不同预处理方式对柳枝稷厌氧发酵性能的影响

以柳枝稷为原料,研究微波,蒸汽加热和NaOH预处理方法对柳枝稷的结晶度和纤维结构的影响,同时考察了预处理后的柳枝稷在中温时的厌氧发酵性能.结果显示:3种处理都可以降低原料的结晶度;微波和NaOH处理可以显著降低柳枝稷的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素等含量;NaOH处理会降低粗脂肪的含量;蒸汽加热处理和原料的累积产气量(28 486和28 686 mL)及产气率(453.60和456.79mL/g)接近,而NaOH预处理由于C/N较高、阳离子毒害作用和抑制物的作用使得厌氧发酵性能降低.可见预处理可以降低柳枝稷纤维含量,但是对厌氧发酵性能并无明显改善作用.     

柳枝稷的生长发育与土壤水分特征

1992-1998年中国科学院安塞水土保持综合试验站在山地、川地引种10份原产美国的柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）材料，经过7a测定，数据表明柳枝稷在3～5a生长高峰期对土壤水分需求最大，产量最高。从土壤水分含量的变化来看，柳枝稷草地在80-200cm土层已经形成土壤干层，而且在经过生长季节降雨和休闲期的雨雪水分补充不能够补偿，这主要是维持较大的生产力造成。柳枝稷在半干旱黄土丘陵区有较强的适应性，这对当地人工草地建造、天然草地改良具有重要意义。通过对柳枝稷驯化栽培的人工草地在黄土丘陵半干旱地区立地条件下生产力与土壤水分特征的比较，以揭示柳枝稷的生态适应性对其地上生物量形成规律的影响，为该地区合理利用牧草资源、提高草地的生产能力提供依据与参考。     

柳枝稷苗期对钾营养胁迫耐受性的综合评价

为明确能源作物柳枝稷在缺钾条件下的耐受能力,筛选出耐贫瘠性强的优质种质资源,以13个柳枝稷品种为供试材料,在人工气候室中开展水培试验,通过相关农艺性状和生理指标等评价指标的测定,采用标准差系数赋予权重法对柳枝稷在缺钾胁迫下的表现做出综合评价。结果表明:在缺钾胁迫下,13个柳枝稷品种地上及地下部的生长均受到显著抑制,具体表现为:生长速度下降,叶绿素含量减少,光合面积减少,光合速率降低,进而导致其总生物量积累下降。由标准差系数赋予权重法得出的13个品种耐胁迫性由高到低依次为:Cave-In-Rock、Trailblazer、BJ-5、Forestburg、BJ-4、Pathfinder、BJ-3、BJ-2、Blackwell、Alamo、BJ-1、BJ-6、Kanlow。     

不同立地柳枝稷生长响应的初步研究

对黄土丘陵区不同立地中柳枝稷生长响应的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:柳枝稷在不同立地条件下土壤水分明显不同,坡地土壤平均含水量(13.39%)<梯田(14.78%)<川地(16.02%)。土壤水分含量,根系生物量和土层深度三者存在密切相关性。在梯田、坡地和川地三种立地条件下,柳枝稷的株高、覆盖度、生物量、杂草和枯落物等均存在明显差异,其中柳枝稷的株高和覆盖度表现为川地>坡地>梯田;伴生杂草和柳枝稷枯落物与地上部生物量表现一致,川地显著高于坡地和梯田。地下生物量在川地、坡地和梯田立地下均呈现相同规律,随深度变化根系量逐渐减少,三种立地条件下总地下生物量差异不明显。同时发现土壤有机质和N含量与柳枝稷生产力呈显著正相关,说明了黄土丘陵区柳枝稷的生长响应与立地水肥条件有关。这对加强优良禾本科牧草的生态适应性研究及促进我国黄土高原生态可持续发展以及退耕还草工程具有重要的现实意义。     

水氮耦合对盐碱地柳枝稷生物质产量、品质及水肥利用的影响

在宁夏银北盐碱地区,以'Cave-in-rock'柳枝稷为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了水氮耦合对柳枝稷生物质产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响,利用模糊相似优先比法分析了不同水氮处理下柳枝稷产量、品质及水肥利用效率的变化特征.结果表明,在盐碱地条件下,充足的灌水和适量的氮肥投入是柳枝稷高产和水肥高效利用的保证.在相同...     

