种植密度对棉花分离世代产量性状表现及育种选择的影响

通过裂区设计对Ｆ２代４个群体在三种密度下表现进行了研究，子棉产量、皮棉产量在不同密度、不同群体间存在显著差异；Ｆ２代群体与密度间存在互作，不同群体要求的适宜密度不同。Ｆ２代群体间单株结铃数差异显著，单株结铃数在不同密度差异显著，随密度增加单株结铃数减少，但小区总结铃数呈增加趋势；密度与群体间存在互作，密度的大小对４个Ｆ２群体的单株结铃数影响程度不同。Ｆ２代４个群体间衣分差异显著，但单铃重、衣分在不同密度下差异不显著，且互作不显著。种植密度对不同群体的育种选择具有较大影响。     

种植密度对东北特早熟棉区棉花生物量和氮素累积的影响

 以辽棉19号（生育期125 d）和新棉33B（生育期135 d）2个生育期差异较大的品种为材料,于2007－2008年在东北特早熟棉区（辽宁辽阳,41°26' N,123°14' E）设置棉花种植密度试验（7.50万、9.75万、12.00 万株·hm^-2）,研究不同棉花群体生物量与氮素动态累积特征的差异及其与产量品质形成的关系。结果表明,棉花群体生物量和氮素累积动态随生育进程的变化符合“S”型曲线,棉花群体生物量和氮素存在异速累积现象,氮素累积快速起始期及终止期均较生物量累积提前10 d左右。2品种均以9.75 万株·hm^-2密度下棉花生物量、氮素动态累积过程最为优化,皮棉产量最高,纤维品质最优;密度过高尽管群体生物量、氮素累积量较高,但经济产量下降。     

ASI土壤养分状况系统研究法在棉田上的应用

应用化学分析、吸附反应和生物诊断方法,系统研究了两种棉田土壤速效养分的丰缺状况。结果表明,土壤对磷、硫、铜、锰的吸附曲线呈近似的指数曲线,低浓度时,吸附强烈,随浓度增加,土壤的吸附能力下降。在吸附液浓度＜２０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,加入的锰几乎全部被土壤吸附固定。在吸附液浓度＜７．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时,对锌的吸附强度较大,在吸附液浓度＞７．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时,吸附强度减少。盆栽生物效应试验证明,所有土壤均缺氮,另外扶沟潮土的磷、钾,南阳黄褐土的磷、钾、硫,是主要的养分限制因子。在剖析养分吸附特性的基础上按适宜的比例补充营养元素后,棉花产量及净收益显著提高。     

棉花适宜密度与播种量设计的动态知识模型

通过分析和提炼有关棉花种植密度与播种量的最新研究资料,在综合量化气候条件、土壤类型、产量目标、管理水平和品种特性等影响因子的基础上,建立了具有时空适应性的棉花种植密度和播种量设计动态知识模型,可用于精确定量不同环境和不同产量目标下的种植密度和播种量。利用不同生态点、不同品种、不同土壤类型和不同产量目标等资料对知识模型进行了验证,结果表明模型具有较好的决策性和适用性。     

Effects of Planting Density and Chemical control on Yield and Mineral Elements Accumulation of Cotton Direct-Seeded after Wheat

[Objective] The effects of planting density and Miantaijin treatment on yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and accumulation in cotton direct-seeded after wheat in the Yangtze River basin were studied in order to clarify the high-yield cultivation techniques under this cropping system. 【Method】 In 2011 and 2012, Guoxinzao 11-1 at the experimental material, and adopted three densities (75 000, 90 000 and 105 000 plants·hm^－2) and three Miantaijin doses (0 mL·hm^－2, 1 170 mL·hm^－2 and 2 340 mL·hm^－2). 【Result】 The results showed that the highest yield was 3 551.3～3 687.5 kg·hm^－2 under 90 000～105 000 plant·hm^－2 density combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin (seedling stage: 90 mL·hm^－2, peak squaring stage: 180 mL·hm^－2, peak flowering stage: 360 mL·hm^－2, peak boll-setting stage: 540 mL·hm^－2). Under these conditions, the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 117.8 kg·hm^－2, 77.4 kg·hm^－2, 116.4 kg·hm^－2, respectively. Among them, nitrogen uptake was the highest in the peak-squaring stage to peak-flowering stage, while the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake were both detected in the peak-flowering to boll-opening stage. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant linear positive correlation between the yield of direct seeded cotton after wheat and the total absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially during the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. 【Conclusion】 The suitable application dose of Miantaijin under medium and high density could enhance the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of cotton, especially in the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. and thus result in the high yield of direct-seeded cotton after wheat in the Yangtze River basin.     

