Interactive Effect of Seawater and Growth Bioregulators on Water Relations, Abscisic Acid Concentration and Yield of Wheat Plants

Irrigation of wheat plants with seawater (10 and 25 %) led to a significant increase in free and bound ABA in leaves, especially at 25 %. The relative water content (RWC), particularly at 25 %, and water use efficiency of the seawater-irrigated plants were lower than those of the control. Grain pre-soaking in GA₃, IAA or ABA reduced the levels of accumulated ABA (free and bound) resulting from seawater irrigation. The stress imposed by seawater generally reduced yield and yield components of wheat plants, and the effect was more pronounced at the higher level of seawater (25 %). Furthermore, seawater treatments decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the protein content of the developing grains. The effect of seawater treatments on ion concentration in the developing grains was not consistent. The application of growth bioregulators appeared to mitigate the effect of seawater salinity stress on wheat productivity. Gibberellic acid gave the best effect. The economic yield (grain yield) had a strong positive correlation with RWC, water use efficiency for grain yield, water use efficiency for biomass, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, grain number/main spike, kernel weight and harvest index.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

Effects of Benzyl Adenine and Abscisic Acid on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Triticale and Wheat

Grain yield and yield components (grains per ear, grain weight, 1000-grain weight, ear weight, ear seed ratio and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed) were examined in a wheat genotype (PBW-343) with well-filled grains and a Triticale genotype (DT-46) with poorly filled grains (showing grain shrivelling) grown in pots. Six days after anthesis (DAA), benzyladenine (BA) @2 µg ear⁻¹ and abscisic acid (ABA) @4 µg ear⁻¹ were injected at the base of the mother shoot ear in both species. It was observed that, in both wheat and Triticale , BA increased the grain weight, grain number and partitioning of dry matter between ear and seed, whereas ABA decreased the grain weight, grain number and dry matter partitioning between ear and seed. However, these decreases were slower in Triticale than in wheat. BA treatment increased the grain dry matter accumulation, which in turn resulted in better filling of grains and increased the grain weight in both wheat and Triticale . The average grain weight of Triticale was lower than that of wheat. Thus, it appears that variation in grain weight between wheat and Triticale might be due to different availabilities of growth-promoting phytohormones such as cytokinins and assimilates.     

SAP、PAM对土壤水分及小麦生长发育和产量的影响

为SAP和PAM的复配节水技术提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验方法,研究SAP和PAM两种高分子聚合物不同配比处理对土壤水分及小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：在小麦全生育期土壤含水量均表现为复配>PAM>SAP>CK,土壤含水量较高时各处理较对照增幅为3.98%~6.86%,含水量较低的情况下增幅为13.6%~64.78%,复配处理增幅最大,说明施用SAP、PAM均能降低土壤水分蒸发量,尤其是复配处理效果更显著。SAP处理在小麦全生育时期根部生长量变化较为平缓,对小麦苗期生长量影响较大,PAM处理的地上、地下干物质重和根冠比从开花期到成熟期均为最高,说明PAM可促进小麦中后期的生长发育。SAP、PAM单施和复配均可提高小麦产量,较对照增幅分别为10.35%、19.09%、16.44%,PAM处理主要通过提高粒重来提高产量,复配处理主要通过增加穗粒数来提高产量。     

水杨酸和脱落酸对低温下寒地冬小麦种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)和脱落酸(ABA)单独及组合处理对寒地冬小麦种子进行浸种,在低温(4℃)下测定种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等萌发指标,种子芽长和根长,芽和根鲜重及干重以及丙二醛含量等生理指标,研究SA和ABA对低温胁迫下冬小麦种子萌发的影响.结果表明:低温胁迫下,一定浓度的SA和ABA浸种处理冬小麦的种子,可显著促进种子的萌发,并且,SA的抗寒效果比ABA更明显,二者配比组合(10-4 mol/L SA和10-5 mol/L ABA)具有最显著的缓解低温的效果.     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.     

