Growth,Physiological Attributes and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Soybean Seedlings Treated With or Without Silicon Under UV‐B Radiation Stress

Silicon (Si) can increase plant defence systems against abiotic and biotic stress, but there is little information on UV‐B radiation stress alleviation by Si for field crops. Using soybean (Glycine max (L.) Mell) seedlings, we determined how Si may mediate UV‐B radiation stress by studying changes in biomass, physiological attributes and antioxidants’ activities. The seedlings were raised with 0, 1.70 and 2.55 mm of Si in the growth chamber under ambient, ambient +2.7 kJ m^?2 day and ambient +5.4 kJ m^?2 day of UV‐B radiation. As expected, plants suffered severe growth limitations under UV‐B radiation, but Si alleviated these limitations through improvements in leaf area (LA) and root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). The UV‐B radiation stress reduced the LA by 73.9–94.7%, total dry weight (TDW) by 11.8–36.6% and R/S by 9.2–30.2% but induced the activities of soluble protein by 18.4–21.0%, catalase (CAT) by 22.7–54.2%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 31.9–63.1%, and peroxidases (POD) by as much as 162.9–381.6%. Further confirmation of stress alleviations by Si was noted from reductions in these stress signals (antioxidant activities) under UV‐B radiation: CAT decreased significantly by 78.3–79.4%, SOD by 5.3–7.2% and POD by 49.9–61.9% in silicon‐treated UV‐B stressed soybean.     

Effects of Exogenous Proline on the Growth,Physiological Characteristics,and Proline Metabolism of Cotton Seedlings under Boron Deficiency Stress

[Objective] This study investigates the effects of exogenous proline on the growth, physiological responses, and proline metabolism of cotton (Ekang No.8) seedlings treated with varying boron (B) concentrations. [Method] We conducted a randomized experiment with six treatments using the hydroponic method in a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University. We applied three different concentrations of boron, including 0.02 μmol·L^－1 (low-concentration B), 2.5 μmol·L^－1 (medium-concentration B), and 100 μmol·L^－1 (sufficient-concentration B). The first two are boron-deficient treatments. We also applied an exogenous proline treatment at 20 μmol·L^－1(0 μmol·L^－1 as control). When any significant difference among the treatments were observed, the related indicator was measured. [Result] The results showed that exogenous proline inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings under sufficient-concentration B treatment while promoting the absorption of B by roots under low-concentration B treatment. The application of exogenous proline to the seedlings under low-concentration B treatment reduced the contents of proline and H₂O₂ in leaves but increased the accumulation of MDA and H₂O₂ in roots. The activities of SOD and antioxidant enzymes (APX) in the roots and leaves were dramatically enhanced. Conversely, POD activity reduced significantly and there was no significant change in CAT activity relative to low-concentration B treatment. More importantly, we found that the application of exogenous proline under B deficiency increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR, OAT (synthetase), and PRODH (degrading enzyme) in proline metabolic pathways. [Conclusion] Applying exogenous proline under sufficient-B concentration inhibits growth. The application of proline to seedlings under low-B concentration promotes the absorption of B by roots, increases the activity of APX, and decreases the membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. A B deficiency leads to proline accumulation in plants. The addition of proline under low-B concentration can reduce the proline content in leaves, which is caused by affecting the critical synthetase and catabolic enzyme activities in the proline metabolism pathway (Glu and Orn pathway). The main reason for this occurrence is the significant increase of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) activity.     

Changes in Certain Antioxidative Enzymes and Growth Parameters as a Result of Complete Submergence and Subsequent Re-aeration of Rice Cultivars Differing in Submergence Tolerance

An experiment was conducted on the three indica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars IR 42, CR 383-10 and FR 13A, which are susceptible to submergence, submergence-avoiding and tolerant to submergence, respectively. A deleterious effect of submergence was noted as both above-ground dry matter accumulation and chlorophyll content decreased during submergence and subsequent re-aeration. However, the rate of reduction was lower in the tolerant cultivar. The tolerant cultivar FR 13A maintained higher dry weight during submergence and subsequent re-aeration and accumulated lower proline and malondialdehyde contents than the other cultivars. The activities of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, expressed on a per g fresh weight of leaves basis, were higher in FR 13A than in the other cultivars, both under water and 24 h after the initiation of re-aeration. However, ascorbic acid oxidase activity was lower in FR 13A. The cultivar CR 383-10, which has the capacity to accumulate more above-ground dry matter under normal conditions, showed a greater elongation ability under submergence and was similar to the susceptible cultivar IR 42 in terms of enzyme activities and the other parameters investigated during submergence and subsequent re-aeration.     