密度对棉花产量及棉铃内部产量构成的影响

以杂交种中棉所75和常规种鲁棉研28为材料,从冠层、单株以及单铃内部几个不同层次深入研究了密度对产量及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,密度显著影响棉花产量,且这种影响可追溯到单株,甚至单个棉铃内部的单个种子上。5.1万株和8.7万株·hm-2密度下皮棉产量无显著差异,但显著高于1.5万株·hm-2密度的产量。在该试验密度范围,随着密度增加,棉株上部果枝和外围果节的成铃率显著降低;铃重、单粒种子截面积和单铃内种子数随密度增加呈下降趋势;单粒种子上纤维质量与种子所处位置相关,在棉铃基部和中部其随密度变化差异较大。     

影响棉花纤维品质的土壤养分

1987年,在浙江省棉区选择10个有代表性的试验点(县)。研究了棉纤维品质指标与土壤养分的相关性。研究结果表明:(1)纤维品质指标与土壤养分两组变量间的典型相关系数(λ=0.9683)达显著水平,因此棉花纤维品质的优劣与土壤营养元素含量的高低有关。(2)在土壤诸养分中,以土壤有机质、氮、硼和铜对棉花纤维品质的影响较大,特别当这些养分的含量较高时,纤维的麦克隆值和2.5％跨距长度有显著地提高。(3)黄岩、金华、衢县和平湖试点的土壤由于采用稻棉轮制而土壤肥力较高,纤维品质较好。     

不同开花期棉铃干物质积累规律研究

本文通过对１９８８、１９８９两年棉铃发育规律的研究得出：不同开花期的棉铃各组成部分子物质积累均呈“Ｓ”型曲线，可用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程加以拟合，效果良好，相关系数都在０．９以上。棉子的干物质积累还可用直线方程模拟，效果更好，相关系数在０．９８以上。其中铃壳的干物质积累较快，最快时期在花后１０～１５ｄ，花后３０ｄ达最大值，但是大积累量、生长特征值随着开花期的向后推迟而逐渐增大；而棉子和棉纤维的干物质积累要延续到花后４５～５０ｄ才达到最大值，其增长速度最快的时期在花后２０～３０ｄ，它们的干物质最大积累量、生长特征值、旺盛生长期的长短是以中期开花的较高，前期和后期开花的较低。     

枯萎菌诱导对棉花细胞壁氨基酸含量的影响

用不同致病力的棉花枯萎菌（Ｆｔｔｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍｆ．ｓｐｖａｓｉｎｆｅｃｔｕｍ）７号和３号小种接种棉花，对抗、感品种根部细胞壁氨基酸含量进行分析。结果表明，感病品种在接种７号小种后，根内细胞壁氨基酸含量增加了３２．３％，抗病品种增加了４，４％；接种３号小种后抗病品种氨基酸含量下降了１４％，感病品种上升了１９．８％。感病品种受枯萎菌诱导后细胞壁氨基酸的积累明显高于抗病品种，为枯萎菌的生长提供了较多的氮源，易与枯萎菌建立寄生关系，认为细胞壁氨基酸含量与棉花对枯萎病的抗性具有一定相关性。     

Effects of Genotypes and Plant Density on Yield, Yield Components and Photosynthesis in Bt Transgenic Cotton

Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), including the introduced, indigenous Chinese non‐hybrid and hybrid cotton, is spreading very rapidly in China. Agronomic and photosynthetic performance as well as the optimum plant density for planting Bt cotton may vary with genotypes. With three types of commercial Bt cotton varieties, two field experiments were conducted to study yield performance and leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) during 2000 and 2001, and yield interaction between variety and plant density during 2001 and 2002 in Yellow River region in northern China. The first experiment showed that the indigenous Chinese Bt cotton significantly differed from the introduced Bt cotton (IBtC) in plant growth and yield components. As a result of manipulation of boll numbers, boll weight and lint percentage, there was no significant difference in lint yield between Chinese non‐hybrid Bt cotton (CBtC) and the IBtC, but two Chinese hybrid Bt cotton (HBtC) varieties exhibited significantly higher lint yield than all other varieties in either 2000 or 2001. Hybrid cotton SCRC15 showed a one‐peak curvilinear change in diurnal course of Pn throughout the growing season, while non‐hybrid cotton 33B and SCRC16 exhibited severe mid‐day depression in Pn in squaring, flowering or boll‐setting stage. The second experiment showed that the main effect of plant population on lint yield was not significant, and yield difference among all treatments was derived from varieties and the interaction between plant density and variety. The optimal plant densities in terms of lint yield for the introduced, indigenous CBtC and HBtC genotypes were 6.0, 4.5 and 3.0 plants m^?2 respectively.     

