日粮中添加铁对绵羊免疫器官组织结构和铁含量的影响

为研究日粮中不同铁水平对绵羊免疫功能的影响,探究绵羊饲养过程中铁过量的风险,试验在绵羊基础日粮中分别添加铁500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg(硫酸亚铁形式),饲养75 d后宰杀,采取绵羊免疫器官(脾脏、胸腺、肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结及腭扁桃体),应用传统病理学方法观察以上器官的组织结构变化、含铁血黄素分布,并测定组织铁含量的变化情况。结果显示,绵羊饲喂过量铁后,脾脏白髓占比减小,淋巴细胞数量减少、排列疏松,伴有肿大、空泡化现象,红髓内有大量含铁血黄素沉积;胸腺皮质区变薄,髓质区变厚且融合,胸腺小体数量减少、结构模糊;肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结皮质与髓质区变薄、界限模糊,皮质淋巴窦与髓窦间隙增大,淋巴小结结构模糊;腭扁桃体实质内淋巴小结数量减少,毛细血管后微静脉有充血现象。饲喂过量铁后,各免疫器官组织铁含量均升高,其中脾脏内铁含量最多,腭扁桃体内最少,铁低、中、高剂量组脾脏铁含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结果表明,饲喂过量铁后,绵羊免疫器官组织结构均遭到不同程度破坏,且随着铁添加量越多,组织结构破坏程度越明显;各免疫器官中铁蓄积量与日粮中铁添加水平呈正相关,摄入过量铁严重影响绵羊免疫功能,因此在绵羊饲养过程中,要严格遵守美国NRC(1985)饲料标准,日粮中铁水平不要超过500 mg/kg。     

日粮中添加铁对绵羊免疫器官组织结构和铁含量的影响

为研究日粮中不同铁水平对绵羊免疫功能的影响，探究绵羊饲养过程中铁过量的风险，试验在绵羊基础日粮中分别添加铁500、1 000、1 500 mg/kg（硫酸亚铁形式），饲养75 d后宰杀，采取绵羊免疫器官（脾脏、胸腺、肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结及腭扁桃体），应用传统病理学方法观察以上器官的组织结构变化、含铁血黄素分布，并测定组织铁含量的变化情况。结果显示，绵羊饲喂过量铁后，脾脏白髓占比减小，淋巴细胞数量减少、排列疏松，伴有肿大、空泡化现象，红髓内有大量含铁血黄素沉积；胸腺皮质区变薄，髓质区变厚且融合，胸腺小体数量减少、结构模糊；肝门淋巴结、十二指肠淋巴结皮质与髓质区变薄、界限模糊，皮质淋巴窦与髓窦间隙增大，淋巴小结结构模糊；腭扁桃体实质内淋巴小结数量减少，毛细血管后微静脉有充血现象。饲喂过量铁后，各免疫器官组织铁含量均升高，其中脾脏内铁含量最多，腭扁桃体内最少，铁低、中、高剂量组脾脏铁含量极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。结果表明，饲喂过量铁后，绵羊免疫器官组织结构均遭到不同程度破坏，且随着铁添加量越多，组织结构破坏程度越明显；各免疫器官中铁蓄积量与日粮中铁添加水平呈正相关，摄入过量铁严重影响绵羊免疫功能，因此在绵羊饲养过程中，要严格遵守美国NRC（1985）饲料标准，日粮中铁水平不要超过500 mg/kg。     

一岁龄犬淋巴器官的组织学和组织化学研究

对４只１岁龄犬的胸腺、淋巴结和脾进行了组织学和组织化学研究，并以酸性α－醋酸萘酯酶法显示Ｔ淋巴细胞的分布。结果表明：１岁龄犬胸腺发达；ＡＮＡＥ阳性淋巴细胞主要分布在胸腺小叶的皮质部；髓质内淋巴细胞数量较少，但分布有胸腺小体。淋巴结内分布有生发中心的次级淋巴小结，ＡＮＡＥ阳性反应的淋巴细胞分布在淋巴小结周围的套层及淋巴结的副皮质区。脾脏被膜和小梁发达，白髓以典型的脾小结和动脉周围淋巴鞘的形式散布在红     