6-BA对养分胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长影响的蛋白质组学分析

为了揭示养分胁迫下6-BA维持水稻幼苗根系生长的分子机理,本研究采用蛋白组学分析技术,对养分胁迫下6-BA培养的水稻幼苗根系的蛋白质组差异表达进行比较分析。经过双向凝胶电泳分离,从水稻幼苗根系中获得20 个响应6-BA的差异表达蛋白质,其中14 个蛋白质得到质谱鉴定,这14 个蛋白质按其功能可以分为四大类：包括7 个参与呼吸代谢的蛋白质,4 个参与生长发育的蛋白质,2 个参与逆境胁迫的蛋白质以及1 个未知功能的蛋白质。分析结果表明,养分胁迫下,6-BA诱导了根系中参与呼吸代谢及生长发育相关蛋白质的表达量上调,增强根系的呼吸作用,促进根系的生长。     

“三控”施肥技术对水稻生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响

以两系杂交稻品种粤杂889为材料,设置三控施肥法和习惯施肥法2种处理,进行了早、晚两季试验,研究了“三控”施肥技术下水稻的生长发育和氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明：（1）与习惯施肥法相比,三控施肥法在减少氮肥10 %的情况下增产6 %~8 %,有效穗数、结实率和千粒重均有不同程度的提高。（2）三控施肥法具有明显的物质生产优势,其总干物质量比习惯施肥法高3.8 %~11.0 %。三控施肥法的中、后期叶绿素含量高,但叶面积指数相差不大。（3）三控施肥法的成穗率高,其最高茎蘖数比习惯施肥法减少5.9 %~10.6 %,但有效穗反而高于习惯施肥法,成穗率比习惯施肥法高5.5~11.8个百分点。（4）与习惯施肥法相比,三控施肥法在前期（幼穗分化前）的吸氮量低,但中、后期的吸氮量和全生育期总吸氮量明显高于习惯施肥法。三控施肥法的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均高于习惯施肥法。     

高浓度镍对水稻幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

0.8、1.2、2.0mmol/L的Ni2+处理,水稻幼苗的生长表现出明显的阻滞现象,提示此浓度范围的Ni2+已对水稻幼苗产生了毒害.同时,水稻幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性降低,H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增多,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性却升高.统计分析表明,H2O2与MDA含量成显著正相关,而MDA     

铜胁迫对油麦菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

在室内进行土培盆栽实验,通过对油麦菜幼苗植株生长、生物量和土壤酶活测定,研究了不同浓度铜胁迫（50,300,500,800,1200,2000 mg/kg干土）对油麦菜幼苗生长和土壤酶 (脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶) 活性的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,随着铜浓度的增加,油麦菜的叶片受伤率增加,成活率下降,油麦菜鲜重、株高、平均根长亦随 Cu 浓度升高而递减;土壤酶活性随着铜胁迫程度的增加而显著降低,其中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性降低最明显。相关分析结果表明,脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,油麦菜的平均根长、鲜重、株高与土壤铜含量存在着显著或极显著的负相关关系,酶活性与油麦菜的生理指标呈显著或极显著的正相关。可见土壤酶活性可作为检测土壤中重金属污染程度的参考指标之一。     

镉对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了防止重金属毒害的发生和在环境监测中对重金属的评价,以小麦为试验对象,采用室内培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长、丙二醛及抗氧化酶系统的影响,结果表明,较低浓度镉胁迫对种子发芽率、发芽势、芽生长的抑制效应较小.随着镉胁迫浓度的提高,发芽指数、活力指数及根生长明显受抑制,且镉胁迫浓度越大,抑制作用越大.随着镉浓度的增加,幼苗根、芽中的MDA含量、G-POD明显增加,SOD活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中根的SOD活性在1 000 μmol/L Cd胁迫下略低于对照,而CAT、APX活性总体呈下降趋势,且浓度越高下降幅度越大,表明遭受了氧化胁迫和膜脂过氧化损伤,这可能是镉胁迫下小麦幼苗根生长受阻的重要原因.     

