奶牛瘤胃pH、消化酶活性及原虫数量的日动态变化研究

本试验旨在研究奶牛瘤胃pH、消化酶活性、原虫数量的日动态变化规律及原虫种类。试验选择3头体重为(500±30) kg、泌乳胎次为2～4、健康状况良好、装永久性瘤胃瘘管的干乳期荷斯坦奶牛作为试验瘤胃液供体,分别采集采食前后各时间点瘤胃液。试验预试期14 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)随时间变化,瘤胃pH呈一定规律性变化,即在奶牛采食前瘤胃pH较高,采食后随饲粮进入瘤胃,瘤胃pH迅速降低,然后随瘤胃中饲粮的减少,瘤胃pH逐渐恢复至采食前水平,且采食前后瘤胃pH差异显著(P0.05)。2)5种瘤胃消化酶在采食前活性维持相对较低水平,采食后酶活性升高,其中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性上升的速度快,果胶酶、纤维酶活性上升速度慢,最终这5种酶活性逐渐恢复至原来水平,后3种酶活性很长时间维持在较高水平;除淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性在第2次采食前后差异不显著(P0.05)外,采食前后5种酶活性均差异显著(P0.05)。3)随时间变化,原虫数量整体呈凹凸形式变化,即原虫数量在采食前较高,采食后随着饲粮进入瘤胃,瘤胃内容物被稀释,导致原虫数量降低,然后随食糜的排空,逐渐恢复甚至高于原来水平,但采食前后原虫数量均差异不显著(P0.05)。4)对原虫进行形态学鉴别,观察到了厚毛属(Dasytricha)、内毛属(Entodinium)、鞘甲属(Elytroplastron)、单甲属(Eremplastron)、前毛属(Epidinium)、后毛属(Metadinium) 6个属12种原虫,其中内毛属的种类最多。本研究结果为进一步了解反刍动物在采食饲粮前后瘤胃消化酶活性、微生物菌群日变化规律及原虫种类提供调控瘤胃功能和原虫形态学鉴定的基础数据。     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛瘤胃及小肠pH值的影响

选择4头安装有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端T形瘘管的泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮精粗比约为30:70的"高低质粗料型"日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮等4种不同精粗比日粮对瘤胃和小肠pH值的影响。结果显示,日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃和回肠末端pH值有影响,而对十二指肠前端pH值没有显著(P>0.05)影响;随日粮精粗比的提高,奶牛瘤胃和小肠pH值降低;奶牛瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端pH值平均分别为6.46、3.80和7.76。     

日粮ADF/CP对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为探讨日粮酸性洗涤纤维与粗蛋白比(ADF/CP)对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,将奶牛常用饲料配合成ADF/CP为1.3、1.4、1.5、1.7和1.9的五种日粮,应用短期人工瘤胃技术,测定瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度,研究不同ADF/CP对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响。结果表明:不同ADF/CP对瘤胃pH影响不显著(P>0.05);而在NH3-N浓度上ADF/CP为1.4组低于ADF/CP为1.5、1.7和1.9组(P<0.01),与1.3组差异不显著(P>0.05);在MCP产量上ADF/CP为1.4和1.5两个组极显著高于其他三个组(P<0.01),而两个组间差异不显著(P>0.05);在VFA浓度方面上ADF/CP为1.4组显著或极显著高于其他组(P<0.05或P<0.01),在乙酸丙酸比上各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上:在本试验设计条件下,日粮ADF/CP为1.4时最有利于奶牛瘤胃内环境。     

不同油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃代谢及养分表观消化率的影响

试验以3头荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,采用3×3拉丁方设计,探讨日粮中添加不同油料籽实(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH3N和菌体蛋白浓度动态变化、干物质采食量及养分表观消化率的影响。3种籽实分别为葵花籽、胡麻籽、菜籽。结果表明:日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液纤毛虫数量动态变化影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对瘤胃液pH值动态变化影响差异不显著(P>0.05),且数值均在瘤胃发酵的正常范围之内;瘤胃液NH3N浓度动态变化3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);对菌体蛋白浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对奶牛干物质采食量的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对奶牛干物质表观消化率、中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率均为葵花籽组较高,与其他2组相比差异显著(P<0.05),葵花籽组粗脂肪和粗蛋白的表观消化率分别为62.56%、64.92%,胡麻籽组和菜籽组的粗脂肪和粗蛋白表观消化率较低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

