噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃的来源、归宿、生物转化机理、影响因素及生物修复技术研究进展,提出了利用生物技术治理土壤环境中多环芳烃的思路及方法。     

多环芳烃菲对淹水土壤微生物动态变化的影响

本文研究了多环芳烃菲对土壤微生物的动态影响。通过利用生物反应器,观察了淹水条件下太湖流域微碱性粘质乌栅水稻土和红壤地区酸性砂质旱地红砂土中,在加与不加菲后土壤微生物数量的动态变化。试验结果表明,菲对2种土壤中细菌有刺激作用,在旱地红砂土中细菌增加了一个数量级,达1.63 ?107 cfu/g(干土计)。在一定时间范围内,菲对真菌和放线菌有明显的抑制作用。菲对这2种土壤中微生物数量的影响与土壤性质、反应时间和微生物种类有关。这些观察结果为多环芳烃菲污染土壤的微生物学影响评价和潜在有效降解菌的筛选提供了有用的信息。     

温度对土壤中多环芳烃消失速率的影响

温度对土壤中多环芳烃消失速率的影响ＢａｒｂａｒａＭａｌｉｓｚｅｗｓｋａ－Ｋｏｒｄｙｂａｃｈ多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）是一组具有很强毒性、致癌性和基因诱变性的有机化合物（Ｓｉ￣－ｍ＆Ｏｖｅｒｃａｓｈ，１９８３）。它们产生于各种工业过程，并不断地排放到大气、水...     

多环芳烃污染土壤的可行处理技术

本文讨论了处理多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的可行技术。土壤冲洗可解决部分问题;土壤焚烧可高效地去除PAHs,但是通常这种方法会导致二次污染;含PAHs土壤的生物处理得到了广泛的关注,因为生物处理没有副产品,可以在没有副作用的情况下消除污染物。PAHs的土壤污染问题远没有解决,然而,生物处理已经给我们提供了解决问题的希望。     

南京有机污染风险区农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况研究

采集南京地区不同有机污染风险区农田表层土壤,用超快速液相色谱仪检测样品中15种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量。结果表明,被检农田土壤多环芳烃总量分布于306.0~1251.3μg kg~(-1)之间,均值682.0μg kg~(-1),四环以上高环多环芳烃占较大比例(80%)。根据欧洲土壤质量标准,所检土壤样本已达污染水平。不同风险污染区农田土壤PAHs的含量由高至低为:钢铁工业区、有机垃圾处理区、化工工业区及炼油工业区。钢铁工业区附近主要的污染物为荧蒽、芘、屈和苯并[a]蒽,分别占到污染物总量的16%、13%、10%和10%。采用荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)与茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝)比值对各地污染物来源进行分析,结果发现调查区域的PAHs污染物以燃烧源为主,生物质燃料为主要污染物,部分地区同时有石油燃烧污染。     

土壤样品中多环芳烃分析方法研究进展

概述了国内外土壤样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)测定方法的研究状况,其中提取方法包括加速溶剂萃取方法、固相微萃取方法、超临界流体萃取方法、亚临界水萃取方法和流化床提取方法等,测定方法有HPLC法、GC法和免疫分析法等。重点介绍了PAHs的提取过程,同时总结了各种方法的优缺点。     

甜菜与牧草间作对多环芳烃污染土壤的修复作用

通过盆栽试验方法,选择经济作物甜菜和牧草类黑麦草、苏丹草、香根草为供试植物,研究了甜菜与3种牧草分别间作及各自单作对多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并[a]芘污染土壤修复作用。结果显示：经6个月连续两茬种植试验后,所有种植植物的处理中土壤PAHs的去除率均高于无植物种植组,间作种植土壤PAHs的去除率高于单作,黑麦草、苏丹草、香根草与甜菜间作对土壤PAHs的去除率分别达到84.85%、79.96%、84.11%;在土壤污染条件下,间作模式更有利于甜菜生长;种植植物增强了土壤中多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,间作模式下二者活性高于单作4.37%~43.07%,过氧化氢酶较多酚氧化酶对PAHs土壤污染更敏感,可作为关键酶用于评价土壤PAHs污染状况。在不影响农业生产的前提下,修复植物牧草和经济作物甜菜间作种植模式显著提高了土壤PAHs的降解率。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的植物-微生物联合修复初探