镉胁迫对甜瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响

为了探讨甜瓜对镉污染的耐受机制,以2个甜瓜品种（‘哈密绿’和‘秀绿’）为试验材料,在人工气候箱内采用基质栽培方式,研究了不同浓度镉对甜瓜幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性和光合作用的影响。结果表明,镉胁迫下,2个甜瓜品种幼苗生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)均降低,且镉浓度越高,下降幅度越大,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)随着镉浓度的增加而升高;‘哈密绿’幼苗生长和光合机构受镉胁迫的影响小于‘秀绿’。抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白随着镉浓度的增加先升后降;甜瓜‘哈密绿’脯氨酸含量随着镉浓度的增加而升高,而‘秀绿’脯氨酸含量随着镉浓度的增加先升后降,但都高于对照且差异显著;MDA和O₂·^-产生速率随着镉浓度的增加而升高,且‘哈密绿’增加幅度明显小于‘秀绿’。研究结果说明,随着镉浓度的提高,镉对甜瓜幼苗的毒害作用增加,但是甜瓜幼苗对镉毒害的响应存在明显的基因型差异。     

低磷胁迫对不同水稻品种根系形态和养分吸收的影响

以耐低磷品种大粒稻、莲塘早3号和低磷敏感品种沪占七、新三百粒为材料，采用砂培，测定常磷（10 mg/L）和低磷（0.5 mg/L）两个磷水平下，根系形态、同化物分配、矿质元素吸收、离子吸收耗能的品种差异。实验结果表明，低磷胁迫下，耐低磷品种的总根数、总根长、总根表面积、侧根长、侧根数及侧根密度均明显增加，而低磷敏感     

外源供体硝普钠对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗游离脯氨酸及抗氧化酶的影响

使用20％ PEG-6000进行干旱模拟,通过测量大豆幼苗中的游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及过氧化氢酶活性的变化来分析硝普钠对大豆抗旱的影响.结果表明:当硝普钠浓度在0～90μmol/L之间时,游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、过氧化氢酶活性等3项生理指标均随之升高,当硝普钠浓度为90 μmol/L时,3项生理指标达到最大值,当硝普钠浓度在90～150μ mol/L之间时,3项生理指标又随着硝普钠浓度的升高而降低.所以,当硝普钠浓度为90 μmol/L时,对大豆幼苗中游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶影响最大,为促进作用.本实验以大豆为研究对象,探讨外源供体硝普钠对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响,旨在了解硝普钠缓解干旱胁迫的最佳浓度.     

水氮耦合对烤烟生育期内土壤酶活性动态变化的影响

在网室盆栽条件下,采用3水平灌水量(40,60,80 L/株)×4水平施氮量(0,3,7,12g/株),以烤烟K326为试验材料,研究了水氮耦合对烤烟生育期内土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性动态变化的影响.结果表明,植烟土壤4种酶活性随生育时期推进均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在旺长期或现蕾期达最高.在相同生育...     

茄子氮磷钾养分效应研究

为了提高土壤养分供应量及强度、平衡茄子生产养分供求矛盾,探讨适宜茄子高产种植的氮磷钾最佳养分配方。以“农夫3号”为材料,采用“3414”设计方案,试验共设14个处理,3次重复,开展田间试验。结果表明：不施肥情况下茄子产量显著低于施肥处理,在不同施肥措施中N2P2K2处理的产量最高,不施或者少施氮、磷、钾中的任何一种养分均不同程度导致减产,其中氮肥的产量贡献率最大;氮、磷、钾养分供应不足均减少茄子有效结果数;茄子产量随着氮、磷、钾施用水平呈现一定趋势变化,氮素肥料是茄子产量形成最主要限制因子;增施氮、磷、钾养分肥料显著提高了植株养分含量及累积量,但降低了果实养分分配比例。通过茄子产量与养分用量模型分析,得到茄子推荐比例N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.55~0.83:0.63~0.84,施肥量为N:P2O5:K2O=392~433:240~243:271~330 kg/hm2。     

