Evaluating plant and canopy resistances of field-grown wheat from concurrent diurnal observations of leaf water potential,stomatal resistance,canopy temperature,and evapotranspiration flux

Concurrent observations of leaf water potential, stomatal diffusion resistance and canopy temperature were made on two plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Anza) growing at Phoenix, Arizona under two different soil water conditions. These data were further complemented by weather observations and lysimeter measurements of total evaporative water loss from the plots. Transpiration fluxes for each plot were estimated by an aerodynamic-energy balance approach and compared with the lysimeter data. Plant resistances were computed from the transpiration flux results and the leaf water potential measurements using van den Honert's equation, while canopy resistances were also computed from the transpiration flux using Monteith's equation. The calculated plant resistance decreased by a factor of almost two from morning to mid-afternoon whereas the ratio of canopy and stomatal resistances was constant during most of the day.     

单株油蒿蒸腾耗水特征及其与环境因素的关系

[目的]探究油蒿的蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应,旨在为固沙植被建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用野外大型称重式蒸渗仪于2014年6—9月底对单株油蒿的蒸腾过程进行连续观测,并同步监测了土壤含水量及相关气象因子。[结果]油蒿单日蒸腾强度曲线在晴天表现为双峰曲线,而在阴雨天双峰曲线不明显;研究期间,单株油蒿蒸腾耗水量为101.66mm,日平均蒸腾强度为0.83mm/d。蒸渗仪内土壤蒸发量106.05mm,日平均土壤蒸发强度为0.87mm/d,试验期间蒸散量占降雨量的82.98%。降雨可以维持油蒿正常生长,并对土壤水分进行一定补充;油蒿蒸腾强度与空气相对湿度(p0.01)、空气温度(p0.01)、太阳净辐射(p0.01)和20cm深度土壤体积含水量(p0.05)具有很好的相关性,且相关性依次减小。[结论]油蒿蒸腾耗水日变化明显,其蒸腾速率受土壤水分状况、气象条件及自身生理特征等因素的影响。     

Evaluating the transferability of measurements from simple constructed non weighable gravitation lysimeters to predict the water regime on field scale—a case study

The transfer of lysimeter‐based water balances to field scale is still a challenge, whereby the reliability of measured data from non‐weighable gravitation lysimeters (NWGL) is more questioned than the transferability of data from more modern lysimeter devices. The hypothesis of this study was to predict the water regime of a drained arable field (81 ha) based on measurement results of three neighboring (distance of 20 km northern Altmark region Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany) NWGL (surface area of 1 m², depth of 1.25 m) for three hydrological years (HY) from 11/1/2012 to 10/31/2015. For the first two HY, manually collected monthly outflow rates from the NWGL were comparable to registered (data logger) drain rates of the field. But NWGL outflow was underestimated as compared to field drainage in the third HY. This deficit in the lysimeter water balance was caused by heavy rain events in summer 2014 in combination with wind and interception by the crop canopy (Zea maize). Precipitation did not match the NWGL surface whereas this canopy effect did not play a role at the field site. Thus, further numerical simulations of the soil water flow with the HYDRUS 1D/2D‐software package, which were based only on input data determined at the NWGL (stand precipitation, potential evaporation/ transpiration) without taking into account the canopy effect, described registered outflow of the field adequately for the whole observation period. But determining precipitation matching the NWGL surface, which was not registered due to the missing weighing mechanism, is absolutely required to interpret deviating measured outflow rates.     

黍族植物的叶片扩张和蒸腾作用对土壤水分亏缺的响应特征

Plant processes, such as leaf expansion, stomatal conductance and transpiration, are affected by soil water, particularly in water-stressed environments. Quantifying the effects of soil water on plant processes, especially leaf expansion and transpiration, could be useful for crop modeling. In order to quantify the leaf expansion and transpiration in response to soil water deficit in three millet species, common (Panicum miliaceum L.), pearl (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and foxtail (Setaria italica L.) millets, a pot experiment was performed at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The soil water status was characterized by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Leaf area and transpiration were measured daily. Relative leaf area expansion (RL) and relative transpiration (RT) data were plotted against FTSW. Finally the FTSW thresholds for RL and RT were calculated using linear-plateau and logistic models. The results showed that the thresholds for RL and RT were 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, based on all measured data of the three millet species using the linear-plateau model, indicating that RL and RT were constant when FTSW decreased from 1 to the threshold point. Thereafter, until FTSW = 0, RL and RT declined linearly with a slope of 1.48 and 1.43, respectively. Although millet is cultivated as a resistant crop in arid, semiarid and marginal lands, it showed an early response to soil water deficit at high FTSW thresholds. As leaf expansion and transpiration can be considered morphological and physiological variables, respectively, the results in this study indicate that millet has strong morphological flexibility when faced with soil water deficit.     