施磷对黄土旱塬小麦水分利用效率、水势及产量的影响

为了研究黄土旱塬农业肥料的施用效果,选取3个磷肥施加水平（P₀,P₉₀和P₁₈₀）,研究了施磷对黄土旱垣农业生态区小麦气体交换指标、瞬时水分利用效率、叶片水势及产量的影响,并对它们之间的关系做了分析。结果表明：随着施磷量的增加小麦叶片光合性能随之升高,且各处理之间差异显著;施磷提高了小麦的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi);随着磷肥的施加,叶片水势随之升高;最终产量以P₁₈₀处理最高,为4550 kg/hm²。各指标相关分析结果表明,气体交换指标与叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、叶片水势及产量之间达到显著或极显著相关;且各光合性能参数与水势和产量之间的相关性大于与WUEi的相关性。WUEi与水势和产量之间也存在着显著的相关关系。     

Jasmonic Acid Differentially Affects Growth, Ion Uptake and Abscisic Acid Concentration in Salt-tolerant and Salt-sensitive Rice Cultivars

Phytohormones play critical roles in regulating plant responses to stress. Here, we investigated the effects of salt stress and stress recovery by applying jasmonate to the two different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Dongjinchalbyeo (DJC, salt-tolerant) and Dongjinbyeo (DJ, salt-sensitive). Salt stress remarkably decreased the root length of plants even at low NaCl concentration (20 mm ). Salt stress led to a sharp increase in the concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in 20 and 40 mm NaCl, when compared with the control values. The concentrations of ABA in the salt-tolerant cultivar DJC plants progressively increased with increasing NaCl levels, whereas in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ, they sharply decreased in all three parts of rice plants at 80 mm NaCl treatment. The decrease of jasmonic acid (JA) concentrations in salt-tolerant cultivar DJC was lesser than in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ plants in the shoot. Post-application in the stressed plants with 30 μm JA at 24 and 48 h after NaCl treatment, recovered salt inhibition on dry mass production more effectively than application of JA at 48 and 24 h before salt stress, and during salt stress simultaneously. The uptake of Na decreased especially in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ plants, whereas there was an increase in Ca and Mg levels and slight increase of K by JA application. Leaf water potential, leaf photosynthetic rate, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) also remarkably recovered when 30 μm JA was applied 24 h after the salt stress compared with the 40 mm NaCl-treated plants. These results clearly indicate that post-application with exogenous JA can ameliorate salt-stressed rice seedlings, especially the salt-sensitive cultivar rather than the salt-tolerant cultivar. This may change the balance of other endogenous plant hormones.     

灌溉决策方式对冬小麦产量及水分生产效率的影响

为提高小麦水分生产效率,设置了3种灌溉决策方式:Prwin软件决策、彭曼公式决策、经验灌溉(对照),研究其对小麦产量、水分生产效率及相关性状的影响。结果表明:Prwin灌溉决策下,小麦整个生育期灌水2151.0 m3/hm2,比对照节水699.0 m3/hm2,小麦株高、旗叶性状、穗部性状与对照无明显差异,产量达7401.4 kg/hm2,比对照增产7.8%,小麦水分生产效率为1.80 kg/m3,比对照增加26.8%;彭曼公式决策下,比对照节水400.5 m3/hm2,比对照增产4.2%,水分生产效率比对照增加4.1%。     

旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响

为了提高旱地冬小麦的水分利用率,采用大田试验,研究休闲期不同耕作措施对旱地冬小麦土壤含水量、产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高播前与越冬期0~100 cm、100~200 cm土层含水量,有利于旱地冬小麦出苗与越冬;同时,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高后续各生育期土壤含水量,提高穗数、穗粒数,显著提高籽粒产量与水分利用率,各处理下数据显示休闲期深耕处理效果优于深松与免耕处理。总之,休闲期不同耕作措施均有利于旱地小麦土壤水分、产量和水分利用率的提高,是实现旱地小麦增产的有效措施。     