重金属在不同温度和光照下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响

应用正交试验设计研究了不同浓度的Ni2+,Cu2+,Co2+和温度、光照组合下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Ni 2+,Cu2+,Co2+混合溶液有利于提高骆驼蓬的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,高浓度则表现出明显抑制性;不管混合溶液中重金属离子浓度的高低,都会不同程度地影响骆驼蓬幼苗生长,但浓度较低时抑制不显著;在Ni 2+浓度5mg/L,Cu2+浓度800mg/L,Co2+浓度400mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h处理下骆驼蓬的种子萌发快,发芽率相对较高;在不同条件作用下,骆驼蓬幼苗生长的最佳条件是Ni 2+浓度100mg/L,Cu2+浓度100mg/L,Co2+浓度50mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h。     

光照和温度调控种子萌发的分子机理研究进展

种子萌发是个复杂的生理过程,受到内部因子和外界环境的共同调控,其中光照和温度是萌发过程中最关键的环境因子。目前已对种子萌发响应光温的信号传导途径进行了大量深入的研究,鉴定出了一些参与光信号传递途径和温度信号途径的关键基因,揭示了光温信号途径与激素信号途径在种子萌发过程中存在复杂的交联。本文简要概述近年来光照和温度调控种子萌发的分子机理的最新研究进展。     

不同供磷水平对盐碱地柳枝稷根系形态及土壤理化性质的影响

为探究盐碱条件下柳枝稷(Panicum vigatum L.)对供磷水平的响应,以不同品种柳枝稷(Alamo加倍体、Alamo、Pathfinder)为材料进行根箱试验,分析比较了不同磷浓度(0、10、100 mg/kg)处理对柳枝稷根系形态、生理特征及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着施磷水平的增加,各品种柳枝稷生物量、根系形态、根系活力及土壤有效磷含量整体呈上升趋势,而根冠比、土壤pH值和酸性磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势,均在高磷(100 mg/kg)处理下达到最大值和最小值。与高磷处理相比,低磷(10 mg/kg)处理下3个品种柳枝稷土壤pH值分别增加了0.31、0.28、0.23个单位,酸性磷酸酶活性平均提高了58.0%、42.0%、13.5%。低磷条件下,Alamo加倍体具有较大的根表面积,并保持较高的根系活力,表现出较强的适应性,有利于降低土壤pH,提高土壤酸性磷酸酶活性。总体而言,Alamo加倍体对盐碱低磷胁迫的适应能力优于Alamo、Pathfinder。同时增加供磷水平能够促进盐碱地柳枝稷根系生长、改善土壤环境,提高其生物质产量。     

温度和光照对不同预处理野生甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为确定甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳温度和光照条件,利用生化培养箱研究了不同温度和光照条件对浓硫酸预处理、清水预处理的野生乌拉尔甘草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）浓硫酸预处理能够显著提高甘草种子发芽率,且发芽更整齐;（2）甘草种子从10~40℃都可以发芽,但过低或过高的温度会延缓甘草种子的发芽进程且抑制幼苗生长,乌拉尔甘草出芽和幼苗生长最适宜的温度是20~30℃;（3）清水预处理的种子适宜在光照10 h/d条件下萌发,浓硫酸预处理能够降低甘草种子萌发对光的依赖性,全黑暗条件能够促进甘草幼苗胚根和胚轴的生长。野生乌拉尔甘草种子适宜在20~30℃、光照10 h/d条件下萌发,20℃最适宜甘草幼苗胚根生长,30℃最适宜胚轴生长     