低温胁迫对甘蔗幼苗活性氧代谢和抗氧化酶的影响

作物对低温胁迫的响应是一个复杂的生理生化过程。为了选育耐寒性强、稳产高糖的甘蔗品种,在前期区域试验的基础上,选择4个抗寒能力不同的甘蔗品种（系）作为研究材料。通过测定分析不同甘蔗品种（系）活性氧（ROS）代谢和抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,研究其对低温的响应。结果发现：随低温胁迫时间的延长幼苗叶片ROS增加,抗氧化酶活性在一定时间范围内以较快速率提高并对低温胁迫产生的ROS进行清除,且活性出现降-升-降的响应过程;不同甘蔗品种（系）抗氧化酶对胁迫的响应存在差异。与此同时,叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量也随胁迫时间延长而波动增加,根据两者的大小变化得出不同甘蔗品种（系）对低温胁迫的敏感性,即ROC22>FN39>GR2>GT28。     

Changes in Water Status,Membrane Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Wheat Seedlings Carrying Different Rht‐B1 Dwarfing Alleles under Drought Stress

Water deficiency is a major constraint to wheat productivity in drought prone regions. The wheat DELLA‐encoding height‐reducing genes (Rht) are associated with significant increase in grain yield. However, the knowledge of their benefit in dry environments is insufficient. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of induced drought on leaf water content, level of oxidative stress, cell membrane stability, accumulation of osmoprotectants and activity of some antioxidant enzymes in wheat near‐isogenic lines carrying the alleles Rht‐B1b (semidwarfing) and Rht‐B1c (dwarfing) in comparison with the tall control Rht‐B1a. Six‐day‐long water deprivation was imposed at seedling stage. Plants carrying Rht‐B1c and, to a lesser extent, those carrying Rht‐B1b performed better under stress compared with Rht‐B1a in terms of more sustained membrane integrity, enhanced osmoregulation and better antioxidant defence. These differential responses could reflect pleiotropic effects of the Rht‐B1 gene associated with the accumulation of the mutant gene product, that is, altered DELLA proteins, or might be related to allelic variations at neighbouring loci carrying candidate genes for proteins with a major role in plant water regulations and stress adaptation. These findings might be of importance to breeders when introducing Rht‐B1 alleles into wheat cultivars designed to be grown in drought liable regions.     

营养液pH变化对刺梨苗吸收硝态氮和铵态氮的影响

研究介质pH变化条件下刺梨(Rosa roxburghii)对不同形态氮素吸收特性的影响,能为不同pH土壤上刺梨的合理施肥提供科学依据。本研究以‘贵农5号’刺梨实生苗为材料,采用营养液培养和离子耗竭法,在分别供给硝态氮和铵态氮的条件下,设置营养液分别为pH 4、5、6、7、8、9的6个处理,测定不同pH营养液培养的刺梨苗对NO₃^-、NH₄⁺的吸收动力学参数和刺梨苗的植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮吸收量,分析营养液pH变化与NO₃^-、NH₄⁺的吸收动力学参数的相关性和营养液pH变化与刺梨苗植株高度、生物量、氮含量和氮素吸收量的相关性。研究结果表明,刺梨根系对硝态氮、铵态氮及总氮的吸收规律均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程。营养液的pH变化能够改变刺梨苗根系对NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的吸收特性。在营养液pH 4~9的范围内和供给硝态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗的根系对NO₃^-的最大吸收速率(I_max)、根系与NO₃^-的亲和力、NO₃^-流入根系的速率(α)、植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮的吸收量随营养液pH的增大而明显降低,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著负相关。在供给铵态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗根系对NH₄⁺的上述指标随营养液pH的升高而明显增大,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著正相关。在酸性条件下有利于刺梨苗对硝态氮的吸收,升高营养液的pH不利于刺梨苗吸收硝态氮。碱性条件有利于刺梨苗对铵态氮的吸收,酸性条件对刺梨苗吸收铵态氮有不利影响。     