水分调亏对冬小麦生理生态的影响

通过冬小麦盆栽试验，在不同时期给以不同的调亏灌溉处理，以研究不同生长时期水分亏缺和亏缺程度对冬小麦生理及生长特性的影响，为农田节水提供指导。冬小麦生长发育过程划分为4个阶段：返青—拔节初期，拔节—孕穗，孕穗—抽穗，开花—灌浆成熟。每个生育时期设置4个水分水平，结果表明：土壤水分调控对株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等指标均有影响；水分胁迫使作物光合速率的峰值提前出现，这有助于胁迫处理的作物利用有限的土壤水分；蒸腾速率比光合速率对水分胁迫的反应更为敏感，更易受气孔调节的影响。     

皇甫川流域人工杨树林地的生理生态用水

植物群落生理生态用水包括生理用水和生态用水。认为植物蒸腾耗水既属于生理用水也属于生态用水,具有两重性。人工杨树林地主要建群树种的蒸腾速率日均值按大小顺序为:沙柳>小叶杨>中间锦鸡儿。林地生态用水包括林地群落蒸散量与土壤贮水量。2001年7～8月皇甫川人工杨树林地生态用水量达142mm,林地蒸散量为99mm,同期降雨量181mm,虽然有82mm的降水用于土壤水分补偿,但由于降雨集中于生长季后期,即较大降雨发生在野外观测之后,所以实验观测结果是一组难得的连年干旱期的生理生态用水数据。     

Ammonium decreases muskmelon root system hydraulic conductivity

Abstract

The flow of water through plant roots is controlled by two driving forces, the transpiration rate (?P) and osmotic potential difference between the soil solution and inside the root (?π), and the root system hydraulic conductivity [L_root (L?m^‐2)]. Plant water status is affected by the source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the plant. This study was undertaken to isolate the effect of ammonium (NH₄)‐N on L_root from other factors affecting water transport through plants. The effect of NH₄‐N on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) L_root was determined by estimating conductance at high water flux rates where osmotic effects are negligible. Ammonium decreased L_root by about 50%. At a given transpiration rate, the NH₄‐N‐induced decrease in L_root decreased leaf water potential [ψ_leaf (MPa)] which, in turn, may alter the behavior of the leaves as observed in other studies.     

Evaluation of physiological traits of summer maize under drought stress

A study was conducted to investigate the sensitivity of physiological traits under different soil water availability in summer maize (Zea mays L.). Plant growth (plant height and stem), water relations (relative water content), gas exchange (net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and nutrient levels were measured after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of drought with different soil water availability. We found that all these physiological traits were inhibited by drought stress, but they showed differing levels of sensitivity with different soil water availability. Our results show that stomatal conductance was the most sensitive in mild drought conditions, that carbon accumulation was more sensitive than the other parameters in moderate drought, and that height and stem showed the largest response ratio in severe drought conditions. Different traits performed differently under drought conditions; thus, choosing an adequate index for evaluating soil water availability is necessary for maize cultivation.     

黄土半干旱区油松苗木蒸腾特性与影响因子的关系

 为分析土壤水分与气象因子对油松蒸腾作用的影响程度,提高造林成活率,并为林地水分管理提供科学依据。在2004年生长季典型晴天,采用盆栽试验,人为控制土壤水分,利用针叶Li-1600稳态气孔仪和BP-3400精密天平等仪器,对黄土半干旱区油松苗木的蒸腾特性及其影响因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,油松蒸腾速率和气孔阻力的日变化曲线分别呈“双峰型”和“W”型;在典型晴天下,蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的关系呈三次曲线相关,7、8和10月份,油松叶片蒸腾速率达到最大值时所对应的土壤含水量分别为17.7%、19.8%和17.5%。蒸腾速率除自身生理特性的影响外,还受土壤水分和气象因子综合影响,当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性高;当土壤水分产生胁迫时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性降低。在严重土壤水分胁迫下,7和8月份气温对蒸腾作用的影响最大,10月份光合有效辐射的影响最大。在土壤充分供水的条件下,7月份空气相对湿度对蒸腾作用的影响最大,8月份是气温,10月份是叶温。     

