绿盲蝽膜结合型海藻糖酶ALTre-2基因表达、纯化及酶学特性

以绿盲蝽为材料,在前期获得绿盲蝽膜结合型海藻糖酶(ALTre-2)基因的基础上,构建了ALTre-2原核表达载体(pET28a-ALTre-2),经IPTG诱导表达、变性、复性和蛋白纯化后,获得具海藻糖酶活力的重组蛋白,最后在以海藻糖为底物及重组蛋白浓度为1.1 mg·mL-1的条件下,对纯化得到的重组ALTre-2蛋白进行活性检测,确定了其酶促反应的最佳pH和最适温度.试验结果表明:ALTre-2基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中能够高效表达一个约60 kD大小的蛋白,SDS-PAGE显示该蛋白以包涵体形式存在,经变性、复性及蛋白纯化获得了具海藻糖酶活力的重组蛋白;该重组ALTre-2蛋白在pH为7.0时活性最高,同时重组ALTre-2蛋白酶活性最适温度是50℃.研究结果为深入探讨绿盲蝽膜结合型海藻糖酶分子调控机制奠定基础.     

不同灌水施氮方式对玉米叶片生理特性和产量的影响

为了研究不同灌水施氮方式对玉米叶片生理特性、产量及其构成的影响。以春玉米‘宜单629’为供试材料,监测不同灌水方式下玉米生育期内的叶面积指数(LAI)、生理特性指标和籽粒产量。结果表明,与均匀灌水均匀施氮(CICN)相比,交替灌水均匀施氮(AICN)和交替灌水交替施氮水氮协同供应(AIANS)显著提高玉米抽雄期及以后第7、14、21、28和35天的LAI和叶绿素含量及抽雄期、灌浆期和乳熟期叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、玉米行数、行粒数、穗粒数、千粒质量和籽粒产量(P<0.05),但显著降低相应生育期叶片的MDA、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量(P<0.05)。可见,AICN和AIANS有利于提高玉米的LAI和抗氧化酶活性,改善活性氧产生与清除之间的关系,从而使玉米产量增加。     

绿盲蝽分龄与其形态发育指标的相关性

昆虫龄数和龄期的确定是害虫预测预报以及制定其科学治理策略的重要依据,为了掌握绿盲蝽虫龄与其生长发育的关系,通过测微尺对绿盲蝽3项形态指标进行了测量,以期探明其形态发育特征,选择最佳的分龄指标.研究结果表明:依据形态指标的增长规律,绿盲蝽形态发育过程划分为速增期、缓慢期和停滞期3个时期;相邻龄期间头宽变幅的重叠度最低,变异系数小于体长和体宽;绿盲蝽形态发育特征不符合Dyar和Crosby法则.对所测3项形态指标和龄数进行线性和指数回归分析,结果表明指数模型决定系数均较小,拟合程度较差;3项指标与龄数间的线性拟合的决定系数均较大,其中以绿盲蝽头壳宽值与龄数的二次、三次线性决定系数最大(R2=0.961),直线决定系数为R2=0.942,体长和体宽的直线决定系数均为R2=0.940.因此,可以根据绿盲蝽头宽来识别其龄数,为准确识别绿盲蝽虫龄提供依据.     