不同产量水平下冬小麦水肥利用特性研究

根据黄淮海地区冬小麦多年不同产量需肥特征进行配方施肥,来模拟冬小麦不同产量水平,进而研究不同产量下冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用等特性,为田间水肥管理和高效用水及合理施肥提供理论依据。本试验于2018—2019年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地进行,试验设置4个产量水平,分别为7.50 t/hm²(C₀),8.25 t/hm²(C₅),9.00 t/hm²(C₁₀),9.75 t/hm²(C₁₅),以不施肥为对照处理(CK)。结果表明,随产量的增加,冬小麦株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量均呈上升趋势,无效小穗数呈下降趋势,较CK处理相比,C₁₅处理株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量分别提高17.8%、69.1%、68.6%、15.3%、16.5%、17.3%、34.9%,收获指数达到53.2%。随产量的增加,冬小麦耗水量显著增加,水分利用效率呈上升趋势,C₁₀耗水量增加22.8%,水分利用效率增加9.9%;收获后C₁₀土壤全氮全磷较播前显著增加,C₁₅显著减少,肥料贡献率随产量增加显著提高,偏生产力显著降低。冬小麦产量的提高主要依赖于较高的穗数和全生育期干物质的积累,结合冬小麦产量、耗水量,水分利用等认为C₁₀处理水肥利用最佳。     

Effect of Abscisic Acid on Pollen Germination and Tube Growth of Maize Genotypes1

As a preliminary step to using gametophytic selection to obtain genotypes of maize, Zea mays L., differing for abscisic acid (ABA) content and/or sensitivity, the influence of ABA on the in vitro germination and tube growth of maize pollen and the presence of genetic variability for these traits was investigated. In a first experiment, pollen samples of three genotypes were germinated on substrates containing increasing amounts of ABA. Low ABA concentration (0.5 νM) significantly increased pollen germination and tube growth, while 500 νM ABA significantly decreased both traits, thus indicating that ABA can influence the growth of maize pollen in vitro. In a second experiment, eleven inbred lines were screened for the in vitro reactivity of their microgametophytes to ABA. The lines differed significantly for the response (% of control) of tube length, but not of pollen germination to ABA.     

滴灌带间距和灌水定额对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探究春小麦合适的滴灌灌水定额和滴灌带间距组合,2015年3—7月进行了春小麦大田试验,研究3种滴灌带间距(D1：60 cm、D2：90 cm、D3：120 cm)和3种灌水定额(I1：35 mm、I2：45 mm、 I3：55 mm)对西北旱区春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明：产量最高的处理为D1I2达到8964 kg/hm²。当滴灌带间距为60 cm和90 cm时,灌水定额从35 mm增加至45 mm时产量显著增加,灌水定额达到55 mm时产量分别下降9.5%和2.2%。灌水定额为35 mm和45 mm时,滴灌带间距60 cm的处理产量显著高于滴灌带间距120 cm的处理;灌水定额增加到55 mm时,3个滴灌带间距处理产量无显著差异。水分利用效率在1.57~2.11 kg/m³间变化,最高的为D2I2处理。综合考虑产量、灌水量、水分利用效率和滴灌带投入,D2I2处理是该地区最优的滴灌带间距和灌水定额组合。     

Chilling Tolerance of Maize Seedlings in the Field during Cold Periods in Spring is Related to Chilling-Induced Increase in Abscisic Acid Level

Recent studies on chilling tolerance mechanisms in maize revealed a significant positive correlation between genotypic chilling tolerance and chilling‐induced accumulation of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) under controlled growth chamber conditions. Based on this and other results, the hypothesis was developed that chilling tolerance in maize is related to the ability to accumulate large amounts of ABA rapidly, as a protection against chilling injury. The objective of the present study was to test this hypothesis under field conditions during natural cold weather periods in spring, which often cause severe chilling injury in maize fields. In two experiments at two locations in Europe with contrasting climates, eight maize genotypes with different genotypic chilling tolerance were cultivated in spring in the field according to agronomic practice for maize. Before and at the end of cold weather periods, ABA levels and water contents were determined in the third leaves. It was found that chilling‐tolerant genotypes accumulated higher amounts of ABA during the chilling period than chilling‐sensitive genotypes. A significant positive correlation between chilling tolerance and the levels of ABA in the leaves was found. These results support the above‐mentioned hypothesis. In contrast to earlier studies performed under growth chamber conditions, the water content in chilled leaves was mostly higher than in non‐chilled leaves. The increase in ABA is therefore not attributable to chilling‐induced water deficit, but probably to the low temperature itself.     

