奶牛体况评分(BCS)在饲养管理上的应用

体况指奶牛体脂沉积的情况,俗称膘情.评分使体脂沉积情况量化,方便了其在奶牛营养管理上的应用.国外的实践证明,BCS为奶牛营养管理的一项实用指标.文章综述了体况评分与分娩后体脂动员、饲料干物质采食量、产奶量、健康、繁殖性能以及疾病的关系.     

围产期肥胖对奶牛生产性能的影响

为分析肥胖对围产期奶牛生产性能的影响,并阐明奶牛从分娩到产后30d这一时间段的最佳体况标准,研究应用BCS软件对某集约化牛场的泌乳天数在0~30d的荷斯坦奶牛共40头进行体况评分(BCS),将体况评分≥3.75的20头奶牛设为试验组,体况评分在3.0~3.5的20头奶牛设为对照组,跟踪统计两组奶牛的年龄、胎次、产犊难易、胎儿出生重、泌乳量等指标。结果表明,30d时试验组产奶量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);试验组奶牛的怀孕天数和干物质采食量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组10d体况损失和30d体况损失显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表明围产期肥胖会导致奶牛的泌乳性能下降和早产,因此在牧场的日常生产管理中要合理控制牛群的体况,提高奶牛的生产性能。     

体况评分与步态评分对奶牛生产性能的影响

为探究奶牛体况评分和步态评分在奶牛管理中的作用,提高奶牛生产性能,研究对河南省362头泌乳天数在0~330 d的中国荷斯坦牛的体况和步态进行评分并收集了相应的DHI数据,利用固定模型分析牛只泌乳阶段、场-胎次、体况评分和步态评分四个因子对产奶量和体细胞数(SCC)的影响,同时对影响体况评分的因素进行了分析。结果表明:体况评分对产奶量的影响显著(P0.05),与体况评分为3.00~5.00的牛只相比,体况评分低于3.00时的奶牛日产奶量高了2.6~4.2 kg;步态评分对产奶量的影响极显著(P0.01),与步态评分低于2.25的牛只相比,步态评分2.25~5.00的奶牛日产奶量低了4.1~6.1 kg。体况评分和步态评分对SCC的影响均不显著。场-胎次、泌乳阶段、步态评分对体况评分均有显著影响(P0.05)。对体况评分和步态评分之间的关系进行分析,发现步态评分与体况评分之间存在显著的回归关系,且回归系数为负值,即随着步态评分的升高,体况评分降低。由此可见,适宜的体况和步态有利于提高奶牛产奶性能,且体况评分和步态评分间存在对于生产有利的回归关系。说明对牛群的体况和步态进行评分,合理控制牛群体况、加强肢蹄健康管理,对提高奶牛生产性能具有重要意义。     

通过体况评分读取奶牛发出的信号

本文阐述了奶牛体况评分的概念,奶牛体况评分时的监测要点和奶牛在各个时期的体况评分分布情况.牧场可以根据这些进一步加强牧场的管理,改善奶牛的营养状况.     

奶牛体况与胎次、泌乳阶段和生产性能的关系

奶牛体况评分是指可根据奶牛身体各部位综合得分来衡量牛的膘情,并用于管理奶牛营养和健康的一种重要方法。某代表性奶牛场泌乳期奶牛的体况评分结果表明,奶牛体况与乳蛋白率、305d估计产奶量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);第3胎次奶牛体况最好,极显著优于其它胎次(P0.01);泌乳后期奶牛体况极显著优于其它泌乳阶段(P0.01);奶牛体况与体细胞分之间显著正相关(P0.05)。根据奶牛体况评分结果可预测牛奶产量和品质。生产中应通过加强营养和改善饲养管理条件等措施使奶牛体况处于合理范围,以获得产量和品质俱佳的牛奶。     