TUNEL法检测PCV2感染仔猪的淋巴细胞凋亡

利用一种常规的细胞凋亡检测方法 TUNEL法检测感染PCV2(猪圆环病毒2型)的仔猪淋巴结淋巴细胞的凋亡变化情况,并从组织病理学的角度验证PCV2是否能引发仔猪淋巴结淋巴细胞凋亡。通过HE染色镜下可见仔猪皮质区淋巴结皮质部淋巴小结内坏死的淋巴细胞染色变深,胞核固缩,出现坏死,导致淋巴细胞稀疏,出现细小的细胞缺失区,有的还出现严重的淋巴细胞浸润或弥散性出血,严重者成团的淋巴细胞细胞质溶解以及核碎裂出现溶解坏死,多数淋巴细胞缺失区相连形成空洞,生发中心消失;通过TUNEL法检测可见淋巴小结内出现多量的细胞胞核固缩、凋亡,常堆集在一起呈多量散在分布,细胞凋亡后,在淋巴小结中可以明显地看到细胞凋亡形成的碎片,造成细胞密度疏松,严重者可见大量的细胞碎片,消失形成空洞。阴性对照组仔猪淋巴组织结构比例较正常,细胞形态清晰。通过HE染色和TUNEL法对比观察发现细胞的坏死和凋亡有重叠现象,从病理学的角度非常直观地证明了PCV2能够引起仔猪免疫系统淋巴细胞的凋亡,为阐明PCV2诱导猪的淋巴细胞发生凋亡这一现象奠定基础,并为探讨PCV2导致猪PMWS的致病机制提供基础资料。     

驯鹿主要周围免疫器官的组织学研究

应用HE染色法对驯鹿主要周围免疫器官－－脾及淋巴结作组织学观察，脾脏表面覆盖有浆膜，浆膜下是一层较厚的致密的结缔组织，构成被膜，被膜与实质内的脾小梁相连，实质由白髓和红髓两部分组成，白髓和红髓是相间排列，二之间的分界不明显，白髓主要由脾小结构成，脾小结由中型淋巴细胞组成，且有生发中心，脾小结中有1－2条有2－3个皱襞的中央动脉，偏于脾小结的一侧有动脉周围淋巴鞘，在白髓的外周有边缘区，边缘区内有1－2个鞘动脉。红髓由脾索和脾窦组成，脾索成索状，由网状细胞及中，小型淋巴细胞组成，脾窦不规则，其内皮细胞扁平状，核呈长梭形，脾窦内可见大量的红细胞存在。淋巴结是由被膜，实质中的皮质和髓质构成，淋巴结表面覆有薄层结缔组织被膜，皮质由淋巴小结，皮质淋已窦和副皮质区构成，髓质由髓索和髓窦构成。     

脑炎原虫病兔免疫器官的病理形态学观察

研究脑炎原虫病兔外周免疫器官的形态学变化,采集20只病兔和12只对照兔的淋巴结、脾脏和圆小囊,通过临床检查,病理剖检,病理切片的HE染色、吉姆萨染色和免疫组织化学染色进行了比较观察。结果表明病兔淋巴结内的淋巴小结数量增多,生发中心明显,髓索增粗,副皮质区增宽。脾脏的脾小结增多,变大,具有明显的生发中心,边缘区明显增宽,动脉周围淋巴鞘明显变大,聚集大量淋巴细胞。圆小囊的淋巴小结增大,数量增多,生发中心明显,淋巴小结周围弥散大量淋巴细胞。通过α-ANAE和sABC染色,在淋巴结、脾脏和圆小囊中均可检出大量T细胞、巨噬细胞和IgG阳性细胞。据此认为患脑炎原虫病时,病兔的体液免疫和细胞免疫均增强,但以细胞免疫反应更强。     

