旋毛虫新生幼虫cDNA文库构建及其特异性基因的筛选与鉴定

构建旋毛虫新生幼虫cDNA文库并对旋毛虫新牛幼虫期特异件基因进行筛选与鉴定,筛选出期特异性的基因片段.用λZAPⅡExpress载体成功地构建了旋毛虫新生幼虫的cDNA文库,并用放射性同位素a-38P标记cDNA探针对筛选出的阳性克隆进行鉴定.所构建的cDNA文库容量为1.92×106,重组效率为98.6%,所有的克隆片段都在0.5～2.0 kb之间,筛选获得7个阳性克隆,其大小在1.4 kb左右;用放射性同位素a-32P标记cDNA探针后,与旋毛虫成虫、肌幼虫、新生幼虫及成虫/新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA进行Southern印迹杂交,结果与新生幼虫和成虫、新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA有杂交而与成虫、肌幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA不杂交.该基因是新生幼虫期所特有的cDNA片段.     

湖羊瘤胃微生物Fosmid文库的构建和分析

为了开发瘤胃微生物酶资源,本研究以湖羊瘤胃为对象,构建瘤胃微生物的Fosmid文库,并对其库容量、稳定性和功能性进行分析.文库共获得克隆12704个.通过Xho I和BamH I限制性酶切分析发现,文库插入片断平均为30.9 kb(17～55 kb),主要集中于36～40 kb和26～30 kb 2个区间;所建文库容量为393 Mb.HindⅢ限制性分析证实,在连续传代100次时,文库仍保持很好的稳定性.通过刚果红染色分析获得18个具有木聚糖酶活性的阳性克隆.上述结果表明该文库具有较好的库容量、稳定性和功能性,可用于后续酶资源开发.     

家猪Fosmid基因组文库的构建

本研究采用蛋白酶K和苯酚抽提法提取基因组DNA，通过物理方法随机剪切DNA，经T₄DNA聚合酶和T₄多聚核苷酸激酶末端修饰，琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收大小为25~40 kb的片段，与pCC1FOS载体连接，噬菌体包装蛋白体外包装，转染大肠杆菌EPI300，构建了家猪Fosmid基因组文库。文库容量为8.50×10⁹CFU/ml，平均插入片段大小约25 kb，用家猪MC1卫星DNA做探针对文库进行初步筛选，获得含该卫星DNA的阳性克隆，该文库的构建为进一步筛选并研究猪卫星DNA序列奠定了基础。     

猪带绦虫六钩蚴cDNA文库的构建与筛选

在体外将猪带绦虫虫卵孵化为有活力的六钩蚴。采用商品化试剂盒抽提六钩蚴总 RNA、m RNA,反转录为双链c DNA,再加 Eco R Adapter。在去除小片段后 ,dsc DNA与 λgt11噬菌体 DNA连接 ,经蛋白包装 ,构建了猪带绦虫六钩蚴λgt11c DNA文库。该文库效价为 3.5× 10 9pfu/ m L ,重组 DNA片段大小为 0 .5～ 3.2 kb,平均为 1.6 kb,蓝白斑比 1∶ 9。用抗体探针对文库进行免疫学筛选 ,在消除非特异性反应的基础上筛选约 10 6 重组子 ,共得到 118株强阳性克隆 ;应用 PCR鉴定上述部分阳性克隆 ,均扩增到 0 .5 kb以上的片段。结果显示 ,构建的文库合格 ,含六钩蚴所有抗原基因 ,可用于六钩蚴 c DNA克隆的筛选 ;用免疫学与 PCR联合筛选 c DNA文库 ,可消除假阳性     

旋毛虫期特异性基因的筛选与鉴定

对旋毛虫新生幼虫 期特异性基因进行筛选与鉴定,结果表明:对新生幼虫cDNA文库进行核酸杂交筛选，获得7个阳性克隆，其大小在1.4 kb左右；用放射性同位素α³²P标记cDNA探针后，与旋毛虫成虫、肌幼虫、新生幼虫、成虫/新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA进行Southern印迹杂交，结果与成虫/新生幼虫、新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA有杂交而与成虫、肌幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA不杂交，因此该探针是新生幼虫期所特有的cDNA片段。     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选TRADD的互作牛分枝杆菌蛋白