奶牛体况评分及其应用

体况评分是衡量奶牛体组织储存状况和监控奶牛能量平衡的一种方法,是奶牛场饲养管理中不可缺少的一种工具。本文论述了奶牛体况评分的意义,体况评分的方法,不同生理或泌乳阶段奶牛的理想或适合体况,并对控制奶牛体况的饲养措施作了较详细的介绍。     

中国荷斯坦奶牛体况评分及其影响因素分析

为及时发现饲养管理中存在的问题并掌握奶牛的营养状况,本研究对呼图壁种牛场3个牧场的3 289头荷斯坦牛进行体况评分,对场、胎次、月龄嵌套胎次以及泌乳阶段等因素对奶牛体况评分的影响进行方差分析。结果表明:不同场、月龄嵌套胎次、泌乳阶段对体况评分的影响极显著(P<0.01),胎次对体况评分影响显著(P<0.05)。在实际生产过程中,要结合牛场本身的实际情况以及奶牛的生理时期和泌乳阶段的体况评分来调整饲养管理水平,以提高奶牛的生产性能。     

体况评分（BCS）与奶牛繁殖效率关系研究进展

奶牛管理中,体况能量储备状况直接影响生产性能的发挥,20世纪初国外提出体况评分（Body condition score,BCS）的概念,如同我国的十分制、八成膘评分标准,但在20世纪80年代,wildman等才把体况评分加以改进并应用于奶牛。国外很多学者关于这方面作了大量的研究,国内也有报道,但是在我国BCS的科学性和实用性尚未被人们所认识。目前我国牛养殖正在处于快速发展中,养殖方式由个体自由散养向集约化方向的发展,迫切需要科学的管理指标对养殖奶牛进行指导,以提高奶牛的产奶量、改善乳成分和减少疾病,从而提高产量、质量和效益。     

步态评分对泌乳性能、体况评分和体细胞的影响

为了探究步态评分对奶牛校正日产奶量、体况评分和体细胞数的影响,以量化肢蹄健康对奶牛生产性能的重要作用和日常饲养管理中预防肢蹄病的重要性,试验应用最小二乘法原理,配合线性固定效应模型,分析了步态评分等级对1 070头奶牛校正日产奶量、体况评分和体细胞数的影响。结果表明:步态评分对校正日产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),步态评分≥2分的牛群与步态评分为1分的牛群相比,其校正日产奶量降低了6.95 kg;步态评分对体况评分影响显著(P0.05),即步态评分越低体况评分越高;而且步态评分与体况评分对泌乳天数的回归关系的互作效应极显著(P0.01),即步态评分为1分时体况评分随着泌乳天数的增加而上升,而步态评分大于1分时体况评分随着泌乳天数的增加而下降;对体细胞数而言,步态评分的影响虽然不显著,但是体细胞数有随着步态评分升高而增多的趋势。说明通过适宜的饲养管理保证牛群肢蹄健康和良好步态对奶牛生产性能和牛场经济效益是非常重要的。     

成年母牛体况评分及其影响因素分析

体况评分(BCS)是评价奶牛饲养效果好坏、营养代谢正常与否的标志,也是奶牛健康与否的标志之一。体况评分为制订下一阶段的饲养管理措施提供重要依据,同时也受到很多因素的影响。本文旨在研究不同胎次、干奶期、泌乳期、不同的泌乳阶段等影响因素对奶牛体况评分的影响。测定本场2009年3月共219头胎次在0～6胎的中国荷斯坦奶牛体况评分,应用SPSS15.0软件对不同胎次、干奶期、泌乳期、不同的泌乳阶段等影响因素对奶牛体况评分的影响加以分析。结果表明:胎次对奶牛BCS的影响不显著(p0.05);干奶期和泌乳期对奶牛BCS的影响极显著(p0.01);泌乳阶段对BCS的影响极显著(p0.01)。因此提示在实际的生产中应灵活调控各影响因素对体况评分的影响,提高母牛生产性能。     

Effects of Diet and Weight Gain on Body Condition Scoring in Thoroughbred Geldings