在温室盆栽条件下,通过种植紫花苜蓿单独或联合接种菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium L.)(AM)和多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用植物-微生物强化修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。试验结果表明,接种菌根真菌和PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解。经过90天修复试验,种植紫花苜蓿接种AM、DB和DB+AM处理的PAHs的降解率分别为47.9%、49.6%、60.1%,均高于只种植紫花苜蓿的对照处理(CK)(21.7%)。另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率。同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高,这也是种植紫花苜蓿接种微生物能够有效促进土壤PAHs降解的原因。     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2对苯并[a]芘的降解特性及代谢途径初探

通过溶液培养的方法初步探讨了噬氨副球菌HPD-2对苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的降解特性及代谢途径。结果表明,噬氨副球菌HPD-2对B[a]P的降解率随其初始浓度的增大而逐渐减小。当HPD-2在B[a]P初始浓度分别为5.0、50.0mg/L的培养液中生长5天后,B[a]P的降解率分别为66.1%和31%。经衍生化后GC-MS鉴定结果发现,8-羧酸-7-羟基芘和双羟基菲为噬氨副球菌HPD-2降解B[a]P的两种主要代谢中间产物。     

Extractability and Subsequent Biodegradation of PAHs from Contaminated Soil

The biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been well documented; however, the biodegradation of PAHs in contaminated soil has proved to be problematic. Sorption of PAHs to soil over time can significantly decrease their availability for extraction much less than for biodegradation. In this study the ability of various organic solvents to extract PAHs from coal tar-contaminated soil obtained from former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites was investigated. Solvents investigated included acetone/hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol, toluene, and water. The extraction of MGP soils with solvents was investigated using soxhlet extraction, multiple soxhlet extractions, sonication, and brief agitation at ambient temperature with a range of solvent concentrations. Of particular interest was the documentation of the recalcitrance of PAHs in weathered MGP soils to extraction and to bioremediation, as well as to demonstrate the ease with which PAHs extracted from these soils can be biodegraded. The efficiency of extraction of PAHs from MGP soils was found to be more dependent upon the choice of solvent. The environmentally-benign solvent ethanol, was shown to be equal to if not better than acetone/hexane (the EPA recommended solvent) for the extraction of PAHs from MGP soils, brief contact/agitation times (minutes) using small quantities of ethanol (2 volumes or less) can achieve nearly quantitative extraction of PAHs from MGP soils. Moreover aqueous slurries of an MGP soils experienced less than 10% biodegradation of PAHs in 14 days while in the same period about 95% biodegradation was acieved using PAHs extracted from this soil by ethanol and subsequently added to aqueous bacterial suspensions.     

Influence of kaolinite and montmorillonite on benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and the underlying interface interaction mechanisms

Clay minerals play an important role in biogeochemical cycling.Here,kaolinite and montmorillonite,the two most abundant and widespread clay minerals with typical layered structures,were selected to investigate and compare their effects on the biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and to investigate the underlying interface mechanisms.Overall,the BaP degradation efficiency was significantly higher 7 d after montmorillonite addition,reaching 68.9%(P<0.05),when compared with that of the control without addition of clay minerals(CK,61.4%);however,the addition of kaolinite significantly reduced the BaP degradation efficiency to 45.8%.This suggests that kaolinite inhibits BaP degradation by inhibiting the growth of strain HPD-2,or its strong hydrophobicity and readily agglomerates in the degradation system,resulting in a decrease in the bio-accessibility of BaP to strain HPD-2.Montmorillonite may buffer some unfavorable factors,and cells may be fixed on the surface of montmorillonite colloidal particles across energy barriers.Furthermore,the adsorption of BaP on montmorillonite may be weakened after swelling,reducing the effect on the bio-accessibility of BaP,thus promoting the biodegradation of BaP by strain HPD-2.The experimental results indicate that differential bacterial growth,BaP bio-accessibility,interface interaction,and the buffering effect may explain the differential effects of the different minerals on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation.These observations improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which clay minerals,organic pollutants,and degrading bacteria interact during the biodegradation process and provide a theoretical basis for increasing the biodegradation of soil pollutants by native microorganisms under field conditions.     