不同熟期类型玉米品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性

Suitable variety arrangement according to the natural ecological conditions, maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics and yield potential of maize hybrid is an important approach for realizing higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. Thirteen hybrids widely planted in maize production with three maturity types [medium-early maturity (MEM), medium maturity (MM) and medium-late maturity type (MLM)] were selected to clarify the grain filling and dehydrating characteristics for different maturity hybrids, by investigating the dynamic changes of grain filling and moisture content. The results showed that yield, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturities and hybrids. Average yield level showed MLM (13,813.0 kg hm^-2) > MM (12,970.4 kg hm^-2) > MEM (10,729.0 kg hm^-2), with MLM was 28.7% and 6.5% higher than that of MLM and MM type, respectively. Average grain filling rate showed MEM (0.034 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1) > MM (0.031 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1) > MLM (0.027 g 100-grain^-1 ℃^-1), average dehydrating rate after physiological maturity (PM) showed MM (0.027% ℃^-1 d^-1) > MEM (0.025% ℃^-1 d^-1) > MLM (0.018% ℃^-1 d^-1). Average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM of MEM representative hybrid Jingnongke 728 were 38.5% and 112.5%, 28.6% and 54.5%, 28.6% and 13.3% higher than those of representative hybrid Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335 and Nonghua 101 for three maturity type; the yield of Jingke 968 was the highest (14,813.0 kg hm^-2), average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM was7.7% and 18.8% higher than the same maturity hybrid Zhengdan 958. Yield level was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with grain filling period, corresponding accumulated temperature, average grain filling rate and 100-grain weight; grain moisture content at harvest stage was significantly correlated with grain filling period and corresponding accumulated temperature, but negatively significantly correlated with dehydrating rate before and after PM; there were no significant correlation between dehydrating rate before and after PM with average grain filling rate. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics were all important factors for higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. This study indicated that maize grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturity types and hybrids. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics should be well considered for variety arrangement in maize production in order to achieve higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization.     

Influence of post-infection temperature on three components of partial resistance in wheat to wheat leaf rust

Summary Three components of partial resistance (PR) were studied at three post-infection temperatures using seven spring wheat genotypes differing in level of PR and two different wheat leaf rust races. The components were latency period (LP), infection frequency (IF) and urediosorus size (US). The expression of LP was more sensitive to temperature than the expression of the other two components. LP-prolonging genes were better expressed at low temperatures than at high temperatures and cultivar differences tended to increase with decreasing temperature in both seedling and adult plant stages. The reaction of IF to temperature differed from that of LP and US, probably because IF is regulated by another mechanism than LP and US.It is recommended to perform PR-screening tests at low rather than at high temperatures. If temperatures are maintained at about 8–13°C (night-day), seedlings can be used to screen for PR instead of the more expensive adult plant tests.The effectiveness of PR in seedling stage at low temperatures suggests that the seedling stage may have epidemiological significance as the low temperatures (8–13°C) are relevant for seedlings in the field.     

温度对黄胸蓟马生长发育的影响

为了明确温度对黄胸蓟马Thrips hamaiiensis (Morgan)生长发育的影响,在5种恒温条件下（20,24,28,32和36℃）对黄胸蓟马实验种群生长发育情况进行了研究。实验结果表明：在20~28℃温度范围内,黄胸蓟马的发育历期随温度升高而显著缩短,当温度超过32℃时,其发育历期延长;在20~36℃温度范围内,发育速率与温度呈显著的正相关;黄胸蓟马卵、若虫、预蛹、伪蛹及卵-成虫的发育起点温度分别为15.67、9.48、11.06、8.54和11.39℃,有效积温分别为91.23、82.35、41.23、34.81和251.43 ℃?d;在20~36℃之间,黄胸蓟马世代存活率由大到小的顺序为32℃>28℃>24℃>20℃>36℃。据此认为温度对黄胸蓟马实验种群的生长发育和存活率影响明显。     