Effects of Soil Salinity and Plant Density on Yield and Leaf Senescence of Field‐Grown Cotton

The response of cotton to constant salinity has been well documented under controlled conditions, but its response to changing salinity under field conditions is poorly understood. Using a split‐plot design, we conducted a 2‐year field experiment to determine the effects of soil salinity and plant density on plant biomass, boll load, harvest index and leaf senescence in relation to cotton yield in three fields with similar fertility but varying salinity. The main plots were assigned to weak (electrical conductivity of soil saturated paste extract, ECe = 5.5 dS m^?1), moderate (ECe = 10.1 dS m^?1) and strong (ECe = 15.0 dS m^?1) soil salinity levels, while plant density (3.0, 4.5 and 7.5 plants m^?2) was assigned to the subplots. Soil salinity had a negative effect on seedcotton yield, but the negative effect was compensated for by increased plant density under strong‐salinity conditions. Seedcotton yield under weak salinity changed little with varying plant density, but the medium plant density yielded better than the low or high plant density under moderate salinity. Plants accumulated 49 and 112 % more Na⁺ in leaves under moderate and strong salinity than under weak salinity. Strong salinity also led to higher boll load and early leaf senescence. Plant density had no effect on Na⁺ accumulation in leaves, but greatly reduced boll load and delayed leaf senescence. Plant biomass, maximum leaf area index and harvest index were greatly affected by salinity, plant density and their interaction. Accelerated leaf senescence under strong salinity was attributed to the high boll load and increased accumulation of toxic ions like Na⁺ in leaves, while delayed leaf senescence with increased plant density was attributed to the reduced boll load. Optimal yield can only be obtained with proper coordination of total biomass and harvest index by modification of plant density based on salinity levels.     

密度对棉花株间小气候、农艺性状及产量的影响

为掌握棉花群体结构中的小气候环境状况,确定棉花不同密度对产量的影响,设计6个不同密度测定农艺性状,选择棉花郁闭度最大的开花盛期,测定不同棉花密度群体田间小气候要素.结果表明,密度不同棉花的农业性状发生很大变化,群体间光、温、湿度等气候因子有较大的改变.随着密度的增加,棉花株高、茎粗、叶片数、果枝数、蕾数、铃数、铃重与株...     

Bt移栽棉干物质积累与产量及器官建成关系的研究

研究了转Bt基因抗虫常规棉GK19和抗虫杂交棉中棉所29的群体干物质积累及其增长量对产量及棉株器官建成的影响,结果表明:盛花前保持适宜干物质的增长量,盛花后促进群体干物质的积累有利于产量的提高.株高、LAI及营养器官干重大小决定于盛花前群体干物质积累量的高低.盛花前保持适宜的干物质积累量有利于促进群体果枝数、果节数、生殖器官干重的增加;盛花后促进群体干物质积累有利于群体生殖器官干重、总铃数、成铃率及铃重提高.因此,转基因抗虫棉花群体盛花前调节群体干物质保持适宜增长量,才能形成适宜的群体LAI、适宜株高、果枝数和总果节量,为高产建立合理的群体结构基础,在此基础上,保持盛花后整个结铃吐絮期有较高的干物质积累量是获得高产更高产的根本所在.     

非生物胁迫对棉花次生代谢及棉蚜种群消长的影响

盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫影响棉花的次生代谢,而次生代谢可能影响棉株上的害虫发生。为明确非生物胁迫与次生代谢及棉蚜种群消长三者间的关系,以不同浓度氯化钠(NaCl)和聚乙醇(PEG)溶液分别处理棉苗,测定了棉叶组织内棉酚和可溶性糖含量的变化,并观察了棉蚜在被处理棉苗上的生长发育及繁殖情况。结果发现,100和200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理棉苗的棉酚含量分别比不含NaCl的对照提高20%和53.5%,可溶性糖含量分别提高15.7%和46%。盐胁迫显著延长棉蚜的发育历期并降低繁殖率,100和200 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理的棉蚜若蚜期分别比对照延长6.4%和9.9%,单雌产蚜量分别减少22.6%和52.3%。干旱胁迫也影响棉花叶片棉酚和可溶性糖含量,质量分数2.5%和5%的PEG处理棉株的棉酚含量分别比对照提高39.7%和61.5%,可溶性糖含量分别提高14.2%和47.1%,生长在PEG处理棉株上的棉蚜的若蚜期分别延长7.4%和16.5%,单雌产蚜量分别减少26.8%和55.8%。叶片内棉酚和可溶性糖含量均与棉蚜若蚜期呈显著正相关,与棉蚜的产蚜量呈显著负相关。由此推断,盐碱、干旱等非生物胁迫增强了棉苗的次生代谢,导致棉酚和可溶性糖等次生代谢产物大量积累,抑制了棉蚜种群的消长。     

Effects of Density and Miantaijin Chemical Control on Boll Characteristics and Physiological Activity of Direct-Seeded Cotton after Wheat Harvest

