Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Available Phosphorus in Wheat-Cotton Double-Cropping Systems

[Objective] Here, the spatial and temporal distributions of soil available phosphorus (AP) were investigated during cotton growth stages in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems in northern Henan, China. [Method] Using the spatial grid sampling and geo-statistical analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of soil AP in a cotton monoculture, wheat-cotton 3-1 intercropping system (3-1) and wheat-cotton 6-2 intercropping system (6-2) during the wheat and cotton co-growth stage and the key growth stages of cotton only. [Result] The AP contents were significantly influenced by the cropping systems on different dates. In the co-growth stage, the AP content in the cotton monoculture was higher than that in 3-1, at 20.98% on May 12 and 24.26% on June 7. After wheat was harvested (July 3 and August 4), there were no significant differences among the three cropping systems, and in the boll-opening stage of cotton, the order of the AP contents were as follows: cotton monoculture＞6-2＞3-1. In the vertical direction, the AP contents decreased as the soil depth increased, while in the horizontal direction, the AP distribution was influenced significantly by the cropping system. Based on the semivariance, there were strong spatial dependencies in the vertical direction in all three cropping systems. [Conclusion] Wheat-cotton double-cropping systems changed the distribution of soil AP, but had no influence on the spatial heterogeneity of the soil AP in the vertical direction. Geo-statistics provide a more intuitive method and guide to study the soil nutrients of the wheat–cotton and other double-cropping systems.     

Plant Growth Promoter Effects on the Growth and Yield of Transplanted Cotton in Northern Jiangxi

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of six plant growth promoters on the growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and to determine which is most beneficial for enhancing cotton yield in northern Jiangxi Province, China. [Methods] Foliar treatments of naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin, brassinolide, sodium polyphenol sodium and amine fresh ester were applied at the three-leaf, squaring, first flowering and peak flowering stages of transplanted cotton in the northern Jiangxi region. Cotton growth and development in response to these promoters were investigated, and a pure water spray served as the control. Yield, yield component and agronomic trait data were collected during various growth periods. [Results] Cytokinin and sodium nitrate significantly facilitated the growth of cotton during the early and middle seasons. A more rapid boll setting was achieved by sodium nitrophenolate during the peak flowering stage. Amines promoted cotton growth throughout the plant’s lifecycle, and the plant leaf area and biomass values were the greatest among all the treatments. The brassinolide treatment resulted in a stronger resistance to adverse environmental stresses, and it produced larger bolls and higher cotton yields. Although naphthalene acetic acid had little effects on the growth and development of cotton during the early and middle seasons, a final yield increase was evident. Gibberellin negatively affected the late growth of cotton and led to smaller plant architectural structures and boll weights. The combination of brassinolide and amine fresh ester did not present any advantage over their independent applications. [Conclusion] The growth and development of cotton were significantly increased by the independent foliar applications of six plant promoters at the seedling, squaring, first flowering and peak flowering stages, resulting in seed cotton yield increases of 2.43%–10.4% under seedling transplanting conditions in northern Jiangxi Province. Therefore, we suggest that cytokinin or sodium nitrophenolate can be applied at the cotton seedling and squaring stages and that brassinolide or amine ester can be applied at the flowering and fruiting stage     

气候变化对河北省棉花物候期的影响

【目的】研究河北省棉花物候期对气候变化的响应。【方法】利用气象数据和棉花物候期数据,分析了1981—2010年河北省棉花各生育阶段气候变化特征、物候期变化趋势、各生育阶段长短变化趋势以及各生育阶段长短与该生育阶段气象因子的相关性。【结果】1)棉花各生育阶段平均温度和≥0℃积温整体呈升高趋势;2)棉花播种期、出苗期、现蕾期、开花期、吐絮期呈提前趋势,而收获期呈延后趋势。开花之前各生育阶段缩短,开花之后各生育阶段延长,整个生长期延长;3)吐絮之前各个生育阶段的平均温度、≥0℃积温与该生育阶段长短呈负相关,吐絮到收获及全生育期的天数与该时期平均温度、≥0℃积温呈正相关。【结论】研究结果有助于理解气候变化对棉花生长发育的影响,并据此提出棉花生产应对气候变化的适应技术与策略。     

