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expellers (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, and the United States. Each source of SFM or SFE was the only source of CP and AA in one diet, and an N-free diet was also used for a total of eight diets. Eight barrows (body weight: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to one of the eight diets using an 8 × 8 Latin square design with eight periods. The Lys:CP ratio in the six sources of SFM ranged from 3.10% to 3.96% with CP concentrations ranging from 27.34% to 36.75%. CP in SFE was 26.87% and the Lys:CP ratio was 3.51%. Concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in the six sources of SFM ranged from 0.60% to 3.11%, but SFE contained 8.77%. Results indicated that the SID of CP was lower (P < 0.05) in SFM from Hungary compared with all other sources of SFM except for one of the sources from Ukraine. There were no differences in the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp among sources of SFM, but for most of the remaining indispensable AA, the SFM from Hungary had less (P < 0.05) SID than the other sources. However, only a few differences in the SID of indispensable AA were observed among the other sources of SFM, but the SID of CP and all AA except Trp was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, there were only a few differences in the SID of the first-limiting AA among SFM obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States, but the SID of CP and AA was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that processing of sunflower seeds influence the nutritional value.     

Ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids from canola meal in weaned piglets and growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AID) of protein and amino acids from canola meal (CM) and a pelleted canola meal (PCM) and their effect on specific activity (SA) of pancreatic proteases in weaned piglets and growing pigs. In experiment one, 24 piglets weaned at 17 days and weighing 5.5 kg were used. Treatments were a reference diet with 200 g of crude protein (CP) kg^− 1 elaborated with casein (C) as the sole protein source, a diet containing C–CM and a diet containing C–PCM. These diets were obtained using the reference diet plus 100 g kg^− 1 of CM or PCM that substituted an isoproteic mixture of casein and maize starch from reference diet, so that the AID coefficients for their protein and amino acids could be calculated by difference. In experiment two, nine castrated pigs weighing 39.5 kg were used. Treatments were a reference diet with 160 g of CP kg^− 1 elaborated with casein (C) as the sole protein source, diet C–CM and diet C–PCM. These diets were obtained using the reference diet plus 300 g kg^− 1 of CM or PCM that substituted an isoproteic mixture of casein and maize starch from reference diet. In piglets, the AID coefficients for casein were highest (P < 0.05), those of PCM were intermediate, and those of CM were the lowest. In older pigs, the AID coefficients for casein were highest, and those of CM and PCM were similar (P > 0.05). The SAs of chymotrypsin, trypsin and carboxypeptidases A and B were lower in piglets than in heavier pigs. Moreover, the SAs of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase B were lower (P > 0.05) in animals fed casein. The results showed in piglets that whereas CM was less digestible, pelleted canola meal improved protein and amino acid ileal digestibility, resulting in similar AID coefficients to those of growing pigs.