转基因糙米对肉仔鸡生长性能和肌肉中养分含量的影响

水稻是我国的主要粮食作物之一,但各种病虫害严重影响水稻的产量。转基因水稻可通过导入外源基因,使植株获得相应的抗性。但在转基因水稻大面积商业化种植之前,需要作一系列的安全性评价工作。在动物试验中,一般沿用实质等同性原则,即如果转基因作物与其有长期食用史的非转基因亲本之间没有关键性的差异,则认为此转基因作物是安全的。     

转基因水稻作为动物饲粮的安全性评价

水稻是人类和动物的主要粮食作物之一。由于转入的外源基因和受体植物自身的生理作用,转基因水稻会产生一些不可预知的新的物质成分,因此对转基因水稻进行安全性评价是非常必要的。本文主要从转基因水稻的实质等同性、毒性、外源基因在动物体内的残留及其作为动物饲粮对动物各方面造成的影响等方面进行概述和分析。     

转基因作物的饲用安全性评价

本文在目前被普遍关注的转基因作物安全性评价的原则与方法的基础上,介绍了当前各国转基因作物安全性评价概况,从转基因饲料营养成分、繁殖性能的影响、生长性能和免疫机能的影响、外源DNA和表达蛋白的残留检测四个方面对转基因饲料生物安全评价的研究进展进行综述。     

转Bt基因水稻饲用安全性评价的研究进展

水稻是世界主要的粮食作物之一,同时也是重要的饲料原料.近年来国内外研究机构培育出数种转苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)基因水稻,可有效杀灭二化螟、三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟等虫害,减少水稻种植过程中农药的使用,提高水稻产量.由于水稻是人类主要的粮食作物,转Bt基因水稻的安全性受到广泛的关注.截至目前尚未有确切证据证实转基因水稻存在饲用安全性问题,但仍需对其长期饲用结果进行持续监控.作者现就转Bt基因水稻的发展、潜在风险和安全评价方法,营养价值、毒理性,对动物生长、免疫、肠道微生物的影响,以及外源基因和外源蛋白的残留等方面进行简要综述.     

国内外转基因饲料标准法规研究

近年来,转基因农作物及其副产品以其独有的优势在世界粮食和饲料资源中扮演了越来越重要的角色。目前世界上转基因作物的种类主要有玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜,约占全部转基因作物的86%。国外对转基因作物对饲料安全影响的研究有很多,主要是转基因作物的安全性和营养性的评估,重点关注其安全性。在转基因作物食用安全问题上,目     

争论不休的转基因食品GMFOOD

转基因食品的安全性是世界各国最为关注的热点话题。国际间转基因食品是非功过争论不休,但转基因食品的扩张势不可挡。中国政府对转基因食品持谨慎态度,专家学者评说不一。加强转基因食品知识和安全评价势在必行。本文综述了当今世界转基因食品的一些情况。     

争论不休的转基因食品

转基因食品的安全性是世界各国最为关注的热点话题，国际间转基因食品是非功过争论不休，但转基因食品的扩张势不可挡，中国政府对转基因食品持谨慎态度，专家学评说不一，加强转基因食品知识和安全评价势在必行。本综述了当今世界转基因食品的一些情况。     

生物技术与转基因食品安全性的争论

近年来,转基因食品作为一个新兴名词走入人们的视线。随着生物科技的发展和技术的创新,越来越多的转基因食品进入市场。但转基因食品的安全性,一直受到质疑,转基因的安全也成为公众关注的焦点。     

转基因作物的生物安全性问题及其对策

随着基因重组技术的发展,转基因作物应运而生。1995年以来,转基因作物在全球范围内迅速发展。由于转基因作物的产量越来越大,因而对其安全性的关注也越来越多。本文从现代科技的正负效应出发,客观的分析了转基因作物可能会产生的利弊关系,并针对其潜在的危害提出了相应对策。     

转基因动物生产安全评价技术研究进展

随着转基因动物的逐步产业化发展,转基因动物的生物安全性的评价方法和检测技术引起了人们的广泛关注。本文结合国内外检测技术的最新进展,对转基因动物生产过程涉及的生物安全评价技术进行了概述,讨论了目前检测方法中存在的问题,并对检测技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

转基因植物作为饲料的安全性评价研究

本文综述了转基因植物在全球的发展状况、转基因植物作为动物饲料时存在的风险性、评价转基因饲料的原则和方法、转基因饲料安全性研究的进展状况,对未来转基因植物作为饲料的安全性评价进行了展望。     

Glufosinate herbicide-tolerant (LibertyLink) rice vs. conventional rice in diets for growing-finishing swine