饮水硼对大鼠舌和胃黏膜组织结构的影响

选用96只(28±2)日龄实验用清洁级SD大鼠,随机分为6组(对照组,试验Ⅰ～Ⅴ组),每组16只,雌雄各半,分别饮用添加0、40、80、160、320、640mg/L硼的饮水2个月。试验结束时,10%水合氯醛腹腔麻醉,立即解剖取舌体和胃壁,制作石蜡切片,光镜观察各组大鼠舌和胃黏膜组织结构变化并摄影。结果显示,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组大鼠舌和胃黏膜组织结构发育良好,舌黏膜丝状乳头明显增高、增粗,菌状乳头增宽,味蕾体积增大,结构完好;胃底腺体部壁细胞数量增多、排列紧密。试验Ⅲ～Ⅴ组大鼠舌和胃黏膜组织结构受到不同程度损伤,其中试验Ⅴ组的病理组织学变化最为严重,光镜下其舌黏膜丝状乳头数量减少,顶部多溶解消失,菌状乳头狭窄,味蕾萎缩,味蕾细胞数量稀少、结构模糊;胃黏膜受损严重,有的大鼠胃黏膜无腺部的复层扁平上皮出现增生现象,有的大鼠贲门腺区黏膜的单层柱状上皮化生为复层上皮;胃底腺区黏膜上皮细胞变性、坏死、甚至脱落,胃小凹结构消失,胃底腺萎缩,腺腔扩张且不规则,壁细胞和主细胞明显萎缩,胞核固缩,细胞和胞核体积大小不一。结果表明,饮水适量添加硼对大鼠舌和胃黏膜的组织结构与功能有较明显的促进与改善作用;添加高剂量硼,则有不同程度的损伤,甚至表现出明显的毒性作用。     

猪呼吸道淋巴组织发育的亚显微结构变化

应用组织学和电镜技术研究猪呼吸道发育过程中淋巴组织的变化。结果表明：扁桃体和咽部是呼吸道进入机体的第一个淋巴组织集中的部位，弥散淋巴组织在出生时就存在，淋巴小结不明显；20日龄时扁桃体中淋巴组织增生，淋巴小结清晰可见；120日龄淋巴小结数量增加，紧靠鳞状上皮密集排列，淋巴小结发育很好，并出现生发中心。扁桃体复层鳞状上皮中含有大量的上皮内淋巴细胞。气管叉是呼吸道进入机体的第二个淋巴组织集中的部位，出生时气管叉外膜中淋巴组织直接与气管支气管淋巴结相连，淋巴组织明显可见。20日龄时气管叉外膜中淋巴组织已分开，形成气管叉外膜密集的淋巴组织和气管支气管淋巴结两个部分。120日龄时气管叉处淋巴组织特别发达，黏膜上皮中上皮内淋巴细胞数量也显著增加。肺内气管和细支气管固有膜中均有较多的淋巴细胞，其中浆细胞数量增加，上皮中仍存在少量的上皮内淋巴细胞。本试验结果提示猪呼吸道是黏膜免疫较理想的诱导位点和效应位点，新生仔猪通过鼻腔免疫可提高呼吸道局部黏膜免疫力。     

活化转录因子4基因敲除小鼠完全缺失晶状体致小眼症

旨在研究活化转录因子4(ATF4)基因敲除对小鼠眼睛发育的影响。将小鼠分为野生型(WT)组和ATF4敲除(KO)组,采用器官大体观察和组织病理学分析,明确ATF4基因敲除后对小鼠眼睛发育的影响。结果发现,WT小鼠眼球大小及组织结构正常。而ATF4^-/-小鼠眼球体积缩小;脉络膜和视网膜层层次结构基本存在,各个层次结构紊乱;神经节细胞层细胞数基本正常,约2层细胞,但细胞排列不整齐;内丛状层结构疏松,厚度增加;外核层细胞层次增加,超过10层,同时结构松散、形成裂隙和囊样结构;内核层细胞层次减少、约6层~8层细胞,细胞排列轻度紊乱。整个视网膜在局部形成乳头状突起;脉络膜基本正常,但没有乳头状的睫状突形成。眼球内玻璃体缺失,由水肿的纤维结缔组织构成,中央可见多个小血管。总之,ATF4^-/-小鼠展示了小眼表型,同时ATF4^-/-小鼠眼睛结构异常。     