施用柳枝稷茎和叶对土壤有机碳与微生物量碳的影响及其分解特征

采用室内恒温(25℃)培养的方法,研究施用不同用量的柳枝稷茎、叶对土壤有机碳(SOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的影响,柳枝稷茎、叶在土壤中分解特性。结果表明:柳枝稷茎、叶施入土壤培养90d后,随着柳枝稷茎、叶施入量的增加,SOC和MBC含量明显增加。在柳枝稷茎、叶施用量相同的条件下,施入柳枝稷叶后,土壤微生物量碳的含量高于施用茎的含量,而施用叶的土壤中有机碳的含量低于施入茎的土壤有机碳的含量。柳枝稷茎、叶在土壤中的分解率具有一定的差异,且与施用量有关。在相同的柳枝稷茎、叶施用量条件下,叶在土壤中的分解率高于茎的分解率,表明了茎中的有机碳在土壤中周转期比叶中的长,说明施用柳枝稷的茎可以有效地促进土壤有机碳的累积。     

不同处理方法对种子带菌及发芽的影响

用百菌清、高锰酸钾、甲醛及开水烫种对紫花苜蓿、紫穗槐等15种矿山废弃地生态修复种子进行消毒处理,结果表明:用百菌清对种子杀菌效果最好,高锰酸钾效果最差;开水烫种对较大的豆科种子杀菌效果较好,而对小粒豆科种子则有较大伤害。     

植被混凝土盐分胁迫对多花木蓝种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的单盐NaCl和植被混凝土混合盐溶液分别处理多花木蓝种子,以研究不同盐分处理对护坡植物多花木蓝种子萌发的影响。结果表明:多花木蓝种子在蒸馏水中萌发率最高,随着盐浓度的增加,种子萌发率降低,种子中的丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,但植被混凝土混合盐对多花木蓝种子萌发的抑制作用低于单盐NaCl。     

A Model for Quantification of Temperature Profiles via Germination Times

Current methodology to quantify temperature characteristics in germination of seeds is predominantly based on analysis of the time to reach a given germination fraction, that is, the quantiles in the distribution of the germination time of a seed. In practice interpolation between observed germination fractions at given monitoring times is used to obtain the time to reach a given germination fraction. As a consequence the obtained value will be highly dependent on the actual monitoring scheme used in the experiment. In this paper a link between currently used quantile models for the germination time and a specific type of accelerated failure time models is provided. As a consequence the observed number of germinated seeds at given monitoring times may be analysed directly by a grouped time-to-event model from which characteristics of the temperature profile may be identified and estimated. Simulations indicate that the performance of the proposed methodology is satisfactory irrespective of the actual monitoring scheme. Finally, the model is applied to a quinoa germination experiment studying the impact of soil salinity.     

Salinity and Temperature Effects on Seed Germination of Milk Thistle

Abstract

Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae family whose ripe seeds contain flavonoid substances, which are important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Seed germination is a major factor limiting the establishment of plants under saline conditions. The effect of salinity and temperatures on germination and seedling establishment was studied in two genotypes of milk thistle, an Iranian wild type and German (Royston) type in the laboratory and in the field. Experiments were done with seven salt concentrations [0.1 (control), 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS/m] and three temperatures (15, 25, and 35°C). There were three replications for each treatment, and the experiment was run three times. The results showed that the percentage of germination and the number of normal seedlings at different salt treatment at 15°C were higher than at 25 or 35°C. The mean time to 50% germination was least at this temperature for both genotypes. Results suggested all germination indices and seedling emergence (50%) were achieved at levels up to 9 dS/m salinity at 15°C. Also, seeds at a salinity of 9–15 dS/m will germinate and up to 25% of the control nonstress treatment could emerge at the low temperature of 15°C.     

Molecular Markers for the Classification of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Germplasm and to Assess Genetic Diversity in Three Synthetic Switchgrass Populations