Dynamics of Cotton Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure in Cotton Continuous Cropping Field Soil

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil. [Method] 16S rDNA genes were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the community structure of cotton rhizosphere bacteria in different developmental stages using an upland cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. TM-1). [Result] Four dominant phyla were found in the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. The four dominant phyla and Firmicutes were largely influenced by cotton root. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes were promoted, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were inhibited, by cotton root. There were significant differences in community structure, but not species richness or α-diversity among different developmental stages of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community; the differences between the flowering stage and the budding stage were greater than the differences between the budding stage and the seedling stage. The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was significantly higher than that of the bulk soil; the β-diversity values of both the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were highest in the flowering stage. [Conclusion] The structure and dynamics of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was defined by high-throughput sequencing. The effect of cotton on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure was most significant in the flowering stage.     

翻耕深度对膜下滴灌棉花农艺性状及产量的影响研究

为了探明翻耕深度对新疆膜下滴灌棉花生长的影响,通过设置3个翻耕深度（10 cm、30 cm和50 cm ）处理,研究不同翻耕深度对棉花农艺性状及产量构成的影响。结果表明,翻耕深度对棉花生育进程影响显著,翻耕30 cm和50 cm分别比翻耕10 cm全生育期延长20天和25天。同时翻耕深度增加使棉花株高、果枝数、主茎叶片数和单株铃数均显著增加,LAI增大。翻耕深度增加,棉花中、下部结铃比例减小,上部铃比例显著增加,同时皮棉产量显著增加,翻耕30 cm比10 cm增加52.9%,翻耕50 cm比30 cm增加9.2%。而收获株数和单株结铃数增加是皮棉产量提高的主要原因。综合分析认为,深翻耕有利于连作棉田棉花生长及产量水平提高。     

DPC对麦套棉~(14)C同化物运转分配及再分配的影响

试验结果表明,棉花（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）苗期、蕾期和花铃期ＤＰＣ化调可显著增加１４Ｃ同化物在根、蕾及花铃中的分配率,降低１４Ｃ同化物在顶（边）心中的分配率。从苗期到花铃期,随着生育期的延后,在吐絮阶段茎叶等营养器官滞留的１４Ｃ同化物逐渐减少,棉铃尤其是子棉的分配比率逐渐提高。ＤＰＣ化调减少了茎叶和铃壳的１４Ｃ同化物滞留量,增加了在子棉和根中的分配率。     

耕层重构对连作棉田土壤理化性状及棉花生长发育的影响

针对黄河流域连作棉田常年旋耕导致犁底层变厚变硬,土壤蓄水保墒能力下降,养分在表层富集,病害加重等问题,探讨土壤耕层重构技术在黄河流域棉区生产上的可行性。试验于2014和2015年在河北省农林科学院棉花研究所威县试验站进行,在连作棉花20年的土壤条件下采用随机区组试验,设置了T1(0~15 cm与15~30 cm土壤互换)、T2(0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换,同时松动40~55 cm土壤)、T3(0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换,同时松动40~70 cm土壤)、CK(旋耕15 cm)4个处理,调查土壤理化性状、棉花生育性状、田间杂草与病衰指数等指标。结果表明,在20~40 cm土层T2处理容重两年较CK分别降低0.13 g cm–3与0.15 g cm–3;20~40 cm土层全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量T2与T3显著高于T1与CK;灌水(雨)后深层土壤蓄水量增加,播种后40~60 cm与60~80 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年增加3.5 mm、5.5 mm,2015年增加6.7 mm、3.4 mm,在蕾期干旱时0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年高6.6 mm、8.7 mm,2015年高4.2 mm、9.2 mm。耕层重构后棉花根系量显著增加,地上部干物质积累表现出开花期前低、开花期后高的趋势;耕层重构处理单株铃数、单铃重、皮棉产量较对照显著提高,T2皮棉产量两年较CK分别增加6.1%、10.2%。耕层重构对灭除田间杂草具有明显效果,T2处理病衰指数两年分别降低41.7与31.9个百分点。适宜的土壤耕层重构方式(T2)是解决连作棉田问题、提高棉花产量的有效措施。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.     