[Objective] The aim of this research is to study the effects of planting density and Miantaijin(diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate·mepiquat chloride of mass fraction 27.5%) chemical control on physiological leaf characteristics and boll setting characteristics of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest. [Method] In 2011―2012, the early-maturing variety Guoxinzao 11-1 was used as the experimental material. The study was conducted in Yangzhou University in 2011―2012 under the direct-seeded after wheat harvest cropping system, and the randomized complete block design was arranged with planting densities and Miantaijin rates. [Result] Under the density 105 000 plant·hm^－2 combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin, the boll setting was mainly concentrated before August 31. The SPAD value, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, free amino acid content on July 15, July 30, August 15 of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest showed significant or extremely significant open-down parabola relationship with the number of bolls before August 31. It indicates that keeping the appropriate level of carbon and nitrogen physiological activity in cotton leaves is beneficial to high-quality bolls. [Conclusion] High density (105 000 plant·hm^－2) combined with proper Miantaijin control (1 170 mL·hm^－2) would contribute to forming quality bolls of direct-seeded cotton after wheat harvest, and the physiological activities of leaf carbon and nitrogen are suitable.     

施肥量对牛筋草与棉花竞争关系的影响

在室外盆栽试验条件下,棉花直播且每盆保留1个单株,设置3个肥力处理(不施肥处理、常规施肥、倍量施肥),和5个牛筋草密度处理(每盆0、2、4、8和16株),研究在不同施肥量条件下牛筋草对棉花生长发育、产量及纤维品质的影响,同时探索土壤肥力及杂草自身密度变化对牛筋草生长发育的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,常规肥量可以促进棉花的营养生长,增加籽棉产量,并能提高棉花对牛筋草的竞争力;但当施肥量增加至倍量时,棉花的生长及产量指标与常规施肥量相比无明显优势,过高的肥力反而促进牛筋草的生长发育,增强了牛筋草的竞争力。3个肥力条件下牛筋草对棉花产量造成显著影响的竞争临界密度分别为每盆4、8和2株。施肥量及牛筋草密度的变化对棉花的纤维品质并未造成影响。随着土壤肥力的增加,牛筋草的生物量、分蘖数和抽穗数均逐渐增加;在同一肥力条件下,随着牛筋草密度的增加,牛筋草种内竞争加剧,牛筋草的株高、分蘖数及单株生物量逐渐降低。     

转Bt基因棉对天敌种群动态的影响

在室内和田间小区研究了转基因棉对棉田捕食性和寄生性天敌的影响。结果表明,转基因棉对捕食性天敌无不良影响,田间种群数量减少不明显;但严重影响寄生性天敌的质量,表现为寄生蜂的寄生率和蜂的羽化率明显下降,茧重和蜂重明显减轻,故田间寄生性天敌的种群数量明显减少     

硝化抑制剂对不同氮肥运筹下棉田土壤及棉株功能叶片氮素积累的影响

 通过在棉田中施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）实现棉花增铵营养的途径,来改变传统棉田氮肥运筹途径和营养状况,同时考察了由此导致的棉田土壤和棉株功能叶片中氮素变化动态。结果表明：2％DCD的施用促进了棉株对氨基态氮的吸收而抑制棉株对硝态氮的吸收;同时也减少了棉田土壤中残留全氮含量、维持了土壤较高的氨基态氮含量,提高了氮肥吸收利用效率、节约了氮肥资源。进一步表明棉田中施用增铵营养在生理和生态上具有重要的意义。     

种植密度对棉花生育动态、产量和品质的影响

旨在为冀中南棉区棉花高产栽培群体调控和品种审定设置合理的品比试验提供理论依据。以衡棉4号、冀棉958和快育66为供试材料,于2012－2013年在冀中南棉区（河北深州）设置密度试验（37500,52500,67500株／hm2）,研究种植密度对陆地棉株高、果枝数、叶面积指数和产量品质性状的影响,结果表明：随密度的增加,株高和叶面积指数增高、果枝数减少;产量构成因子单铃重和衣分降低,不同时期单株蕾花铃数也降低。群体产量随密度增加而提高,52500～67500株／hm2是冀中南地区棉花适宜种植的密度范围,可作为高产栽培群体调控和区域品比试验安排的参考密度。密度对棉铃纤维品质存在一定影响,随密度的增加,棉纤维上半部平均长度呈增加的趋势,马克隆值呈降低的趋势。     

控释氮肥对棉花植株N素吸收、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响

通过2年田间定位试验研究了控释氮肥和普通氮肥不同用量对棉花植株N素吸收和土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响.结果表明:2008年控释氮肥处理植株N素吸收量和吸收速率在苗期和蕾期小于普通氮肥,但花期以后超过后者,并维持较高水平,2009年的N素吸收量控释氮肥始终高于普通氮肥,同时,控释氮肥不同程度地提高了氮肥表观利用率;在施氮量...