不同磷素水平对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响

为了探究不同磷素水平对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响,设置4个(0、0.165、0.660、3.300 mmol/L H2PO4-)不同溶度的磷素水平,采用水培的方法进行试验研究。结果表明:缺磷、低磷、高磷都会影响番茄生物量的积累;缺磷使番茄叶片POD、MDA、相对电导率显著提高,植株矮小、瘦弱,叶小且叶色变成紫红色,出现明显的磷素缺乏症状;随着磷供给的增加,番茄根茎叶的磷含量不断增加,低磷使磷素向地上部的转移比例增加,高磷增加了磷在根中的累积;低磷显著影响番茄对K、Ca的吸收;高磷影响K、Ca、Mg向地上部运转。     

重金属胁迫对任豆种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了解任豆幼苗的重金属耐性,探讨利用其进行重金属污染土壤修复的可行性,以尾矿、泥土及菌糠作为栽培基质的原料,在人工模拟重金属胁迫的条件下,对任豆种子进行了发芽试验,并测定了在不同重金属胁迫背景下任豆幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性.结果表明:任豆种子可以在含有重金属的栽培基质中萌发,但萌发率较低;在尾矿、泥土及菌糠3种原料适当比例混合的栽培基质中,任豆种子的萌发率相对较高;不同重金属对任豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响不同,在低浓度的重金属离子胁迫下,任豆幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性均有不同程度升高,在高浓度的重金属离子胁迫下,其SOD、POD和CAT活性则逐渐降低;不同重金属对任豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性影响的大小排序为Cd2+>Cu2+>Pd2+>Zn2+.任豆幼苗对不同重金属有不同的耐性,其大小排序为:Zn2+>Pd2+>Cu2+>Cd2+.根据任豆幼苗的重金属耐性,可将其用于土壤重金属污染的植物修复,但土壤中的重金属含量应不超出其耐受的范围.     

低磷胁迫对草莓幼苗根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为探讨低磷胁迫对不同品种草莓幼苗的根系生长和酸性磷酸酶活性(APA)的影响,试验选取4个草莓品种（‘红颜’、‘章姬’、‘甜查理’、‘童子一号’）,采用水培的方法,设正常磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-3 mol/L)、低磷处理(KH2PO4 1×10-6 mol/L)2个处理,分别于处理后0、7、14、21、28、35 天,取样对其根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性进行测定分析,并于处理后35天,测定其根鲜重、主根长、侧根数。结果表明,草莓幼苗受低磷胁迫后,其主根长度受到了抑制,而同期测定的侧根数、根鲜重、根冠比则显著增加。根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性在低磷处理早期就有显著提高,且随着低磷胁迫的延续,其活性持续升高;各项形态、生理指标显示,供试4种草莓品种中,‘甜查理’相对于其他供试草莓品种对低磷胁迫环境适应性较好,说明可以通过选择、改良草莓的根系特性来提高草莓的磷效率。     

外源氯化钙对盐胁迫下西兰花抗氧化酶系统及离子吸收的影响

摘要：以美国“格福”与日本“山水”两种耐盐性不同的西兰花为试验材料,采用基质营养液栽培,研究了外源氯化钙对盐胁迫下西兰花鲜重、干重、MDA、抗氧化酶活性及离子吸收的影响。结果表明：外源钙的添加,可显著促进西兰花的生长,减轻盐胁迫,增加地上部、地下部干重及鲜重。外源钙处理明显降低了西兰花叶片MDA含量,减轻盐胁迫对叶片膜脂过氧化程度。外源钙处理对西兰花SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响因品种耐盐性不同表现不一。外源钙处理可减少西兰花地上部、地下部Na+的积累,增加K+、Ca2+　的浓度。外源钙处理对盐敏感品种的效果要好于耐盐品种。最佳的钙浓度为10mmol/L。