转基因(Bn-csRRM2)高产棉花对土壤速效养分和酶活性的影响

在田间试验条件下,以转基因(Bn-cs RRM2)高产棉及其亲本常规棉中棉所12为研究对象,比较分析2种棉花在不同生育期(苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期)对土壤速效养分和酶活性的影响。结果表明,随生育期推进,转基因高产棉土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化趋势与常规棉一致,土壤速效磷含量变化趋势与常规棉不同。转基因高产棉土壤速效磷含量在蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异;铵态氮含量在苗期、蕾期和花铃期与常规棉无显著差异;硝态氮含量在吐絮期显著高于常规棉,其余3个时期显著低于常规棉。随生育期推进,转基因高产棉土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化趋势与常规棉一致,碱性磷酸酶活性变化趋势与常规棉略有不同。转基因高产棉土壤脲酶活性在苗期、蕾期和吐絮期显著高于常规棉,在花铃期无显著差异;过氧化氢酶活性在苗期和吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异;碱性磷酸酶活性只在吐絮期与常规棉无显著差异。表明,土壤养分和酶活性受转基因高产棉的影响较小,其变化主要受到生育期的影响。     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

种植方式和播(移栽)期对麦(夏)棉两熟棉铃发育的影响

麦(夏)棉两熟棉铃发育受以温度为主的气候条件和种植方式两个因素影响, 铃期平均日均 温低于20℃的麦套、 麦后直播夏棉棉铃发育明显劣于正常播种的单作夏棉(铃期平均日均温 大于20℃), 相同播期、 铃期平均日均温均在18℃左右的套夏棉和麦后直播夏棉的棉铃发 育差异较小。 铃期平均日均温在20℃以上的套夏棉、 麦后移栽夏     

缩节胺对黄河流域机采棉农艺性状、产量和品质的影响及化控技术研究

为了探讨缩节胺(DPC)化控对黄河流域机采棉农艺性状、产量及品质的影响,明确合理的化控时期和缩节胺用量原则。以机采棉新品系衡棉HD008为试材,设置3个不同DPC剂量处理。结果表明：DPC显著降低株高和果枝长度,减小果枝夹角和叶片面积,合理化控可有效塑造机采棉理想株型。DPC对产量及产量组分有显著的影响,适量DPC可增加伏桃和秋桃从而增加总铃数,增加铃重和子指,但衣分降低,适量DPC可增加产量。DPC显著提高纤维的断裂比强度,适控可提高纤维的整齐度,其它指标无显著影响。根据机采对棉花农艺性状的要求及棉株生长特点,可在棉花现蕾后开始化控,每10天左右化控一次,根据主茎日生长量控制喷施量,株高日增长量控制在1.5-1.8cm之间,株高控制在75-90cm之内。     

施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作棉田根际微生物区系的影响研究

为了提高农林间作立体种植模式下的养分利用效率,保障干旱荒漠绿洲的农业可持续发展和农田生态环境的健康稳定,以新疆阿克苏地区典型的枣棉间作农田为研究对象,通过田间小区试验和室内测试,研究了0、150、300、450、600、750 kg/hm²等6种施氮水平对间作棉花根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响。结果表明：300 kg/hm²和450 kg/hm²施氮量能显著增加蕾期、花期和吐絮期微生物总数量。细菌和放线菌在整个生育期中蕾期数量最少,铃期和花期较高,吐絮期次之。真菌数量各个时期变化不大。适宜施氮量能增加铃期枣棉间作交际行棉花根际土微生物数量,有效的调节微生物区系。     

不同熟性棉花品种冠层温度分布特点

[目的]明确不同类型棉花品种冠层温度的分布特点,探究冠层温度与光合特性之间的关系,寻求判断棉花熟性的可能指标.[方法]选择6个常用的供试棉花品种,利用搭载热红外测温仪的无人机获取棉花花铃期冠层温度的数字图像,同时测定同一时间段的蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合指标.[结果]中棉所50不同部位气冠温差表现为上层>下层>中层,中棉...     