高温胁迫终止后Bt棉蕾杀虫蛋白的恢复特征及相关生理机制

以大面积生产应用的Bt棉常规种‘泗抗1号’和杂交种‘泗抗3号’为材料,于扬州大学遗传生理重点实验室人工气候室,以盆栽方式设计高温胁迫试验。2017年设蕾期38℃高温持续胁迫72h终止、2018年设38℃高温持续胁迫96 h终止处理后不同时间(0、12、24、48、72和96 h)研究棉蕾Bt杀虫蛋白表达量变化及相关氮代谢生理。结果表明,盛蕾期38℃持续胁迫72 h、96 h终止后棉蕾Bt杀虫蛋白表达量均能恢复到相应对照水平,并且恢复所需时间随胁迫持续时间的延长而增加。胁迫72 h终止后,常规种泗抗1号经72 h、杂交种泗抗3号经48h蕾的Bt杀虫蛋白表达量与对照已无显著差异;胁迫96 h终止后,泗抗1号经96 h、泗抗3号经72 h,棉蕾Bt杀虫蛋白表达量与对照已无显著差异。相关分析表明,高温胁迫终止后,蕾中可溶性蛋白表达量、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性、谷氨酸草酞乙酸转氨酶(GOT)活性与Bt杀虫蛋白表达量呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.964**、0.981**、0.971**);而游离氨基酸含量、蛋白酶和肽酶的活性与Bt杀虫蛋白表达量呈极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.894**、-0.912**、-0.834**)。因此,生产上可根据高温持续时间预测棉蕾Bt杀虫蛋白表达量的恢复程度,合理防治棉铃虫等相关害虫。     

工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培环境与产量分析

通过对工厂化生产双孢菇的菇房环境因子变化的观察和记录,形成以环境因子为衡量双孢菇产量的曲线图,以期为增加双孢菇产量提供依据。笔者以麦草、鸡粪为培养料进行隧道发酵,空调菇房栽培双孢菇,对4个菇房的环境和产量进行了1个生产周期的测定,结果表明：菇房环境总体上符合双孢菇生长要求。播种后至降温期间,室温保持在16~21℃之间,各层料温差异明显,上层高于下层;采菇期室温保持在16~18℃之间,料温18~20℃之间,各层料温差异不明显。采收期湿度及CO₂浓度都保持在较好水平,子实体生长正常。品种A15产量高于192,2个品种在栽培管理相同的情况下,栽培面积为600 m²的菇房产量都达到了12 t以上,最高14.6 t,折合21~24.3 kg/m²。     

Relationship Between Ion Accumulation and Growth in Two Spring Wheat Lines Differing in Salt Tolerance at Different Growth Stages

A salt-tolerant line, S24, of spring wheat was compared with a salt-sensitive line, Yecora Rojo, in sand cultures at four different growth stages, i.e. germination, seedling, tillering and booting, under greenhouse conditions. The NaCl treatments used were 0 or 125 mol m⁻³ in full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. S24 exceeded Yecora Rojo in biomass or grain yield at the tillering and booting stages, but these lines did not differ at the initial growth stages, i.e. germination and seedling. The growth performance of the two lines at different growth stages was positively related to the pattern of accumulation of cations and anions. The superiority of S24 to Yecora Rojo at the two later growth stages was related to its relatively low accumulation of Na⁺ or Cl⁻ and high accumulation of K⁺ in leaves. The former line also maintained higher leaf K/Na ratios, Ca/Na ratios, K versus Na selectivities and Ca versus Na selectivities than the latter particularly at the tillering and booting stages. Salt tolerance in spring wheat, in this study, is found to be age-dependent. The booting stage has been found as one of the most appropriate growth stages where maximum differentiation in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines occurred. As is evident from previous studies with spring wheat, in the present study there is a positive correlation between partial exclusion of Na⁺ or Cl⁻¹ from the tissues and maintenance of high tissue K/Na and Ca/Na ratios, and K versus Na and Ca versus Na selectivities, and salt tolerance of this crop.     