不同生育期（阶段）有限补灌对小麦产量和水分利用效率及经济效率的影响

为高效利用灌溉水资源,提高灌溉水水分利用效率和水分经济效率,在山西临汾采用随机区组设计方法研究了不同年型各生育期（阶段）有限补灌对产量、水分利用效率及经济效率的影响。结果表明：2个年型（正常和干旱）条件下：各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬前灌水>春季灌水>后期灌水;各生育时期灌水处理的平均产量和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬水>孕穗水>拔节水>扬花水>返青水>起身水>灌浆水>对照（不补灌）,水分利用效率为冬水>孕穗水>扬花水>返青水>起身水>拔节水>灌浆水>对照（不补灌）。降雨正常年型各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率均高于干旱年型,而干旱年型灌溉水水分经济效率却高于正常年型。此项研究同时明确了各生育期灌水处理的土壤水分动态。该项研究为发展半旱地农业提供了理论和技术支撑。     

沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米土壤含水量、水分产出率及产量的影响

为了明确沙质土壤改良剂对沙地玉米保水增产的长效性影响,通过在不同年份施加沙质土壤改良剂研究其对沙地土壤含水量、水分产出率以及玉米产量影响的长效机制。结果表明：施加沙质土壤改良剂后均能提高各生育时期0~40 cm土层土壤含水量,且对应各土层土壤含水量总体表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),依次较CK平均提高53.95%、46.68%、37.83%和34.92%;在水分产出率和产量方面,各处理表现为：第3年(C)＞第4年(D)＞第2年(B)＞第1年(A)＞不施(CK),C处理最好,产量达到了9490.50 kg/hm²,分别较第4年、第2年和第1年增产11.11%、18.01%和38.69%;水分产出率为6.91 kg/(hm²·mm),较其他处理提高了11.24%~59.53%。研究结果表明,施加沙质土壤改良剂在前3年可逐年提高土壤含水量、水分产出率和玉米产量,在第3年达到最大,说明其具有显著的保水和增产效果。     

不同降雨年型下种植密度对旱作马铃薯生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响

为探索宁南半干旱偏旱区覆膜垄作马铃薯合理的种植密度, 于2015和2016年设置37 500、45 000、52 500、60 000、67 500株 hm ^-2 5个种植密度, 以当地传统种植密度37 500株 hm ^-2为对照, 研究不同种植密度对土壤水分、马铃薯生长、水分利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明, 不同种植密度可显著影响马铃薯生育前期和中期0~100 cm层土壤水分状况, 以45 000和52 500株 hm ^-2处理土壤贮水量最高, 均显著高于37 500和67 500株 hm ^-2处理。45 000和52 500株 hm ^-2处理较其他处理均显著提高马铃薯出苗率, 促进马铃薯生育前期和中期的生长, 而在马铃薯生育后期各处理间差异不显著。马铃薯产量和商品率均随种植密度的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势, 45 000和52 500株 hm ^-2处理两年平均降水利用效率分别较37 500株 hm ^-2处理显著提高15.3%和17.6%, 作物水分利用效率分别提高11.1%和15.0%。通过两年数据拟合函数发现, 在宁南半干旱偏旱区2015年平水年和2016年枯水年, 旱作覆膜垄作马铃薯种植密度为51 187~51 302株 hm ^-2时, 其水分利用效率和块茎产量最高。     