Genetically modified (GM) rice (LibertyLink, event LLRICE62) that is tolerant to glufosinate ammonium (Liberty) herbicide was compared with a near-isogenic (NI) conventional medium-grain brown rice (cultivar, Bengal) and a commercially milled long-grain brown rice in diets for growing-finishing pigs. The GM and NI rice were grown in 2000. The GM rice was from fields treated (GM+) or not treated (GM-) with glufosinate herbicide. The GM- and NI rice were grown using herbicide regimens typical of southern United States rice production practices. The four rice grains were similar in composition. Growing-finishing pigs (n = 96) were fed fortified rice-soybean meal diets containing the four different rice grains from 25 to 106 kg BW. Diets contained 0.99% lysine initially (growing phase), with lysine decreased to 0.80% (early finishing phase) and 0.65% (late finishing phase), when pigs reached 51 and 77 kg, respectively. The percentage of rice in the four diets was constant during each of the three phases (72.8, 80.0, and 85.8% for the growing, early-finishing, and late-finishing phases, respectively). There were six pen replicates (three pens of barrows and three pens of gilts) and four pigs per pen for each dietary treatment. All pigs were slaughtered at the termination of the study to collect carcass data. At the end of the 98-d experiment, BW gain, feed intake (as-fed basis), and feed:gain ratio did not differ (P > 0.05) for pigs fed the GM+ vs. conventional rice diets, but growth performance traits of pigs fed the GM+ rice diets were superior (P < 0.05) to those of pigs fed the GM- rice diet (ADG = 0.86, 0.79, 0.81, and 0.85 kg/d; ADFI = 2.41, 2.49, 2.37, and 2.45 kg/d; feed:gain = 2.80, 3.17, 2.95, and 2.89 for GM+, GM-, NI, and commercially milled rice, respectively). Carcass traits (adjusted for final BW) did not differ (P = 0.10) among treatments (hot carcass yield = 73.5, 72.6, 72.6, and 73.2%; 10th-rib backfat = 23.0, 22.7, 21.3, and 23.8 mm; LM area = 38.6, 38.0, 38.2, and 38.1 cm(2); carcass fat-free lean = 50.5, 50.5, 51.2, and 50.0%). Gilts grew slower (P < 0.05) and were leaner (P < 0.05) than barrows. Responses to type of rice did not differ between barrows and gilts, with no evidence of a diet x gender interaction (P = 0.50) for any trait. The results indicate that the glufosinate herbicide-tolerant rice was similar in composition and nutritional value to conventional rice for growing-finishing pigs.     

A three-year longitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modified Bt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep

This study shows that a diet including insect-resistant Bt176 maize, fed to 53 ewes and their progeny for 3 years, did not have adverse effects on their health or performance and that no horizontal gene transfer to ruminal microorganisms or animal tissues was detected. No differences were observed regarding performance, reproductive traits, haematological parameters, antioxidant defences, lymphocyte proliferative capacity, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of macrophages, and ruminal microbial population characteristics between control and genetically modified (GM) maize-fed animals. Immune response to Salmonella abortus ovis vaccination was more efficient in GM maize fed sheep. No modifications of histological features of tissues were found; however, cytochemical analyses of ruminal epithelium by Ki67 staining provided evidence of proliferative activation of basal cells in all GM maize-fed ewes. Preliminary electron microscopy analyses of the liver and pancreas revealed smaller cell nuclei containing increased amounts of heterochromatin and perichromatin granules in GM maize-fed lambs. Meat protein content and water loss by cooking were slightly affected by the dietary treatment. No transgenic DNA was detected in tissues, blood, and ruminal fluid or ruminal bacteria. Longitudinal studies should be included in evaluation of food safety whenever possible and sheep may be a useful animal model for toxicological assessment.     

饲料产品中转基因成分定量分析的问题与对策

文章综述了国内外农产品转基因成分标识管理的现状,评价了现有转基因作物定量检测方法的特点与弊端,提出了以基因特异性为依据、建立更适合饲料等复杂产品中转基因成分定量检测的改进建议。     

Improvement of growth and nutritive value in chicks with non-genetically modified phytase product from Aspergillus niger