早稻全生育期气温、水温、泥温特征及避灾应用

采用农田小气候与实景观测系统,辅以人工观测,以获取早稻各发育期气温、水温、泥温特点,探讨水分干预避灾措施的效果。试验表明：全生育期以水温积温最高,气温积温最低。营养生长期日平均气温落后于水温、泥温,生殖生长期气温、水温、泥温日均值均比营养生长期提高4℃左右并非常接近。叶面积指数较小或衰减时,受太阳辐射影响,午间水温常常超过气温值。水温维持较高的时间约9~ 10 h,是理想的调温目标介质。高温逼熟时采用活水灌溉3天,可拉低水稻冠层上方最高气温2.5℃、日均气温低1.0℃。且稻米粗脂肪含量、直链淀粉含量较高,垩白度较低;结实率提高,千粒重比高温逼熟对照要高6.65%。结果认为：叶面积指数与水温呈反相关特点,高温逼熟时、叶面积衰减时对应高水温、泥温。水分干预调温对产量和品质要素有确定改善,并以活水灌溉2~3天以上的控温效果较佳。     

中华鳖胚胎发育与胚胎分期

孵化第1天开始进行拍照记录,从第7天开始连续解剖研究中华鳖胚胎发育的整个过程,分析孵化过程中胚胎的器官变化。结果表明：中华鳖孵化周期平均为46天,以胚胎的日龄、形态特征和内部结构的变化为主要依据,从中华鳖卵产出到稚鳖的孵出,将整个胚胎的发育过程分为26期,第2~13期依据卵黄囊血管区、眼睛、心脏等形态变化进行分期,14~26期是以四肢、背甲及腹甲的变化特征为主要分期依据,详细描述了每一期的形态特征,并对具有典型特征的各期配以周详的图片进行比较。描述中华鳖胚胎发育不同时期的关键表型特征,有利于对中华鳖的整个孵化过程有更加全面的认识。     

不同光周期对绿盲蝽实验种群生命表参数的影响

 为探明光周期对绿盲蝽种群增殖的影响,应用种群生命表的方法（温度（25±1）℃、相对湿度（70±5）%、光照强度4000 lx）,系统研究了绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür )在5个光周期L︰D=8︰16,10∶14,12︰12, 14︰10和16︰8下的实验种群的生长发育特性和繁殖能力。结果表明,不同光周期处理下绿盲蝽各虫态存活率、产卵前期及产卵量等均有显著性差异。不同光周期处理下,绿盲蝽最高孵化率（L︰D=10︰14）比最低孵化率（L︰D=16︰8）高25.06个百分点;若虫最高存活率（L︰D=8︰16）比最低存活率（L︰D=16︰8）高25.26个百分点;雌成虫最高平均产卵量（L︰D=12︰12）比最低平均产卵量（L︰D=8︰16）多27.29粒。综合来看,光周期L︰D=12︰12处理下的绿盲蝽种群内禀增长率(rm)最大（0.1093）,种群加倍时间（DT）最短（6.3417）,表明该光周期处理十分有利于绿盲蝽种群的发育与繁殖。     

黄淮南部玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应

针对近年来黄淮南部气候条件和耕作制度变化, 2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区以该区主推品种郑单958为材料, 采用分期播种方法, 研究玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应, 探讨气候因子与玉米产量的关系。结果表明, 由于年际间、播期间气候因子的差异, 玉米产量差异显著, 大体表现为春播产量高于夏播, 且夏播产量随播种时间的推迟而显著降低。随着播期的推迟, 玉米苗期日均温逐渐升高, 粒期日均温逐渐降低, 有效积温减少, 生育期缩短。试验设定密度下, 百粒重对产量的贡献大于穗粒数, 而影响百粒重和穗粒数的主要气候因子是全生育期有效积温和粒期有效积温。影响玉米产量的主要气候因子是苗期气温日较差(r = 0.696^*)和日均温(r = -0.638^*)、粒期有效积温(r = 0.822^**)和日均温(r = 0.723^**)、生育期有效积温(r = 0.843^**)。因此, 生产上, 春播玉米播期由传统的4月15日左右推迟至5月1日左右, 可减少花期阴雨和高温热害影响, 表现出较好的丰产稳产性。夏播玉米在麦收后抢时早播, 不仅可争取更多积温, 还可使玉米苗期处于较低日均温、粒期处于较高日均温的有利温度条件下, 同时为推迟收获期和机械粒收创造条件。     