Hydraulic properties of Eucalyptus grandis in response to nitrate and phosphate deficiency and sudden changes in their availability

Some herbaceous plant species have been shown to dynamically alter the hydraulic properties of their roots in response to sudden changes in the concentrations of mobile nutrients. These hydraulic adaptations effectively allow plants to ‘chase' mobile nutrients across the rhizosphere. Trees, on the other hand, could mitigate effects of heterogeneous, dynamic soil environments with extensive root systems as such systems would effectively equalize nutrient availability. In addition, large dendritic root systems would reduce the effectiveness of rapid, localized, physiological hydraulic changes as these local changes might cancel each other at lower‐order root junctions. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if trees (Eucalyptus grandis) employ short‐term (minutes to hours), physiological hydraulic changes or rely on long‐term (days), growth‐based hydraulic acclimations to enhance mobile nutrient uptake. We used two nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), that are characterized by contrasting soil mobility: N being mobile and P immobile. Transpiration, whole‐plant hydraulic resistance (liquid phase), and the hydraulic resistance of single roots of E. grandis plants grown in high and low N combined with high and low P availability were measured. In general, plants grown with high N availability had lower whole‐plant hydraulic resistance than plants grown with low N availability. When N or P were in short supply, a sudden addition of N or P did not change either single‐root or whole‐plant hydraulic resistance at a given leaf water potential. However, addition of N reduced the transpiration rate, thus, enhancing plant water status, suggesting that E. grandis behavior prioritizes water conservation over N uptake in short‐term. Prolonged exposure to low nutrient availability resulted in high overall hydraulic resistance further suggesting prioritization of water conservation over N gain.     

基于三温模型和热红外遥感的不同大豆品种蒸腾特征研究

蒸腾耗水是水循环中重要的水分存在形式之一,是准确量化水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究碳水循环关系及节水农业有重要意义。本研究以大豆品种‘晋21’(J21)和‘Union’(C08)为研究对象,设置两种水分处理[当地经验灌水定额的75%(A0)和37.5%(A1)],基于三温模型(3TModel)和热红外遥感,定量研究不同品种和不同水分胁迫下的大豆蒸腾速率,揭示其时空特征差异,从而为抗旱节水大豆品种筛选提供参考。研究结果表明:1)不同处理下大豆的蒸腾速率日变化趋势与气温、太阳净辐射和冠层温度的基本一致,呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线,且于午间达到峰值,峰值为1.2～2.5mm·h~(-1);各处理的大豆冠层温度和蒸腾速率均呈现出明显的空间异质性。2)J21与C08大豆的冠层温度A0处理分别低于A1处理6.55K和5.91K,蒸腾速率A0处理高于A1处理0.28 mm·h~(-1)和0.29 mm·h~(-1);大豆蒸腾速率与灌水量呈正相关、与冠层温度呈负相关。3)在相同水分胁迫下,大豆冠层温度J21低于C08 1.83～2.47 K,蒸腾速率J21高于C08 0.13～0.14 mm·h~(-1)。本研究与传统方法相比,所需要的参数较少,避开了空气动力学阻抗等难获取的参数,对农田尺度更具有适宜性,更能揭示不同农田环境下作物的蒸腾时空异质性,在农业水分高效利用和节水品种筛选上有十分重要的科学意义。     

基于MATLAB的华北落叶松蒸腾仿真模拟

蒸腾是植株主要的耗水形式.以六盘山北侧的华北落叶松为研究对象,采用当前国内外较先进的热扩散式树干边材液流测定技术从单株水平上探讨了华北落叶松的蒸腾速率特性以及其与环境因子之间的影响机理.就气象因子和蒸腾速率进行了分析,提出了气象因子和华北落叶松蒸腾耗水的数学模型.应用Matlab软件对华北落叶松进行了模糊蒸腾模型的设计和仿真.研究结果表明,空气相对湿度和空气温度是影响华北落叶松蒸腾速率的直接因子,太阳辐射式通过改变空气湿度和空气温度进而来影响华北落叶松的燕腾速率.     