半胱胺对鸡免疫器官组织结构及发育的影响

为研究半胱胺对鸡免疫器官发育的影响,试验应用100羽1日龄草杂鸡,随机分成2组,每组50羽,即:对照组和试验组:分别饲喂添加0和1.0g/kg半胱胺的基础日粮.试验期30d.试验结束时每组随机抽取20只鸡,颈静脉放血致死,取胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏,应用Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,H·E染色,Olympus显微镜观察、拍照.结果表明,试验组鸡较对照组鸡胸腺小叶皮质增厚,皮质内淋巴细胞密集,胸腺小体减少;试验组较对照组鸡法氏囊淋巴小结增多,淋巴细胞处于发育状态,皮质较厚,皮质、髓质内淋巴细胞增多,皮质、髓质分界明显.对照组法氏囊出现萎缩退化现象;试验组鸡较对照组鸡脾脏的结构清晰,白髓内的脾小结数量增多,研究结果显示,日粮中添加半胱胺能够促进鸡的淋巴器官的发育,从而提高机体的免疫功能.     

Blood vessels within lymph nodes: a comparison between pigs and sheep

In sheep, most blood vessels enter the lymph nodes at a discrete hilus, which is where the capsule overlies medullary tissue. In pigs, vessels within the node arise from an extensive network of arteries on the surface, and most vessels penetrate the capsule where it overlies diffuse tissue--the counterpart of the sheep medulla. In both species the blood vessels divide extensively as they approach and supply the dense lymphoid tissue which contains lymph nodules. The blood vessels within sheep lymph nodules are surrounded by a thick layer of amorphous material. The dense lymphoid tissue has an abundant network of venules which have smooth muscle cells in their walls. These venules are involved in lymphocyte migration and in pigs they are lined by high endothelium which is similar to that in most other species, while in sheep the endothelium is much lower. Fenestrated capillaries occur in both pig and sheep lymph nodes.     

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the lymph nodes of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Prescapular, femoral, mesenteric, mediastinal and splenic lymph nodes from nine camels of one to 12 years of age were studied. There were no obvious structural differences between these different lymph nodes or between the ages. The lymph nodes were surrounded by a capsule formed of two layers, an outer thicker layer of connective tissue and an inner thinner layer mainly of smooth muscles. Trabeculae extended from the inner layer of the capsule dividing the parenchyma characteristically into incomplete lobules. Subcapsular and trabecular lymphatic sinuses were supported by a reticular fiber network. The parenchyma was uniquely different from that of other species, as it was arranged in the form of lymphoid follicles and interfollicular lymphoid tissue. The lymphoid follicles of CD22 positive lymphocytes were supported by a reticular fiber network. This fine network of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells enclosed the lymphoid follicles. The interfollicular tissue was mainly made up of diffusely distributed CD3 positive lymphocytes. MHC class II: DR was expressed by most lymphocytes of the follicles and interfollicular tissue. Lymphatic sinuses and high endothelial venules were found in the interfollicular zone. The lymphatic sinuses were lined by discontinuous endothelial cells. The wall of the high endothelial venules was infiltrated by several lymphocytes and enclosed in a layer of α-smooth muscle actin positive cells. Acid phosphatase positive cells were evenly distributed in the interfollicular zone. A few cells were localized in the lymph follicles. Alkaline phosphatase was observed in the endothelium of the lymphatic sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles.     

Morphology of the lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea

Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin species were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin was divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphin resembled porcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.     

Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the haemal nodes of the dromedary camel

Haemal nodes are lymphoid organs found in various mammals and some birds. The structure of haemal nodes has been described in a number of species but not yet in the camel. Therefore, haemal nodes from 10 camels were studied histologically and tested for CD3, CD22, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II/DR, alpha-smooth muscle actin and for the demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphatases. The haemal nodes were of spherical or kidney shape with one or two hili and had a capsule and trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscles. The main parenchyma was composed of a cortex and a medulla. The cortex was formed from lymphoid follicles and diffuse interfollicular lymphocytes. The medulla consisted of lymphoid cords separated by medullary sinuses. The interfollicular lymphocytes and those in the medullary cord were CD3-positive. The lymphoid follicles showed CD22-positive cells. MHC class II/DR was expressed by most cells of the parenchyma. There were also subcapsular, peritrabecular and medullary blood sinuses. Afferent and efferent lymphatics and lymphatic sinuses were also found. Acid phosphatase-positive cells were localized mainly in the marginal, the interfollicular zone and in the medullary cord. Alkaline phosphatase positivity was observed in the endothelium of the sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles. The morphology of these organs in the camel allows a classification as haemolymph nodes and suggests involvement in blood and lymph filtration.     