Effects of Irrigation at Different Growth Stages and Source-Sink Manipulations on Yield and Yield Components of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, in Dry and Intermediate Zones of Sri Lanka

Irrigation is a management option available to farmers in the subhumid zones of Sri Lanka to increase mung bean yields during the dry Yala season. The objective of this study was to quantify the yield gain in response to irrigation at different stages of the crop and thereby determine the most suitable stage/s of irrigation. Four field experiments were conducted during Yala in 1995 and 1996 at two sites, Maha-Illuppallama (MI) and Kundasale (KS). Eight irrigation regimes consisting of all possible combinations of irrigation at three growth stages of the crop were defined. The respective growth stages were vegetative (from germination to appearance of first flower), flowering (from appearance of first flower to 75 % pod initiation) and pod-filling (from 75 % pod initiation to maturity). The treatments which received irrigation during two or more stages had significantly higher yields (793–1396 kg ha⁻¹) than those which received irrigation during only one stage (401–756 kg ha⁻¹) with the lowest yield being shown by the rain-fed treatment (227–396 kg ha⁻¹). When at least two stages can be irrigated, irrigation during the flowering and pod-filling stages was most effective. Irrigation during flowering produced the highest yield gain when only one stage could be irrigated. Seed yield showed a strong positive correlation with number of pods m^−2. Fifity per cent de-podding caused yield reductions at both sites, indicating sink limitation. In contrast, 50 % defoliation reduced the yields only at MI where the number of pods m⁻² was greater than at KS. Hence, source limitation was present only when the number of pods was higher.     

灌溉制度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统叶片水分状况和水分利用效率的影响

为优化甜瓜/向日葵间作模式节水灌溉关键技术,提高绿洲灌区灌溉水分利用效率.试验以甜瓜和向日葵为试材,研究9种灌溉制度下甜瓜/向日葵间作系统和2种作物单作的叶片水分状况和水分利用效率.结果 表明,甜瓜/向日葵间作系统的水分效率显著高于甜瓜单作和向日葵单作,分别提高30.3％和107.8％,间作显著提高了甜瓜成熟期叶片的水...     

橡胶树六点始叶螨主要生物学和有效积温研究

六点始叶螨[Eotetranychussexmaculatus(Riley)]是西双版纳地区为害橡胶树的重要害螨,为研究该螨的主要生物学特性,同时在不同恒温条件下测定了六点始叶螨各螨态的发育历期,并用直线回归法计算出各螨态的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在18~30℃范围内,六点始叶螨的历期、发育速率和温度间相关性明显,其卵的发育起点温度为(12.32±1.33)℃,有效积温为(62.52±6.69)℃·d;幼螨至成螨的发育起点温度为(9.38±3.30)℃,有效积温为(153.79±33.46)℃·d;全世代的发育起点温度为(9.52±1.70)℃,有效积温为(233.18±26.25)℃·d。为有效开展六点始叶螨的监测预报及综合防治提供科学的依据。     

Influence of Solar Radiation and Vapour Pressure Deficit on Transpiration Efficiency of Rainfed Sorghum

Besides assimilation, plant water relations are important aspects of physiological basis of productivity of crops in water limited environment. The relationships of photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during pre-flowering (panicle initiation to ear emergence) and grain filling (from anthesis to maturity) stages of a sorghum hybrid (cv. CSH-6 ) grown under rainfed conditions were studied. Photosynthesis rate declined when PAR was above 1300 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. during both the growth stages. Higher transpiration rate during grain filling stage at higher PAR caused the transpiration efficiency to be lower than during pre-flowering stage when PAR was above 1200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹.Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased with increase in PAR. Leaf water potential was higher during pre-flowering than during grain filling stage but maximum photosynthesis rate was similar during both the growth stages. Changes in VPD did not qualitatively alter the relationships of the physiological variables with PAR.
Decreasing photosynthesis rate and LWP at high PAR suggest that photosynthesis rate was limited by low leaf water potential when PAR was optimal, and by low PAR even when leaf water potential was high in rainfed sorghum during rainy season.     