施氮对南疆干旱荒漠绿洲枣棉间作土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响

为提高枣棉间作模式氮肥施用水平,设计N0、N10、N20、N30、N40、N50 6个氮肥处理,在棉花关键生育时期,调查棉花农艺性状和产量情况,测定土壤硝态氮的时空差异性。结果表明：施氮可增加单株结铃数,使棉花增产;增产效果随着氮肥用量的增加而增大,但超过一定范围后则有下降的趋势。施氮能够明显提高土壤硝态氮含量,中量施氮肥(450 kg/hm²)既可稳定产量又能减少土壤硝态氮残留。过量施氮造成了养分的累积及向下层淋洗。枣棉间作根系存在养分竞争,在距枣树50~100 cm区域氮肥竞争强,花期之后竞争开始增大,盛铃期达到最大,但随着与枣树距离加大竞争减弱。     

短季棉与中熟棉生理特性的比较研究

短季棉(Gossypium hirsutum L．)与中熟棉生理特性的比较研究结果表明,蕾期～盛花期,短季棉功能叶中SOD活性、叶绿素、全氮、钾含量和比叶重显著高于中熟品种,其中尤以浙506最高,使MDA积累延缓和减少,促进提高光合作用强变;细胞间隙CO2浓度显著低于中熟棉;短季棉光合作用强度的高峰提前在初花期,至盛花期仍维持在较高水平,促进提早并增加光合产物的积累。始絮后,功能叶中MDA含量显著高于中熟棉,并伴随有叶绿素、全氮、钾含量的下降,叶片生理功能衰退较快。     

QTL Mapping of Chlorophyll Content in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense Backcross Inbred Lines

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to chlorophyll content based on Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) readings in cotton. [Method] The 195 BILs (Backcross Inbred Lines) were produced by a cross between Gossypium barbadense Hai 7124 and G. hirsutum CRI 36, using CRI 36 as the recurrent parent for backcrossing with F1 to produce BC1F1, followed by seven generations of selfing. The genetic linkage map was constructed in a previous study. QTLs of chlorophyll SPAD value in the first flowering and boll development stages were identified with inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method of the BIP and MET models in IciMapping 4.1 software, respectively. [Result] In total, nine chlorophyll SPAD reading QTLs were identified on 6 chromosomes. The q-SPAD-A11-1 detected at the first flowering stage overlapped with q-SPAD-A11-2 detected at the boll development stage, contributing 5.08% and 5.75% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The q-SPAD-D08-2 physical position ranged from 48.71 to 53.65 Mb on chromosome D08, which overlapped with a chlorophyll content QTL detected in a previous study. [Conclusion] The novel stable QTLs, q-SPAD-A11-1 and q-SPAD-A11-2 detected in this study provide an important piece of information for fine mapping chlorophyll content in cotton.     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明：随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000 kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30、60、120天逐步减少0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0~20 cm土层杂草种子库密度的降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0~5 cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0~5 cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500 kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理较一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500 kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30天后喷施除草剂。     

Effects of Climatic Factors Prevailing Prior to Flowering or Subsequent to Boll Setting on Flower and Boll Production and Retention of Cotton in Egypt

This study was conducted to investigate the nature of the effects of climatic factors prevailing prior to flowering or subsequent to boll setting on flower and boll production and retention in Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Two uniform field trials, using the cotton cv. Giza 75, were carried out in 1992 and 1993 at the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Randomly chosen plants were used to record daily numbers of flowers and bolls during the production stage (68 days in the first season and 62 days in the second season). The daily records of the climatic factors (air temperature, temperature magnitude, evaporation, surface soil temperature, sunshine duration and humidity) were recorded during the entire period of production and the 15 days preceding or succeeding flower opening. The effects of climatic factors on flower and boll production were quantified in non‐limiting management techniques. Relationships in the form of simple and multiple correlations were computed between climatic factors and flower and boll production and retention. The data indicate that evaporation, minimum humidity and sunshine duration were the most effective climatic factors during preceding and succeeding periods on fruit production and retention. The relationship between climatic factors preceding flowering and cotton production generally exceeded the relationship between the factors during the entire and latter periods of production stage. The result was a negative correlation between either evaporation or sunshine duration with flower and boll formation. In addition, a positive correlation was evident between minimum humidity and flower and boll production. The data indicate that low evaporation rate, reduced sunshine duration and high humidity would enhance flower and boll formation. Accordingly, the deleterious effects of climatic factors on cotton production could be minimized through applying appropriate production practices, which would control and adjust the impact of these factors, and this could lead to an important improvement in cotton yield in Egypt.