尿素中添加腐殖酸提升冬小麦产量和氮吸收效率

旨在明确腐殖酸添加量对尿素肥效的影响,为腐殖酸尿素在华北石灰性土壤冬小麦增产中的作用提供支持资料。田间条件下,通过施用不同用量腐殖酸添加剂尿素（I-VI型,腐殖酸添加量1%~6%）,与普通尿素处理作对比,比较其对改善氮素吸收和冬小麦产量持续提高的影响。试验结果表明：腐殖酸尿素添加量与冬小麦产量和氮吸收密切相关。施氮量相同时,IV型腐殖酸尿素能够显著增加冬小麦产量并促进氮素向籽粒中运移,腐殖酸尿素显著提高穗粒数（I和II型腐殖酸尿素）和千粒重（II、V和VI型腐殖酸尿素）等产量构成因素;III型腐殖酸尿素显著提高冬小麦氮吸收率,但均对锰吸收、土壤有机质含量、出苗数、分蘖数、有效蘖数和穗数等无显著促进作用。由此可见,腐殖酸尿素肥效与腐殖酸添加剂量密切相关,4%腐殖酸作为尿素添加剂时能显著增加高产冬小麦产量和构成因素,3%腐殖酸作为尿素中添加剂时显著提高氮吸收率。     

气候变暖对冬小麦生长发育、产量和品质的影响

以‘扬麦13’和‘徐麦31’作为试验材料,采用数理统计等方法,分析气候变暖对冬小麦生长发育、产量和品质等方面的影响机理。结果表明:气候变暖使冬小麦的物候期提前,总生育时期天数缩短;穗长、总小穗数和结实小穗数下降,不孕小穗数增加,有效穗数、千粒重下降,产量三要素的共同下降,导致冬小麦减产;冬小麦籽粒总淀粉含量和支/直比不同程度下降;冬小麦籽粒总蛋白含量不同程度增加,但谷/醇比略微下降。随着气候变暖,冬小麦的生育时期将会缩短、产量下降,而淀粉含量和蛋白质含量变化较为复杂,增减不一。     

Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Attributes and their Relationship with Growth and Yield of Wheat Cultivars at Different Stages

The effects of water stress on physiological attributes of drought‐sensitive (Kalyansona) and drought‐tolerant (C‐306) wheat cultivars were studied in a pot experiment. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation at boot and anthesis stages. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor potential (measured with pressure chamber and osmometer), as well as leaf diffusive resistance, leaf transpiration rate and leaf‐to‐air transpiration gradient (measured with a steady‐state porometer) were measured diurnally. Growth and yield parameters were recorded after harvesting of the crop. Triplicate data were analysed using a completely randomized design and correlations amongst these parameters were computed. Water stress was found to reduce diurnal leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential in both the genotypes but leaf osmotic potential was significantly higher in the drought‐tolerant cultivar C‐306 than in the drought‐sensitive cultivar Kalyansona. Positive turgor was recorded in both the genotypes under water stress and non‐stress conditions. Water‐stressed plants showed significantly lower turgor potential than control plants. In diurnal observations, water‐stressed plants exhibited significantly higher leaf diffusive resistance in both genotypes at both stages. The diffusive resistance of C‐306 was predominantly higher than that of Kalyansona. Water stress decreased leaf transpiration rate at both stages but the reduction was higher at the anthesis stage. The leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient was much higher in C‐306 than in Kalyansona at the boot stage but at the anthesis stage genotypic variation was non‐significant. The capacity to maintain cooler foliage was lower at the anthesis stage than at the boot stage in both the cultivars. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, test weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage, while imposition of water stress at the boot stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers. Similarly, water stress caused a smaller reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes in C‐306 than in Kalyansona. In general, the correlation coefficient of grain and biological yield with water potential and its components was positive and highly significant. Similarly, turgor potential was also correlated positively and significantly with grain yield at both the stages, but with biological yield it was significant only at the anthesis stage. A negative and significant correlation was obtained for diffusive resistance and leaf‐to‐air temperature gradient with grain yield at the boot and anthesis stages. The rate of transpiration was also positively and significantly correlated to grain and biological yields at both the stages. Amongst the yield attributes, number of leaves and number of tillers were positively correlated at the anthesis stage, whereas leaf area and shoot dry weight were significantly correlated with grain and biological yields at both the stages.