大型蒸渗仪和径流小区中红壤的水量平衡

The daily soil water budgets in the red soil areas of central Jiangxi Province, southern China, were investigated with a large-scale weighing lysimeter and runoff plots. From 1998 to 2000, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) were planted in the lysimeter and in 1999, peanuts were planted in the runoff plots. The soil water budget components including rainfall, runoff, percolation and evapotranspiration were measured directly or calculated by Richards' equation and water balance equation. The results showed that most rainfall, including rainstorms, occurred from March to July, and induced the greatest soil water percolation during the year. The evapotranspiration was still large from July to September when rainfall was minimal. Thus, the lack of synchronization in soil water inputs and losses was disadvantageous to crops growing in this region. Among the soil water losses, percolation was the largest, followed by evapotranspiration, and then soil runoff. Runoff was very small on farmland with crops. It was significantly different from the uncultivated uplands where large-scale runoff was usually reported. The soil water storage fluctuated sinusoidally, with a large amplitude in the rainy season and a small amplitude in the dry season.     

皇甫川流域单株本氏针茅的蒸腾模型

采用快速离体称重法,测定皇甫川流域本氏针茅每日6:00-19:00蒸腾强度的日动态;用自动气象站同步连续监测太阳总辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、10 cm处土壤温度等环境因子;用LI-6400便携式光合系统同步测定本氏针茅每日6:00-19:00的叶蒸腾速率、气孔导度等因子,并用Excel 2003,Visual C++6.0和SPSS 13.0处理所测定数据.通过分析本氏针茅每1 h单株蒸腾量与环境因子以及植物特性因子之间的关系,建立了皇甫川流域单株本氏针茅瞬时蒸腾量数学模型.通过对模型评价指标进行计算及分析,认为该模型拟合优度较好,可以获得满意的数值模拟结果.在此基础上,建立了单株本氏针茅的日蒸腾量数学模型.     

红壤坡地农业景观(旱季)地表界面水分传输研究——Ⅱ．叶面冠层一大气界面水分传输

定位观测红壤坡地典型作物系统叶面冠层 大气界面水分传输结果表明 ,叶面冠层 大气界面水汽传输通量大小取决于景观植物群落的构建 ,稳定群落叶面冠层 大气界面水汽传输通量有明显日变化规律 ,除受植物生理机制影响外 ,还明显受土壤水分和气象条件的影响。植株叶片蒸腾速率有明显日变化规律且呈单峰型曲线及多峰态势。净辐射、空气饱和水汽压差、气温、地表温度、风速对蒸腾的影响均达极显著水平 (正相关 ) ,其中净辐射、气温为主要影响因子。叶片气孔导度可反映叶片蒸腾速率 ,叶片气孔阻力日变化规律是植物对气象条件的响应 ,且受土壤水分状况强烈影响。改善作物生长环境 ,调节气孔行为 ,进而协调作物蒸腾作用和光合作用耗水制约 ,可调控叶面冠层 大气界面水分传输 ,提高作物水分利用效率     

不同时间尺度下刺槐蒸腾耗水与环境因子关系

探究不同时间尺度下植物蒸腾变化与环境因子的关系,对理解植物生长的驱动机制及估算林分耗水具有重要的理论意义。以晋西黄土区蔡家川人工刺槐纯林为研究对象,于2021年5—12月采用热扩散探针(TDP)测定8株样树树干液流,并同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、降雨量、土壤温度、土壤含水量等环境因子,分析不同时间尺度(小时、日、月)下刺槐蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)环境因子对刺槐蒸腾耗水的影响在不同时间尺度下存在差异,整体上随着时间尺度的变大,土壤含水量成为影响刺槐蒸腾的主要因子,并且短时间尺度是主要取决于表层土壤水分,长时间尺度不仅为表层同时也取决于较深层土壤含水量。小时尺度下,刺槐蒸腾随太阳辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、土壤温度变化而变化,但蒸腾峰值与环境因子的峰值均存在时间差异性,并无完全同步,差异时长可达-180~30 min,在各环境因子中太阳辐射与空气温度对刺槐蒸腾的影响较大;日尺度下,刺槐蒸腾速率主要取决于浅层土壤含水量,并随浅层含水量的增加而增大;月尺度下刺槐蒸腾耗水则取决于浅层与深层土壤含水量的共同作用;(2)构建了不同时间尺度下环境因子与刺槐蒸腾耗水的模型,各时间尺度下模型拟合度均较高。(3)在短历时尺度下可使用测定植物蒸腾的仪器直接测定与计算蒸腾耗水,而较大时间尺度下可以通过监测较少的环境因子应用建立模型进行蒸腾耗水的计算,可大大提高效率且可减少蒸腾耗水监测的成本。     