一种牛瘤胃pH连续测定系统

瘘管牛瘤胃pH连续测定系统已经应用于研究瘤胃代谢机制。而报道的多数系统在进行瘤胃pH测定时,动物是不能自由活动的。因此,本研究目的在于发展一种瘤胃pH连续测定系统,在获得数据的同时动物还可以随意活动;并且对连续测定系统和局部取样两种方法获得的数据进行比较。本系统由一个高负荷电极和一个数据记录仪组成。电极上附有一个0.5 kg的重物用来把电极固定在瘤胃腹部。电极通过一条0.5长的电缆与数据记录仪相连,记录仪用带子固定在动物的背上。数据记录仪使用电池供能,并可以储存13000个pH数据。试验中,可以使用PDA(掌上电脑)设置参数,并从数据记录仪中下载数据。使用本系统和局部采样法分别在饲喂紫花苜蓿的干奶期荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃腹部同一位置进行3 d的pH测定试验。局部取样法3 d内采样3次/d。每次采样重复采集3次,采集后马上使用手持式pH计测定pH,3次测定的平均值与同等条件下本系统的测定值进行比较。结果表明,局部取样法的pH平均值6.63±0.04显著高于本系统测定的pH平均值(5.56±0.03)(P=0.009),相关系数r为0.88(P=0.002)。表明这种连续测定记录系统在散养式牛瘤胃pH测定上具有很大的便利潜力。     

不同蛋白质来源的日粮对泌乳奶牛瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白质合成量的影响

采用全自动人工瘤胃模拟装置,研究了蛋白质来源不同的4种日粮(豆粕,豆粕 棉粕 菜粕,鱼粉 棉粕 菜粕,膨化大豆)对泌乳奶牛瘤胃微生物发酵及微生物蛋白质合成量的影响规律。结果表明:不同蛋白质来源的日粮对泌乳奶牛瘤胃液氨氮浓度、挥发性脂肪酸及总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度有显著影响(P<0.05),而对瘤胃液pH值及微生物蛋白质合成量没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃代谢及养分表观消化率的影响

以3头年龄相同、平均体重为650±20 kg、泌乳期相同的装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究探讨添加葵花油、胡麻油和菜籽油的日粮对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH4-N浓度动态变化、干物质采食量及日粮养分表观消化率的影响.研究结果表明:日粮中添加不同的植物油(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH,-N浓度动态变化的影响差异均不显著(P>0.05),对干物质采食量的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),对日粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响均差异不显著(P>0.05).     

日粮中添加植物油对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响

试验以3头年龄相同、平均体重为(650±20)kg、处于同一泌乳期且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,探讨日粮中添加不同的植物油(日粮脂肪含量均为6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃内纤毛虫数量、pH值、NH3-N浓度、菌体蛋白浓度及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度动态变化的影响。3种植物油分别为葵花油、胡麻油、菜籽油。试验结果表明:日粮中添加不同的植物油,瘤胃液纤毛虫数量动态变化的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),其平均值依次为(7.70,9.26,9.22)×105个/mL;对瘤胃液pH值动态变化的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),其平均值依次为6.16,6.21,6.15,均在瘤胃发酵的正常范围之内;瘤胃液NH3-N浓度动态变化3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),其平均值依次为14.98,16.45,16.48 mg/100 mL;对菌体蛋白浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),依次为85.17,89.83,78.87 mg/100mL。对VFA浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

直接饲喂酵母培养物对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

本文旨在研究酵母培养物对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响.试验选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛,直接饲喂50 g/d酵母培养物.试验分为对照组、扣囊酵母(Sacchromycopsis fibuligera,SF)组、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,SC)组和热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis berkhout,CB)组.采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,试验分为4期,每期18 d(预试期15 d,正试期3 d).结果表明:饲喂酵母培养物4～8 h均能显著提高瘤胃pH(P<0.05),其中CB组效果最好,可以把pH从6.24提高到6.45～6.59,在饲喂4 h后,酵母培养物将氨态氮浓度显著提高了11.64%～16.09%(P<0.05),并在6～8 h时,显著提高瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸比值(P<0.05).在4～8 h,酵母培养物能显著提高瘤胃液中细菌总数25.00%～59.25%和纤维素酶的活性6.13%～11.83%(P<0.05),但酵母培养物对瘤胃原虫数量没有显著影响(P>0.05).各指标3种酵母菌组间差异不显著(P>0.05).酵母培养物直接饲喂奶牛,可以改善瘤胃内环境指标,从而提高饲料利用效率.     

酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响

本研究采用完全随机试验设计,使用持续动态人工瘤胃装置,研究了酿酒酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响。试验处理为对照组、1%和5%(占发酵液体积)酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组。通过对瘤胃液pH、微生物蛋白质(MCP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的测定得出以下结果:添加酿酒酵母菌培养物对pH和NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05);5%酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组显著提高MCP浓度并降低了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);而酿酒酵母菌培养物对总挥发酸酸、乙酸、丁酸和乙、丙酸比例没有显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:添加一定量的酿酒酵母菌培养物可在不改变瘤胃发酵类型的情况下,促进微生物蛋白质的合成。     

梅花鹿瘤胃原虫、pH值年周期变化的研究

为了研究梅花鹿瘤胃内原虫、ｐＨ值年周期变化,选用４头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花公鹿,对它们在生茸期及休闲期瘤胃内原虫数及ｐＨ值的变化作了系统研究与讨论。试验结果表明：生茸期采食前与采食后１小时和３小时之间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。梅花鹿原虫生茸期与休闲期变化显著,其中夏季极显著地高于秋、冬、春３季（Ｐ＜００１）,冬、春两季显著高于秋季（Ｐ＜００５）。冬、春两季间原虫数变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿生茸期不同时间点间ｐＨ值采食前极显著地高于采食后１小时和采食后３小时（Ｐ＜００１）,鹿个体间同一采样时间ｐＨ值均无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。鹿瘤胃ｐＨ值季度变化中,春季ｐＨ值显著地高于夏、秋、冬３季（Ｐ＜００５）,夏、秋、冬３季之间变化不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。     

不同饲喂模式对奶牛采食和瘤胃发酵的影响

为采用4头体重(600±50)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦经产奶牛进行试验,比较传统精粗分开饲喂向全混合日粮(TMR)转换时泌乳奶牛的采食、瘤胃发酵及生产性能的变化。试验动物所用日粮组成在整个试验期完全相同。前17 d采用精粗饲料分开饲喂的模式,后13 d则采用TMR进行饲喂。在由传统的精粗分开饲喂向TMR饲喂转换过程中,试验牛的日粮干物质采食量(DMI)、中型洗涤纤维进食量(NDFI)差异极显著(P<0.01),而与之相对应的采食时间差异不显著;全天的瘤胃pH值试验期前后比较无明显差异,但pH曲线但有趋于平稳的趋势,瘤胃中氨态氮浓度在试验期结束时差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

饲粮NDF/NFC对泌乳后期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响

为研究不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物(NDF/NFC)饲粮对泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、营养物质消化率和生产性能的影响,试验选用体重(777.46±27.31)kg、胎次(1.5±0.15)胎、泌乳天数(242.92±15.28)d、产奶量(18.75±0.62)kg/d的奶牛12头,随机分配到3组,每组4头。各组饲粮NDF/NFC分别为2.10(精粗比为42:58)、1.96(精粗比为37:63)、1.52(精粗比为30:70),采用六氟化硫(SF_6)示踪技术测定自然状态下泌乳奶牛甲烷排放量。预试期14 d,正试期9 d。结果表明:饲喂不同NDF/NFC饲粮的泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、甲烷能、单位干物质采食量的甲烷排放量以及单位总能摄入量的甲烷能均有显著差异;随着NDF/NFC降低,奶牛生产性能、饲料转化率和营养物质消化率无显著差异。综上,在不影响奶牛健康和生产性能的前提下,NDF/NFC为1.52的低NDF组饲料能显著降低泌乳后期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量。     

酿酒酵母对奶牛瘤胃内环境及血液生化指标的影响

[目的]研究在不同水平的酿酒酵母日粮对奶牛瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响.[方法]试验选用三头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为三组,A组为基础日粮,B组和C组分别为基础日粮添加酿酒酵母0.33%和0.67%DM.[结果]添加酿酒酵母可降低瘤胃pH值和氨态氮浓度,在采食后6 h,B组...     