为研究牛分枝杆菌抑制肿瘤坏死因子介导的细胞凋亡来逃避宿主免疫反应的机制,本试验采用酵母双杂交系统在牛分枝杆菌中筛选可与肿瘤坏死因子受体1相关死亡域蛋白（TRADD）相互作用的蛋白。通过限制性内切酶Sau3AⅠ部分消化牛分枝杆菌基因组,回收片段随机插入pGADT7载体中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,构建牛分枝杆菌基因组文库。PCR扩增人tradd基因,将扩增产物克隆于pGBKT7载体上,构建重组诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd,转化酵母菌Y2HGold。用诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd对牛分枝杆菌基因组文库进行筛选,以获得与TRADD互作的阳性候选克隆;提取阳性候选克隆中的质粒,经测序和同源性比对分析,获得与TRADD互作的牛分枝杆菌蛋白的生物学信息。结果显示,构建的文库滴度为2×10⁶ CFU,平均插入片段在1.5 kb左右,文库重组率>95%。经Western blotting验证,诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd可在酵母菌中表达诱饵蛋白TRADD,且TRADD的表达对酵母菌无毒性,不会在酵母菌中自激活。应用酵母双杂交系统初步筛选出20个与TRADD互作的阳性克隆,经复筛、测序和BLAST对比,最终发现7个基因序列。本研究应用酵母双杂交技术成功筛选到7个与TRADD互作的牛分枝杆菌蛋白,为进一步研究牛分枝杆菌对细胞凋亡的抑制机制提供线索。     

利用酵母双杂交系统筛选TRADD的互作牛分枝杆菌蛋白

为研究牛分枝杆菌抑制肿瘤坏死因子介导的细胞凋亡来逃避宿主免疫反应的机制,本试验采用酵母双杂交系统在牛分枝杆菌中筛选可与肿瘤坏死因子受体1相关死亡域蛋白(TRADD)相互作用的蛋白。通过限制性内切酶Sau3AⅠ部分消化牛分枝杆菌基因组,回收片段随机插入pGADT7载体中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,构建牛分枝杆菌基因组文库。PCR扩增人tradd基因,将扩增产物克隆于pGBKT7载体上,构建重组诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd,转化酵母菌Y2HGold。用诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd对牛分枝杆菌基因组文库进行筛选,以获得与TRADD互作的阳性候选克隆;提取阳性候选克隆中的质粒,经测序和同源性比对分析,获得与TRADD互作的牛分枝杆菌蛋白的生物学信息。结果显示,构建的文库滴度为2×10~6 CFU,平均插入片段在1.5kb左右,文库重组率95%。经Western blotting验证,诱饵质粒pGBKT7-tradd可在酵母菌中表达诱饵蛋白TRADD,且TRADD的表达对酵母菌无毒性,不会在酵母菌中自激活。应用酵母双杂交系统初步筛选出20个与TRADD互作的阳性克隆,经复筛、测序和BLAST对比,最终发现7个基因序列。本研究应用酵母双杂交技术成功筛选到7个与TRADD互作的牛分枝杆菌蛋白,为进一步研究牛分枝杆菌对细胞凋亡的抑制机制提供线索。     

海子水牛瘤胃微生物的宏基因组学分析

为系统探讨海子水牛瘤胃内的微生物组成及木质纤维素降解酶系,本试验利用基于高通量测序的宏基因组学技术对海子水牛(2.5岁左右,平均体重为493 kg)瘤胃液样本进行组学分析。结果表明,共获得了77 283 638条reads,并拼接出744 712个scaffold。经prodigal分析后,共预测出827 044个基因。通过基因注释发现海子水牛瘤胃中含有多种木质纤维素降解微生物,如生黄瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus flavefaciens)、白色瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus albus)、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(Fibrobacter succinogenes)及栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella ruminicola)。此外,还发现有38 011个基因编码蛋白质具有木质纤维素降解酶活性,其中糖苷水解酶(GH)基因数量最多(17 877个),糖基转移酶(GT)(8 637个)、碳水化合物结合模块(CBM)(4 693个)和碳水化合物酯酶(CE)基因(4 214个)数量次之,多糖裂合酶(PL)(1 296个)和辅助氧化还原酶(AA)基因(934个)数量较少。在GH基因中,归属于GH2、GH43、GH97、GH3家族的基因较多,且编码蛋白质具有寡糖降解酶活性的基因数量最多。此外还发现了少量的纤维小体组分蛋白基因。结合其他物种肠胃宏基因组中GH基因比对分析,发现海子水牛瘤胃中的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和分支降解酶比例与奶牛瘤胃较为接近。由此可见,海子水牛瘤胃内含有丰富的木质纤维素降解微生物及酶系,这将为筛选具有工业应用潜力的酶基因奠定理论基础。     