海狸鼠淋巴结的解剖及组织形态结构的初步研究

通过对健康成年海狸鼠淋巴结的初步研究发现 :海狸鼠的淋巴结被膜较薄 ,小梁不发达 ;淋巴小结数量较多 ,呈椭圆形 ,细胞排列密集 ,胞核染色较深 ,生发中心不明显 ,皮窦和髓窦相对发达。     

Comparative studies on the distribution and population of immunocompetent cells in bovine hemal node, lymph node and spleen

The distribution and population of immunocompetent cells in bovine hemal node, mesenteric lymph node and spleen were analyzed comparatively by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Many CD8(+) cells, CD172a(+) cells and γδ T cells were found in the lymphatic cord along the sinus of the hemal node and the splenic red pulp. A few CD8(+) cells and γδ T cells were distributed diffusely in the paracortex and medullary cord of the mesenteric lymph node. Many germinal centers were recognized in the lymphatic regions such as the cortex and white pulp of these lymphoid organs. The populations of CD8(+) cells and γδ T cells in the hemal node and the spleen were higher than those of the mesenteric lymph node. In addition, the populations of CD21(+) cells and MHC class II(+) cells in the hemal node and the mesenteric lymph node were higher than those of the spleen. The results suggest that the hemal node has an important role in both cellular and humoral immunity as well as the lymph node and the spleen in cattle.     

Development of the Retina in the Porcine Fetus A Light Microscopic Study

Morphogenesis of the porcine retina was studied using light microscopy from 4 weeks of gestation until birth (18 to 310 mm crown-rump length), and compared with the adult stage (6 months). Tissue samples were examined from the posterior and peripheral parts of the retina. At 18 mm the retina consists of an inner marginal layer and an outer layer of neuroblastic cells. At 18-40 mm the latter layer is divided into an inner and an outer neuroblastic layer by the transient layer of Chievitz. Subsequently, the development of the different retinal layers begins at the inner retinal border and moves progressively outwards; it also spreads from the posterior to the peripheral part of the neural retina. Many cells of the inner neuroblastic layer are prospective ganglionic cells which migrate inwards, thus forming the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer at 90 mm. At 120 mm, primitive horizontal cells appear within the outer neuroblastic layer. Separation of this layer into the inner nuclear, outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers is first evident at 180 mm. At this stage all retinal layers are present, except the layer of the photoreceptor cells which is not widespread until at 220 mm. The inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells lengthen considerably during the last month of gestation. During the late fetal stage the nerve fiber layer, the inner and outer plexiform layers and the layer of rods and cones all continue to increase in thickness. Concurrently, the ganglion cell layer and the inner and outer nuclear layers have reached their maximal thickness and become thinner. After the total thickness of the neural retina amounts to approximately 180 microns at two to three weeks before birth, it then thins to approximately 160 microns in the adult stage.     

流行性白血病病牛的免疫病理学观察

用８种单克隆抗体（ＴＨ１４Ｂ、ＢＡＱ４４Ａ、ＢＩｇ４５Ａ、ＢＩｇ７１５Ａ、ＢＩｇ５０１Ｅ、ＣＡＣＴ１０５Ａ、ＭＭ１Ａ、ＡＨ－ＣＣ１２５）结合常规病理学方法,对１０头流行性白血病病牛的免疫病理学进行了观察。结果：患病较轻时,淋巴结内的淋巴小结肿大,生发中心明显,副皮质区显著增宽。脾脏中的脾小体亦增大,动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚。用ＭｃＡｂ证明,在淋巴结和脾脏有较多的Ｂ淋巴细胞和大量Ｔ淋巴细胞。患病较重时,淋