Responsive changes of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis

Subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA)represents one of the most important digestive disorders in intensive dairy farms,and dairy cows are individually different in the severity of SARA risk.The objectives of the current study were to investigate differences in the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome in dairy cattle with different susceptibility to SARA.In the present study,12 cows were initially enrolled in the experiment.Based on average ruminal pH,4 cows with the lowest ruminal pH were assigned to the susceptible group(SUS,pH=5.76,n=4)and 4 cows with the highest ruminal pH assigned to the tolerant group(TOL,pH=6.10,n=4).Rumen contents from susceptible(SUS,n=4)and tolerant(TOL,n=4)dairy cows were collected through rumen fistula to systematically reveal the rumen microbial and metabolic alterations of dairy cows with different susceptibility to SARA using multi-omics approaches(16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolome).The results showed that despite being fed the same diet,SUS cows had lower ruminal pH and higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acids(VFA)and propionate than TOL cows(P<0.05).No significant differences were observed in dry matter intake,milk yield,and other milk compositions between the SUS and TOL groups(P>0.05).The principal coordinates analysis based on the analysis of molecular variance indicated a significant difference in bacterial composition between the two groups(P=0.01).More specifically,the relative abundance of starch-degrading bacteria(Prevotella spp.)was greater(P<0.05),while the proportion of fiber-degrading bacteria(unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp.,Ruminococcus spp.,Papillibacter,and unclassified Family_-XIII)was lower in the rumen of SUS cows compared with TOL cows(P<0.05).Community analysis of protozoa showed that there were no significant differences in the diversity,richness,and community structure(P>0.05).Metabolomics analysis revealed that the concentrations of organic acids(such as lactic acid),biogenic amines(such as histamine),and bacterial degradation products(such as hypoxanthine)were significantly higher in the SUS group compared to the TOL group(P<0.05).These findings revealed that the higher proportion of starch-degrading bacteria/lower fiber-degrading bacteria in the rumen of SUS cows resulted in higher VFA-producing capacity,in particular propionate.This caused a disruption in metabolic homeostasis in the rumen which might be the reason for the higher susceptibility to SARA.Overall,these findings enhanced our understanding of the ruminal microbiome and metabolic changes in cows susceptible to SARA.     

Effect of wood kraft pulp feed on digestibility,ruminal characteristics,and milk production performance in lactating dairy cows

The effect of wood kraft pulp (KP) feed on dietary digestibility, ruminal fluid pH, rumen fermentation characteristics, and milk production performance in lactating dairy cows was examined. Four lactating dairy cows were used for the feeding experiment by the cross‐over design. The control group and KP group were set up as treatments. The control group was fed total mixed ration (TMR) (40% roughage and 60% concentrate) and the KP group was fed TMR containing 12% KP that replaced half of the rolled corn in the control diet. The dry matter intake, digestibility of the feed components, and milk yield were not significantly different between control group and KP group. The number of times that the ruminal fluid pH was below 6.1 tended to decrease in the KP group compared to the control group (p < 0.10). The acetic acid ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and the propionic acid ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group decreased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The acetate:propionate acid ratio was increased in the KP group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide levels in the ruminal fluid of the KP group tended to decrease compared to the control group (p < 0.10). Based on these results, it was indicated that the use of KP feed for lactating dairy cows induced the same rumen fermentation characteristics as those in cows given a large amount of roughage without depressing milk productivity. Therefore, KP could be a valuable feed resource substitute for grains, which would also reduce the risk for subacute rumen acidosis.     

清宫散对患子宫内膜炎奶牛血液流变学指标的影响

采用椎板式血液粘度仪检测了中药方剂-清宫散对患子宫内膜炎奶牛治疗前后血液流变学指标的影响。结果表明:患子宫内膜炎奶牛的全血粘度、全血低切/高切还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性系数显著或极显著高于健康牛,经清宫散治疗后上述指标显著或极显著下降;空白对照组奶牛首次采血时的血液流变学参数与试验组奶牛治疗前的参数无显著差异(P>0.05);各组奶牛红细胞压积无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:清宫散能改善患牛微循环障碍,降低血液粘度,进而达到活血化瘀之功效。     

茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究茶皂素对奶牛瘤胃发酵及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用12头健康状况良好,体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,均饲喂基础饲粮,各组分别灌服0(对照)、20、30、40 g/d茶皂素,茶皂素与水混匀灌服,进行预试期14 d,正试期35 d的饲养试验。正试期期间每隔7 d,在晨饲前1 h用口腔采样器采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标,用实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法测定瘤胃微生物含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,茶皂素显著降低了瘤胃液p H(30、40 g/d组)、氨态氮的浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),但均未超过正常范围值;茶皂素显著提高了微生物蛋白(30、40 g/d组)、丙酸(20、30、40 g/d组)和丁酸浓度(20、30、40 g/d组)(P0.05),30 g/d组的微生物蛋白浓度提高了20.20%;但茶皂素对总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度的影响不显著(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,茶皂素各组的瘤胃液原虫、溶纤维丁酸弧菌含量均显著降低(P0.05),甲烷菌、白色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、真菌含量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综上所述,补饲茶皂素改善了奶牛瘤胃发酵模式,并显著影响了奶牛瘤胃微生物区系,30 g/d的剂量对奶牛较为适宜。