芽孢杆菌CY1—3株碱性纤维素酶基因celC的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

芽孢杆菌CY1-3株基因组DNA经Sau3A Ⅰ部分消化后回收2～7 kb片段,构建了部分文库.通过刚果红染色鉴定,筛选出6个纤维素酶基因的阳性克隆子,经酶切鉴定为同一克隆子,命名为pGJc-1.经测序分析,该片段包含一个由1 593个核苷酸组成的开放阅读框（ORF）,命名为celC.经推导,celC基因编码由一531个氨基酸残基组成的CelC蛋白.氨基酸序列分析表明,CelC蛋白的氨基酸序列与多种细菌的β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶具有很高的同源性.粗酶液的SDSPAGE分析表明,celC基因在大肠杆菌中所表达的CelC蛋白具有纤维素酶活力,其分子质量约为58 ku.     

中草药复合添加剂对羊瘤胃消化酶活性的影响

为了研究自制中草药复合添加剂对绵羊瘤胃消化酶活性的影响,将60只4月龄健康杜寒杂一代绵羊随机分为4组进行试验,分别为公羊、母羊对照组(常规日粮),公羊、母羊试验组(常规日粮+中草药复合添加剂),试验期为45d。试验结束后取绵羊瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃蛋白酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、α-淀粉酶活性。结果表明,该中草药复合添加剂对绵羊瘤胃蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶活性的影响均不显著(P>0.05),但显著(P<0.05)提高了绵羊瘤胃羧甲基纤维素酶的活性,且上述3种酶活性的变化均与绵羊性别无关。研究结果提示,该中草药复合添加剂能提高绵羊瘤胃羧甲基纤维素酶的活性,可促进饲草料中纤维素在羊瘤胃内的消化代谢。     

白酒糟对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究白酒糟(产自贵州美酒河流域)对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响。以6只年龄、体重基本一致的黔北麻羊为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将其分成3组,每组2个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组以白酒糟分别替代基础饲粮中20%、40%的精料。试验期45 d,分3期,每期15 d,包括10 d预试期和5 d正试期。正试期采集血浆和瘤胃液样品,测定瘤胃液pH、缓冲力、氨态氮和挥发性脂肪酸浓度,瘤胃液微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶活性以及血浆葡萄糖、尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐含量。结果显示:1)3组黔北麻羊瘤胃液pH、缓冲力差异不显著(P0.05);氨态氮浓度均处于正常范围,试验1组氨态氮浓度显著高于试验2组(P0.05)。2)试验1组瘤胃液木聚糖酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组间瘤胃液微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验1组瘤胃液乙酸浓度最高,显著高于试验2组(P0.05);瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度也最高,显著高于对照组和试验2组(P0.05);3组瘤胃液丙酸和丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异均不显著(P0.05)。4)各组血浆生化指标无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,白酒糟替代40%以内精料不会对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵与血浆生化指标产生不良影响,相比较而言,以20%水平较优。     

Rumen fermentation response to a direct-fed xylanase enzyme preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosus in sheep

A study was conducted to obtain data on the effects of a fungal fibrolytic enzyme preparation (Rumino-zyme, with 250 FXU/g xylanase activities) from Thermomyces lanuginosus on some rumen fermentation parameters in sheep. Ruminal fluid samples were taken just before the morning feeding and then 2 h and 4 h after feeding. Xylanase activity, pH, concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were measured. The enzyme supplementation did not affect the pH but increased the xylanase activity and the total VFA concentration of the rumen fluid. The molar proportion of acetate increased, propionate was not affected and butyrate decreased after enzyme administration. The concentration of ammonia also decreased after supplementation with the enzyme product. It can be concluded that the xylanase enzyme preparation from T. lanuginosus induced favourable changes in the major rumen fermentation parameters in sheep.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫裂殖子全长cDNA文库的构建及应用