In the horse, the body condition score (BCS) system to assess subcutaneous fat deposition is a useful tool for making feeding management decisions. The system includes assessing fat deposition at six body areas (neck, withers, shoulders, ribs, loin, and tail head) and was developed in Quarter Horse mares. It has not been tested for use on other breeds or genders, possibly compromising the system's ability to describe fat accretion in other classes of horse. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of the previously developed fat accretion characteristics to describe fat deposition in mature Thoroughbred (TB) geldings. An additional goal was to determine whether fewer body areas could be used. Fifteen mature TB geldings were fed for weight gain over an 8-month period on one of two diets and were independently assessed for BCS on a monthly basis by two judges. BCS was determined by averaging the scores that were assigned to each of the six body areas. Fat accretion characteristics were also recorded. Across both diets, the neck area scored significantly higher than the withers and loin (P < 0.05) throughout the study. A BCS derived only from the body areas of neck, shoulders, ribs, and tailhead was found to accurately predict the six body area−derived mean BCS. The results of this study provide justification for modifications of the BCS system for use in TB geldings and also demonstrated that fewer body areas can be used to accurately predict mean BCS.     

体况评分与步态评分对奶牛生产性能的影响

为探究体况评分(Body Condition Score,BCS)和步态评分(Locomotion Score,LS)对奶牛泌乳性能的影响,本试验在2016年7月至8月通过对北京地区7个奶牛场近5 000头泌乳牛进行体况和步态评分并收集相关的DHI数据,采用固定模型分析BCS和LS的影响因素及场、胎次、泌乳阶段、LS和BCS对日产奶量、体细胞数及乳成分的影响。结果表明:BCS和LS对日产奶量均有极显著影响(P0.01),BCS对乳蛋白率有显著影响(P0.05);胎次对LS有极显著影响(P0.01),而对BCS无显著影响,场-测量人、泌乳阶段对BCS和LS均有极显著影响(P0.01);LS与BCS之间回归关系显著,LS较高的个体BCS较低。在生产上可以综合运用BCS和LS加强管理,提升产奶量,改善乳品质量,使牛场获得更大的经济利益。     

In vitro evaluation of three bacterial culture systems for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial conventional blood culture system (BCS), a commercial resin-containing BCS, and a commercial lysis-centrifugation-based BCS for the recovery of Escherichia coli from equine blood samples inoculated with that organism. SAMPLE POPULATION: Samples of blood obtained from a clinically normal horse that were inoculated with E coli. PROCEDURES: Blood samples were aseptically collected and inoculated with an E coli specimen (50 CFUs/mL) that had been previously isolated from a foal with sepsis. Subsequently, samples were spiked with gentamicin at a concentration of 30 mug/mL, and 10 mL of each mixture was inoculated into 1 bottle or tube of each BCS. Samples were processed and incubated according to the manufacturer's guidelines and inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates. Plated samples were examined macroscopically at regular intervals for as long as 72 hours. Detection of E coli and time to detection were recorded for each medium. RESULTS: Detection frequency of E coli was significantly greater by use of the resin-containing BCS (14/23 bottles) than that achieved by use of the conventional BCS (7/23 bottles) or the lysis-centrifugation-based BCS (0/10 tubes). Mean detection time (6 hours after plating) did not differ between the BCS with conventional medium and the BCS with resincontaining medium. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a BCS with resin-containing medium may provide clinical benefit in the successful recovery of E coli from the blood of foals with sepsis that have been previously administered gentamicin.     