臭椿苗木蒸腾速率及其对环境因子的响应

2006年5—10月在山西方山北京林业大学试验基地,采用LI-1600稳态气孔仪,对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽臭椿的生理指标进行了观测,比较分析了不同水势梯度下、不同时间段臭椿蒸腾耗水速率的变化规律。结果表明：蒸腾速率与生理辐射光量子强度成幂函数关系;蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和土壤体积含水量之间存在着密切的关系;蒸腾速率一般随光强的增强和土壤水分的提高而增大,臭椿蒸腾速率与土壤水分含量的决定系数平均可达0．8917。通过研究不同土壤水分条件下臭椿蒸腾速率的差异,得出臭椿水分利用效率的合理供水范围为15％～20％,为干旱半干旱地区提高林木的水分利用效率提供了理论依据。     

Der Bulk-Stomata-Widerstand von Ackerbohnen und seine Abhängigkeit vom Bodenwassergehalt

Bulk stomatal resistance of Vicia faba and its dependence on soil water content Bulk stomatal resistance of beans (Vicia faba L.,) as a function of soil water content was estimated for 41 days by comparison of potential transpiration, determined from meteorological data, and actual transpiration, determined from soil water losses. The resistance of beans is about 46 s/m if soil water content is above 70 % of available field capacity and increases strongly in dryer situations. This behaviour can be described by an exponential function.     

Soil hydrology and CO2 release of peat soils

A simple model to predict soil water components and the CO₂ release for peat soils is presented. It can be used to determine plant water uptake and the CO₂ release as a result of peat mineralization for different types of peat soils, various climate conditions, and groundwater levels. The model considers the thickness of the root zone, its hydraulic characteristics (pF, Ku), the groundwater depth and a soil‐specific function to predict the CO₂ release as a result of peat mineralization. The latter is a mathematical function considering soil temperature and soil matric potential. It is based on measurements from soil cores at varying temperatures and soil water contents using a respiricond equipment. Data was analyzed using nonlinear multiple regression analysis. As a result, CO₂ release equations were gained and incorporated into a soil water simulation model. Groundwater lysimeter measurements were used for model calibration of soil water components, CO₂ release was adapted according long‐term lysimeter data of Mundel (1976). Peat soils have a negative water balance for groundwater depth conditions up to 80—100 cm below surface. Results demonstrate the necessity of a high soil water content i.e. shallow groundwater to avoid peat mineralization and soil degradation. CO₂ losses increase with the thickness of the rooted soil zone and decreases with the degree of soil degradation. Especially the combination of deep groundwater level and high water balance deficits during the vegetation period leads to tremendous CO₂ losses.     

Dual probe heat pulse technique for measuring soil water content and sunflower water uptake

Soil water content is the most sought-after soil physical parameter. Recent experiments have shown that dual probe heat pulse (DPHP) sensors can be used to determine volumetric water content of soil without roots. Little work has been done to document the performance of DPHP sensors in the presence of roots, and no work has been done with a taprooted plant. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to determine the accuracy of DPHP sensors in measuring volumetric water content (θ_v) and changes in volumetric soil water content (Δθ_v) in soil with a branched taproot system. Another objective was to determine plant water use. A sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Hysun 354') was grown in a column (0.20 m in diameter and height) with Haynie very fine sandy loam (coarse-silty, mixed, calcareous, mesic Mollic Udifluvents; FAO-Eutric Fluvisols) containing 11 DPHP sensors. Results from the sensors were compared with those from the gravimetric method. Discrepancies between measurements of soil volumetric water content and changes of soil volumetric water by the DPHP and gravimetric methods were small (within 0.018 and 0.01 m³ m⁻³, respectively). The sunflower had a small amount of nocturnal transpiration, and roots took up water at a higher rate near the surface of the soil than at deeper depths. The results showed that the DPHP technique can monitor volumetric soil water content in the presence of a taproot.