为克隆柔嫩艾美耳球虫裂殖子阶段的功能基因的全长序列,利用SMART技术,采用Clontech公司的Creator TMSMARTTMcDNA Library Construction Kit构建了鸡球虫裂殖子的全长cDNA文库。用试剂盒提取mRNA后,以cDNA合成试剂盒合成cDNA。连接至pDNR-LIB载体,用电转化法将重组质粒转化到E.coli DH10B内得到原始文库,扩增后保存于-80℃冰箱内;最后以文库为模板,分别以研究室已成功克隆序列(EtSAG2、EtMIC-2、EtMCAT)及Sanger的部分EST序列(Contig1218)设计引物,进行PCR扩增并测序检验文库的实用性。经测定,构建的初级cDNA文库约含有8.72×107个重组子,插入的片段多在1kb～3kb之间,平均插入片段长度约1.8kb,扩增后文库保存的滴度为2.4×104 cfu/mL;通过文库的PCR扩增,不仅可以成功扩增出研究室已成功克隆的序列(EtSAG2、EtMIC-2),并成功获得EtMCAT和EST序列(Contig1218)的全长cDNA序列,经比对分析Contig1218所编码的蛋白为组织蛋白酶B样半胱氨酸蛋白酶(Cathepsin B)。结果表明,已成功构建了柔嫩艾美耳球虫裂殖子高质量的全长cDNA文库,从而为筛选鸡球虫的功能基因全长序列奠定了基础。     

Characterization of bovine ruminal epithelial bacterial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing, PCR-DGGE, and qRT-PCR analysis

Currently, knowledge regarding the ecology and function of bacteria attached to the epithelial tissue of the rumen wall is limited. In this study, the diversity of the bacterial community attached to the rumen epithelial tissue was compared to the rumen content bacterial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, PCR-DGGE, and qRT-PCR analysis. Sequence analysis of 2785 randomly selected clones from six 16S rDNA (～1.4kb) libraries showed that the community structures of three rumen content libraries clustered together and were separated from the rumen tissue libraries. The diversity index of each library revealed that ruminal content bacterial communities (4.12/4.42/4.88) were higher than ruminal tissue communities (2.90/2.73/3.23), based on 97% similarity. The phylum Firmicutes was predominant in the ruminal tissue communities, while the phylum Bacteroidetes was predominant in the ruminal content communities. The phyla Fibrobacteres, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia were only detected in the ruminal content communities. PCR-DGGE analysis of the bacterial profiles of the rumen content and ruminal epithelial tissue samples from 22 steers further confirmed that there is a distinct bacterial community that inhibits the rumen epithelium. The distinctive epimural bacterial communities suggest that Firmicutes, together with other epithelial-specific species, may have additional functions other than food digestion.     

Partial characterization of structure and function of a xylanase gene from the rumen hemicellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium ruminantium

A gene encoding for xylanase activity in the rumen hemicellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium ruminantium was cloned into pBR322 in Escherichia coli (E. coli ). The primary clone had a 5.7 kb insert produced by Eco RI partial digestion. Subcloning followed by sequencing allowed for the discovery that this enzyme has a glycosyl‐hydrolase family 10 catalytic domain with a family 9 carbohydrate binding module at C‐terminus and a region partially homologous to a family 22 carbohydrate binding module at N‐terminus. Cloned xylanase is specifically active against xylan and oligoxyloside to produce xylobiose and xylotriose, showing optimal pH and temperature at 7.0 and 50°C, respectively. Molecular size of the xylanase (91 kDa) was confirmed by zymogram analysis of the E. coli clone, which agreed with the predicted size from the DNA sequence. Functions of the two modules at C‐ and N‐termini were evaluated by using xylanase variants with and without the respective module and the C‐terminal module was found to be functional in binding to acid‐swollen cellulose and insoluble oat‐spelt xylan, whereas the N‐terminal module was inactive for binding them.     