Information regarding the amount of genetic diversity is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of breeding programs and germplasm conservation efforts. Genetic variation between 21 switchgrass genotypes randomly selected from two lowland (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) and one upland (‘Summer’) synthetic cultivars were estimated using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Comparison of 85 RFLP loci revealed 92% polymorphism between at least two genotypes from the upland and lowland ecotypes. Within ecotypes, the upland genotypes showed higher polymorphism than lowland genotypes (64% vs. 56%). ‘Kanlow’ had a lower percent of polymorphic loci than ‘Alamo’ (52% vs. 60%). Jaccard distances revealed higher genetic diversity between upland and lowland ecotypes than between genotypes within each ecotype. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance grouped the genotypes into two major clusters, one representing the upland group and the other the lowland group. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast non-coding region trnL (UAA) intron sequences from 34 switchgrass accessions (6 upland cultivars, 2 lowland cultivars, and 26 accessions of unknown affiliation) produced a neighbor-joining dendrogram comprised of two major clusters with 99% bootstrap support. All accessions grouped in the same cluster with the lowland cultivars (‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’) had a deletion of 49 nucleotides. Phenotypic identification of greenhouse-grown plants showed that all accessions with the deletion are of the lowland type. The deletion in trnL (UAA) sequences appears to be specific to lowland accessions and should be useful as a DNA marker for the classification of upland and lowland germplasm.     

Effects of Soil Characteristics on Spring-Harvested Switchgrass Biomass Composition

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a promising bioenergy crop for temperate regions. Overwintering has been used to improve biomass quality, resulting in a more efficient combustion, partially due to a reduction in minerals concentration. This study examines the effects of soil composition on overwintered switchgrass composition. Samples were collected in the spring from 58 environments in Southern Quebec to determine possible relationships between soil composition and biomass quality. Principal component analysis and stepwise regressions were used to identify relationships between soil and biomass compositions. Soil parameters monitored explained 74% of the variation in biomass silicon (Si) concentration, 45% of the variation in ash, and 32% of the variation in magnesium (Mg). Soil composition had limited effects on the concentration of other elements in switchgrass biomass. Switchgrass biomass quality is influenced by soil composition and appears well suited to biomass combustion when overwintered and harvested in the spring.     

低温胁迫对辣椒种子发芽及苗期6个生理指标的影响

通过低温胁迫对14个辣椒品种发芽率、发芽势及苗期的6个生理指标进行了研究,结果表明,辣椒的发芽率、发芽势及其苗期的6个生理指标与建立的抗寒指数具有一定的吻合性,可快速有效的筛选出抗寒性强的辣椒品种。以18 ℃为抗寒性鉴定温度,对供试的14个辣椒品种抗寒性聚类定性分析表明,抗寒性较强的品种为尖椒9号、陇椒10号、陇椒9号和航椒5号,抗寒性较弱的品种为倚天剑和日本宝剑,其余品种抗寒性中等。     

低温对番茄种子萌发的影响

在人工气候箱中模拟了3个低温处理(24h最低~最高温度分别设定为7~12℃、5~10℃和3~8℃),分析了播种后不同天数低温对番茄种子(品种:红贞女)萌发的影响。结果表明:与对照(18~25℃)相比,日均温低于10.0℃(相当于低温胁迫处理7~12℃)时,番茄种子萌发开始受影响,温度越低影响越大。播种后越早经受低温番茄种子萌发受影响越大,播种后3d内经受低温胁迫,番茄种子发芽势、发芽指数和萌发率均有较大的下降,播种6d后低温胁迫对其萌发指标的影响较小。低温导致了番茄种子α-淀粉酶活力下降,相对离子渗漏率增加。低温影响了番茄种子萌发贮存物质的降解与转化,增加了细胞膜的透性,导致外渗物增多,从而降低了种子的发芽势、发芽指数和萌发率。因此,露地育苗时应避免在萌发的早期受低温影响,以提高番茄的出苗和壮苗率。     

温度对樟子松和沙地云杉种子萌发特征的影响

通过对不同温度条件下樟子松和沙地云杉种子的发芽特征研究,分析了温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响。结果表明,温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响均达到极显著水平。10~25℃温度范围内樟子松和沙地云杉均有较高的发芽率,20~25℃为樟子松和沙地云杉发芽的最适温度;温度超过30℃时发芽种子有腐烂现象,所以温度高于30℃不适合樟子松和沙地云杉种子发芽。在适宜温度下,沙地云杉发芽率大于樟子松,且发芽整齐,但樟子松生长快于沙地云杉,耐高温也优于沙地云杉。