兽用药物生物药剂学分类系统(BCS)的研究进展

生物药剂学分类系统(Biopharmaceutics classification system,BCS)是根据药物的溶解性与渗透性进行分类的一种科学框架,已被欧洲药品管理局(EMEA)、美国食品药品管理局(FDA)、世界卫生组织(WHO)等认可并用作仿制药物生物等效性豁免的判断依据。随着人药BCS的发展,一些研究人员尝试将BCS引入到兽药领域,以指导兽用仿制药的开发和管理。针对BCS分类标准和概念、BCS在人药研发和管理中的应用、兽药BCS发展现状及其面临的挑战进行了总结,以期为兽药BCS分类系统的发展提供有益的借鉴和指导,为新兽药的开发和老药的改造提供参考。     

Development of the body condition score system in Murrah buffaloes: validation through ultrasonic assessment of body fat reserves

The body condition score (BCS) system is a subjective scoring method of evaluating the energy reserves of dairy animals to provide better understanding of biological relationships between body fat, milk production and reproduction. This method helps in adopting the optimum management practices to derive maximum production and maintain optimum health of the livestock. In this study, a new BCS system was developed for Murrah buffaloes. The skeletal check points were identified by studying the anatomical features and amount of fat reserves in slaughtered animals. The scores were assigned from 1 to 5 based on the amount of fat reserves in slaughtered animals. A score of 1 represents least and 5 represents most amount of fat. The skeletal check points identified were ordered based on the amount of carcass fat reserves and scores assigned to prepare a preliminary BCS chart on a 1 to 5 scale at 0.25 increments. The BCS chart was further modified by eliminating the skeletal check points at which the fat reserves were less evident on palpation in most of the buffaloes and a new BCS chart on a 1 to 5 scale at 0.5 increments examining eight skeletal check points was developed. The new BCS system developed was tested for precision in 10 buffaloes for each point of the 1-5 scale by ultrasonographic measurements of body fat reserves. Ultrasonographic measurements showed that as the BCS increased, the amount of fat reserves also increased (p < 0.01), indicating that the BCS adequately reflected the amount of actual fat reserves. BCS was significantly correlated (r = 0.860) with the carcass fat reserves as well as the ultrasonographic fat reserves (r = 0.854).     

Relationship between body condition score at calving and reproductive performance in young postpartum cows grazing native range

Body condition score is used as a management tool to predict competency of reproduction in beef cows. Therefore, a retrospective study was performed to evaluate association of BCS at calving with subsequent pregnancy rate, days to first postpartum ovulation, nutrient status (assessed by blood metabolites), and calf BW change in 2- and 3-yr-old cows (n = 351) managed and selected to fit their environment of grazing native range over 6 yr at the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center, Corona, NM. Cows were managed similarly before calving, without manipulation of management, to achieve predetermined BCS at parturition. Palpable BCS (scale of 1 to 9) were determined by 2 experienced technicians before calving. Cows were classified to 1 of 3 BCS groups prior calving: BCS 4 (mean BCS = 4.3 ± 0.02), 5 (mean BCS = 5.0 ± 0.03), or 6 (mean BCS = 5.8 ± 0.06). Cows were weighed weekly after calving and serum was collected once weekly (1 yr) or twice weekly (5 yr) for progesterone analysis to estimate first postpartum ovulation beginning 35 d postpartum. Year effects also were evaluated, with years identified as either above or below average precipitation. Days to first postpartum ovulation did not differ among calving BCS groups (P = 0.93). Pregnancy rates were not influenced by calving BCS (P = 0.83; 92%, 91%, 90% for BCS 4, 5, and 6, respectively). Days to BW nadir was not influenced by BCS at calving (P = 0.95). Cow BW was different at all measuring points (P < 0.01) with BCS 6 cows having the heaviest BW and cows with BCS 4 the lightest. Cows with calving BCS 4 and 5 lost more (P = 0.06) BW from the initiation of the study to the end of breeding than cows with BCS 6. However, cow BW change at all other measurement periods was not different (P ≥ 0.49) among calving BCS groups. Serum glucose and NEFA concentrations were not influenced by calving BCS (P ≥ 0.51). Calf BW at birth (P = 0.60), branding (55-d BW; P = 0.76), and weaning (205-d BW; P = 0.60) were not impacted by cow calving BCS. Body condition score did not influence overall pregnancy rates, indicating that young cows can have a reduced BCS and still be reproductively punctual. Therefore, these results indicate that reproductive performance of young cows with reduced BCS may not be affected when managed in extensive range conditions.     

荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分及其对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响

为了探究荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分（body condition score,BCS）的影响因素及BCS对生产性能和离群寿命的影响,本研究收集江苏省某大型牛场2018年1月至2020年12月共7 811头荷斯坦牛泌乳前期BCS、生产性能测定（dairy herd improvement,DHI）结果及淘汰记录,利用多因素方差分析法在分析奶牛泌乳前期BCS变化及影响因素基础上,重点分析泌乳前期BCS及其变化对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响,利用Cox回归对泌乳前期不同BCS的荷斯坦牛生存曲线进行绘制,并对不同BCS荷斯坦牛的淘汰原因进行卡方检验。结果表明,全群泌乳前期BCS均值为（2.95 ±0.32）。胎次、产犊季节和泌乳天数对泌乳前期BCS有极显著影响（P<0.01）,1胎牛和夏季产犊的母牛泌乳前期BCS均最高;5~30、31~60、61~100 d BCS呈显著下降。泌乳前期BCS对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分等均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。产奶量和高峰奶量随BCS的增加呈极显著下降（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS与产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS的变化对SCS和高峰奶量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。泌乳前期BCS对离群胎次和淘汰月龄有极显著影响（P<0.01）。生存分析表明,BCS为2.75的牛只生存概率最大。2胎和4胎母牛、冬季产犊的母牛不同BCS淘汰比例均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）;低产淘汰的牛只泌乳前期BCS淘汰分布具有极显著差异（P<0.01）。在本研究牛群中,当泌乳前期BCS为2.75时,牛只生产性能较佳且淘汰风险最低,本研究为规模化牛场荷斯坦牛泌乳前期的饲养管理提供了参考。     

Effect of induced body condition score differences on physiological response,productive and reproductive performance of Malpura ewes kept in a hot,semi‐arid environment

This study was undertaken to study the influence of induced body condition score (BCS) differences on physiological response, productive and reproductive performance of Malpura ewes to optimise BCS for these ewes for maximising production making it economically viable. The study was conducted for a period of 1 year using thirty healthy Malpura ewes (2–4 year old). The animals were randomly divided and different BCS was induced within three groups named Group I (BCS 2.5; n = 10), Group II (BCS 3.0–3.5; n = 10) and Group III (BCS 4.0; n = 10). The parameters included in the study were allometric measurements, physiological response, wool yield and reproductive performance. BCS had a significant influence on allometric measurements, respiration rate and different reproductive parameters studied, while wool production differed significantly during spring and non‐significantly during autumn. The results revealed that the reproductive performance of Malpura ewes with a BCS of 3.0–3.5 was better in comparison with the groups with lower and higher BCS. It may be concluded from this study that an active management of breeding sheep flock to achieve a BCS of 3.0–3.5 may prove to result in an economically viable return from these flocks.     

Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.     

A comparison of 2 different suture patterns for skin closure of canine ovariohysterectomy

The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative wound healing in canine ovariohysterectomy following the use of an absorbable monofilament poliglecaprone 25 suture in 2 different skin closure techniques, the buried continuous subcuticular (BCS) suture pattern and the simple interrupted (SI) suture pattern. These 2 skin closure techniques were evaluated against a nonabsorbable polypropylene monofilament suture in an SI pattern. Wounds were assessed by using a semiquantitative scoring system at 18 to 24 hours and 10 to 14 days, postoperatively. Results indicated that the BCS closure using poliglecaprone 25 demonstrated a higher rate of tissue reactivity initially (18-24 hours postoperatively), as compared with the SI closure using either suture material. By 10 to 14 days postoperatively, poliglecaprone 25 used in a BCS closure was associated with significantly lower wound scores than was the same material used in an SI closure. It was concluded that the BCS closure may effect a better cosmetic appearance to the skin closure in a canine ovariohysterectomy at the time of the recheck appointment. Furthermore, by obviating the need for suture removal, use of the BCS pattern may eliminate the requirement for this return appointment.