1. Non-genetically modified (non-GM) phytase product derived from Aspergillus niger possesses various side active enzymes including α -amylase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase. In contrast, the product of genetically modified (GM) phytase product has much less side active enzyme since the capacity of phytase production is reinforced by gene modification. In the present study we have tried to determine whether the difference of side enzyme activity of phytase product affects growth performances and nutritive value in chicks; in addition we tried to characterise the physiological change induced by the difference of side active enzymes. 2. Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks at 7 d of age were fed on experimental barley-based diets for 10 d. The feeding trial was of a factorial design (3 × 2 × 2), having three types of dietary phytase products (control, non-GM or GM phytase products derived from A. niger at 1000 U/kg diet), two levels of dietary available P supplement (0 or 6 g/kg diet) and two levels of dietary protein (CP 180 or 120 g/kg). 3. The non-GM phytase product caused a 6% increase in final body weight and feed efficiency com6 pared with the control and the GM phytase product without interacting with dietary protein and available P level. However, in birds given available P-free diet, both non-GM and GM phytase products induced a 20% increase in plasma P concentration, suggesting no difference in phytase activity between the non-GM and GM phytase products. 4. The balance study showed that the metabolisable energy of the non-GM phytase product (15.6 ± 0.05 kJ/g diet) was significantly higher among the treatments (control, 15.1 ± 0.05; GM phytase product 15.3 ± 0.07). The non-GM phytase product also increased the rate of food passage through the crop, and caused a drastic reduction in intestinal weight, perhaps as a consequence of digestion of non-starch polysaccharides. 5. We conclude that the side active enzymes in non-GM phytase product improve growth performance and nutritive value of the diet in chicks. However, the efficacy of phytase activity should not be different between non-GM and GM phytase products.     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. I. The addition of food enzymes to target the non-starch polysaccharide fractions in diets of chickens and ducks gave no response

1. Three experiments were undertaken to test the efficacy of 2 enzymes targeting mainly the non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in rice bran. 2. In experiment one, 400 g rice bran/kg depressed chick performance and there was a significant decline in growth rate and food intake with increasing inclusion of rice bran (0, 200, 400 g). Neither enzyme had any benefit. 3. In experiment two, rice bran (inclusion 200 and 400 g/kg), did not alter growth rate, food intake or food conversion ratio of duckling (3 to 17 d of age). Again enzyme addition gave no response. 4. In experiment three, 300 g rice bran/kg stimulated duck (19 to 35 d of age) growth while 600 g rice bran/kg depressed growth but not food intake. Enzymes gave no response. 5. Relative gut viscosity declined with increasing rice bran inclusion as did dry matter in ileal digesta. There were differences between ducklings and chickens. 6. It was concluded that NSPs were not a significant factor in altering the nutritive value of rice bran and the enzymes used were therefore unlikely to be of benefit.     

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr fed genetically modified soybeans and maize: Histological, digestive, metabolic, and immunological investigations

Physiological and health related responses to dietary inclusion of genetically modified (GM) full-fat soybean meal (Roundup Ready; GM-soy) and maize (MON810 Bt-maize; GM-maize), as well as non-parental, untransformed lines (nGM-soy and nGM-maize D2), were evaluated in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr during the first 8 months of feeding. Significant effects of dietary GM presence were only found in intestinal Na+-dependent d-glucose uptake and SGLT1 protein level in the region pyloric caeca in which the highest values were found in the GM-soy, intermediate in the nGM-soy, and lowest in the standard FM fed groups. Data from this study confirm that GM soybeans (RRS) and maize (MON810) at inclusion levels of about 6% appear to be as safe as commercially available nGM soy and maize in diets for Atlantic salmon parr. Results from studies with higher inclusion levels and with non-modified, isogenic or near-isogenic parental lines as control groups are pending.     

国内外转基因食品安全管理法律法规概览

转基因食品是一种新兴事物,有许多悬而未决的问题需要解决,故引起很多争议。为此,各国政府制定了一系列的法律法规对转基因食品进行监督。现将美国、欧盟、日本以及我国制定的转基因食品安全方面的法律法规作一概述。     

液相色谱-质谱联用技术在检测食品中兽药残留的应用

动物性食品安全问题现已成为一个全球性的议题。动物性食品药残超标、安全性差的问题十分突出。建立一种准确、灵敏、可靠的分析动物性食品中兽药残留的方法刻不容缓。介绍了液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)应用于动物性食品中几种常见兽药残留的检测方法。     

食物安全评价及其发展的路径选择

中国传统的粮食安全理念将以谷物为主的粮食等同于食物,致使农业走上了单一结构的“粮-猪农业”歧途,这也是中国粮食观与国际粮食观的不同之处。从食物生产结构以及食物安全评价就可以反映出传统农业的弊端,一方面食物生产过分偏重于谷物和猪肉,另一方面食物安全评价仅仅局限于粮食的供给能力。分析国内外食物安全评价体系,国外注重于微观层次的、营养膳食结构的评价,而我国注重于宏观层次的、数量安全的评价。草地农业发展潜力巨大,能满足我国对于动物性食物的不断加大的消费需求,是持久高效保障食物安全的最佳路径选择。