水稻去泛素化酶OsUCH-L5基因的克隆及表达分析

通过生物信息学及RT-qPCR(quantitative Real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)的方法对水稻OsUCH-L5基因进行探究.生物信息学预测结果表明,该基因全长837 bp,编码278个氨基酸;OsUCH-L 5蛋白的相对分子质量为31.64 kDa,等电点为5.66,为亲水性蛋白,具备Peptida...     

播期对山西省冬小麦茎蘖幼穗分化及产量的影响

为探讨不同播期对山西省冬小麦茎蘖幼穗分化及产量的影响,以冬小麦新品种‘临汾8050’为材料,观察了不同播期下冬小麦的主茎分蘖幼穗分化过程及产量表现。结果表明,随着播期的推迟和蘖位的增高,幼穗分化各时期的日期推迟,幼穗分化的总历时缩短,晚播处理穗分化时间比早播处理少121天;随着播期的推迟和蘖位的增高,各分蘖幼穗分化日期推迟,晚播分蘖幼穗比早播的推迟109天;随着播期的推迟,主茎幼穗伸长期呈现短长短趋势,伸长期至雌雄蕊分化期持续时间缩短,雌雄蕊分化后各分化期基本同步;同一播期（早播、中播）随着蘖位的增高,伸长期至二棱期分化持续的时间及总历时明显缩短,之后各分化期历时相差不大;而晚播随着蘖位的增高,各分化持续的时间及总历时稍有增长;但晚播处理至小花分化期第二位蘖和第三位蘖及中播处理的第三位蘖死亡;主茎及分蘖穗的有效小穗数随播期的推迟明显减少,早播和中播有效穗数为643.58×10⁴/hm²和601.66×10⁴/hm²与晚播有效穗数549.38×10⁴/hm²差异显著,产量显著降低。为此,9月25日至10月5日是山西省南部冬小麦适宜播期。     

棉花主茎叶与根系硝酸还原酶活性分布对播期和密度的响应

【目的】本研究旨在探讨大田轻简化栽培条件下棉花氮代谢随播期和密度的变化规律。【方法】选用华棉3109(G.hirsutum L.)于2014年在华中农业大学试验农场,采用裂区设计:播期为主区(S1,5月30日;S2,6月14日),密度为副区(D1,7.5株·m-2;D2,9.0株·m-2;D3,10.5株·m-2),研究了硝酸还原酶(Nitrate reductase,NR)活性在主茎叶位和根系的分布特点。【结果】1)不同播期和密度对叶片和根系NR活性平均值有显著影响。推迟播期对现蕾期棉花叶片与根系平均NR活性无显著影响,增加密度可降低叶片平均NR活性,但对根系平均NR活性无显著影响;推迟播期,显著降低初花期和盛花期棉花叶片NR活性平均值,但晚播对根系NR活性平均值的影响由侧根NR决定,增加密度,叶片和根系平均NR活性呈先升高后降低变化趋势,表明见花施肥后,晚播抑制了棉花地上部叶片氮代谢强度,而增强了地下部根系氮代谢强度;适度增加密度可显著增强棉花地上部叶片和地下部根系氮代谢强度。2)现蕾期叶片NR活性平均值初花期盛花期,根系NR活性平均值大体呈先升高后降低变化趋势。3)主茎叶位NR活性在3个时期均由上而下显著降低,以第1叶至第3叶波动较大,第4叶以下叶片间无显著差异,表明叶片NR活性与叶龄有关,幼叶氮代谢强度高于成熟叶片,成熟叶片之间氮代谢强度保持相对稳定。【结论】长江流域棉区(主要指湖北植棉区)棉花播种不应晚于6月14日,种植密度以9.0株·m-2最佳。