混合菌降解土壤中多环芳烃的试验研究

PAHs生物降解程度受多种因素影响。通过筛选驯化PAHs降解菌,研究混合菌对土壤中菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的生物降解性能,并考察污染时间对土壤中PAHs降解效果的影响。结果表明,筛选的混合菌具有很强的PAHs降解能力,缩短了PAHs生物降解的半衰期,且PAHs起始降解速率较快,之后趋于平缓。27d内土壤中的菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的平均降解率分别为98.14%、89.97%、88.47%、63.55%、65.24%、60.49%,其中菲在5d之内的降解率高于93%。污染210d的土壤中各PAHs的起始降解速率高于污染50d的土壤,因此污染时间越长,PAHs生物降解的停滞期越短。     

高分子量多环芳烃污染土壤的菌群修复研究

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,由于其在土壤中的半衰期较长和致癌、致畸形、致突变的性质而受到人们的重视。微生物是生态系统中最重要的分解者,对PAHs具有较强的分解代谢能力和较高的代谢速率。通常认为,PAHs的环数越高,越难被微生物降解利用[1]。高分子量PAHs(三环以上的PAHs)具有更高的毒性和亲脂性,更难被微生物降解。环境中PAHs通常以多种组分同时存在,呈现其复合污染现象,增加了微生物降解的难度。因此,筛选能够同时降解多种高分子量PAHs的微生物,具有重要的现实意义。目前,越来越多的国内外学者采用微     

亚油酸钠刺激多环芳烃污染土壤微生物修复的机理研究

根系分泌物在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的植物根际修复过程中发挥关键作用,但是向土壤中单独施入根系分泌物化学物质对PAHs去除的影响还少有研究。本试验通过土壤微宇宙培养试验和高通量测序技术研究了根系分泌物亚油酸钠对土壤微生物群落及PAHs降解的影响。结果发现,60 d后,添加肥料与亚油酸钠处理对土壤中PAHs的去除率为40.6%,显著高于仅施肥处理的17.4%。主坐标分析(PCo A)表明添加亚油酸钠显著改变了土壤微生物群落,土壤细菌和真菌群落组成与仅施肥处理明显分异。此外,亚油酸钠的添加还促进了PAHs降解菌如Marmoricola、Streptomyces、unclassified_Intrasporangiaceae和Kribbella等细菌,以及unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Mortierella和Humicola等真菌的富集。LEFSe分析表明,Streptomyces、Kribbella和Humicola是添加亚油酸钠处理的主要微生物标记物,且Streptomyces和Kribbella相对丰度与土壤中PAHs...     

Isolation and Optimization of PAH-Degradative Bacteria from Contaminated Soil for PAHs Bioremediation

The aim of the present study was to determine the amount ofcoal fly ash required to stabilize sewage sludge, without causing an adverse effect on the growth of Zea mays L. seedlings (corn) in a loamy soil receiving the ash-sludge mixtures amendment. Sludge was stabilized by mixing with fly ash at an amendment rate of 0, 5, 10, 35 and 50% (w/w) beforeundergoing a short fermentation period to produce a range of ash-sludge fertilizer product. Each mixture was then mixed with a loamy soil at either 1:1 or 1:5 ash-sludge mixture:soil(v/v). Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and solubleCa, Mg and B contents increased while soluble NH₄-N,PO₄-P, K, Cd, and Ni contents decreased with anincrease in ash amendment rate. Dry weight yields of potsreceiving 1:5 ash-sludge:soil mixture (v/v) weresignificantly higher than their counterparts with asoil-mixing ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The highest yields were obtainedat 5 and 10% ash-sludge mixture amended soil at 1:5 soilmixing ratio. Nevertheless, the yield at 35% ash-sludgeamended loamy soil at 1:1 v/v was still higher than that ofthe control soil with fertilizer treatment. The nutrientcontent of corn seedlings was higher at 35% and 10% ash-sludge mixture amended soil at 1:1 v/v, and 5% and 10% at1:5 v/v than other treatments. Zinc concentrations of cornseedlings increased while B decreased with the decreasingamounts of fly ash added. Hence, the present experimentdemonstrates the beneficial effects of the ash-sludgemixture on soil nutrient status and plant root growthenvironment. An ash amendment rate of up to 35% in theash-sludge mixture would not have any adverse effects onplant production even at a high soil-mixing volume of 1:1(v/v), but an addition of 5% to 10% ash-sludge mixture at1:5 (v/v) produced the optimum condition for corn seedlingsgrowth. The results support the use of coal fly ash as astabilizing agent for sewage sludge and the product couldbe used for land application.     

生物表面活性剂在石油污染土壤生物预制床修复中的应用研究

通过拮抗实验选用高效降解菌B2020,真菌F2006、F2008、F6、F9904、F9902进行互配,对生物预制床中的高凝油、稠油、特稠油、稀油进行处理,发现生物表面活性剂对石油的降解有促进降解作用,在90~120d降解率提高较大。如果空气温度较高,无论是否施用生物表面活性剂,石油的降解速率都得到了大幅度提高,平均提高幅度为15%左右。因此,生物修复应尽量选择在温度较高的季节进行。