不同精粗比下添加维生素B12对体外瘤胃发酵和微生物酶活力的影响

本试验通过体外培养法,研究在不同精粗比饲粮中添加维生素B12对体外瘤胃发酵和微生物酶活力的影响。试验采用3×3双因子试验设计,即3个底物精粗比(玉米∶羊草=35∶65、50∶50和65∶35)和3个维生素B12添加量(0、40和90 ng/mL)。体外试验用瘤胃液取自3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的湖羊。体外培养24 h后测定体外瘤胃发酵参数和微生物酶活力。结果显示:1)随着底物精粗比和维生素B12添加量的提高,体外培养24 h的产气量、潜在产气量和有机物消化率极显著地增加(P<0.01),且维生素B12添加量与上述指标存在线性剂量效应(P<0.01)。2)当底物精粗比为50∶50和65∶35时,添加维生素B12显著提高了发酵液中氨态氮、微生物蛋白、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和丙酸浓度(P<0.05),但对丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)当底物精粗比为35∶65和50∶50时,添加40 ng/mL维生素B12使发酵液中羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶活力显著提高(P<0.05);当精粗比为65∶35时,添加90 ng/mL维生素B12使发酵液中羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶活力显著提高(P<0.05)。结果提示,底物精粗比和维生素B12添加量影响体外瘤胃发酵。添加维生素B12可增加瘤胃微生物酶的活力,从而提高有机物消化率以及微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸的产量。当底物精粗比(玉米∶羊草)较高(50∶50和65∶35)时,维生素B12的添加效果更明显,并且具有剂量依赖效应。     

Development of genomic probes to Sarcocystis cruzi (Apicomplexa).

A genomic library of Sarcocystis cruzi sporozoite DNA was constructed in bacteriophage lambda gt10. Recombinant phages containing insert DNA were selected by growth on Escherichia coli strain C600 hflA150. Of 14 clones examined, 11 contained DNA inserts ranging in size from approximately 1.45 kilobase (kb) to 6.18 kb. Insert DNA from four of these clones specifically hybridized to 32P-labelled S. cruzi merozoite DNA. One of these insert DNA, clone SL41, was selected and labelled with 32P. This probe did not hybridize with the other ten DNA inserts nor with bovine cellular DNA, but it hybridized with sporozoite, merozoite and bradyzoite DNA preparations. The SL41 probe could detect merozoite DNA in as little as 17 ng total DNA. Genomic probes detecting developmental stages of Sarcocystis spp. could provide an improved means is diagnosis of acute bovine sarcocystosis.     

Diversity and fluctuation in ciliate protozoan population in the rumen of cattle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity and fluctuation in the ciliate protozoan population in the rumen of cattle. DNA was extracted from the rumen of three ruminally cannulated, crossbred cattle and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐derived clone library was constructed, using a specific primer set targeting 18S ribosomal RNA genes of ciliate protozoa. DNA fragments of seven selected clones were validated for standard DNA of the protozoa‐specific real‐time PCR assay. Furthermore, population fluctuation of ciliate protozoa and methanogens in the cattle rumen was determined by real‐time PCR. A total of 60 clones were sequenced, phylogenetically analyzed, and classified into 24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on a 99% similarity criterion. More than 80% sequences were phylogenetically placed in the genus Entodinium. The rest of the sequences were placed in the genus Diploplastron (5%), Dasytricha (8.3%) and Isotricha (3.3%). The results suggest that Entodinium was the dominant group in the rumen of cattle used in this study. The ciliate protozoan population showed no significant change in numbers during the monitoring period and reached a peak at 3 h after feeding. Changes in the protozoa population were lower than those of the methanogens.     

体外法研究米曲霉培养物对瘤胃发酵参数及微生物酶活性的影响

本试验旨在通过体外产气试验研究高酶活力的米曲霉培养物(AOC)对瘤胃发酵的影响。以米曲霉产酶特性为标准研制米曲霉培养物,体外法研究0、3、6、12 mg米曲霉培养物对瘤胃发酵和微生物酶活力的影响。结果表明:培养48 h的AOC酶活力最高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,添加6、12 mg AOC显著增加了24 h产气量、微生物蛋白浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和丙酸的含量(P<0.05),12 mg AOC组的氨态氮浓度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。6 mg AOC组微晶纤维素酶活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05),木聚糖酶活性显著高于对照组和3 mgAOC组(P<0.05);12 mg AOC组的羧甲基纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组和3 mg AOC组(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加米曲霉培养物可通过提高瘤胃微生物酶活性而促进体外瘤胃发酵。