Experimental subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies in primates and other laboratory animals

The host range of subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies is described. The asymptomatic incubation period and the duration of the illnesses in various species of animal hosts is discussed along with information on additional species of Old World and New World monkeys and the domestic cat, which have been shown to be susceptible to subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies.     

孜然茎秆对幽门结扎型胃溃疡大鼠的作用效果研究

为推动废弃孜然茎秆资源化利用,实现农业节能减排,本研究提取了孜然茎秆的成分,研究其对实验性胃溃疡的作用效果。取SPF级SD大鼠50只,分5组,包括空白对照组（CK）,模型组（Model）,西米替丁阳性对照组（Positive）,孜然茎秆醇提物低剂量组（EE7.5）和高剂量组（EE15）,每组10只。连续灌胃10d后,采用幽门结扎法制备大鼠胃溃疡模型。比较不同组之间胃液量、胃液酸度、溃疡指数和溃疡抑制率、抗氧化性能、保护因子表达。结果表明,孜然茎秆乙醇提取物能减少大鼠胃液分泌,对幽门结扎型胃溃疡模型溃疡有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）,EE15组作用效果略低于Positive组。且EE15组能降低酸度,减少总酸排出量（P<0.05）,且能显著性地提高PGE2和GAS含量,降低EGF的含量。综上,孜然茎秆乙醇提取物对大鼠幽门结扎型胃溃疡产生明显的保护作用,研究结果可为孜然茎秆的循环利用提供参考。     

A region of the Herpesvirus saimiri genome required for oncogenicity

Herpesvirus saimiri naturally infects squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) without producing signs of disease; infection of other New World primates, however, results in a rapidly progressing, malignant, T-cell lymphoma. Results described in this report identify a region of the viral genome that is required for oncogenicity in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus); this region is not required for replication of the virus. This is believed to be the first such genomic region identified in a herpesvirus system.     

Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence

Our human intellect has resulted from an enormous leap in capacity above the level of monkeys and apes. Earlier, though, Old and New World monkeys' intelligence outdistanced that of other mammals, including the prosimian primates. This first great advance in intelligence probably was selected through interspecific competition on the large continents. However, even at this early stage, primate social life provided the evolutionary context of primate intelligence. Two arguments support this conclusion. One is ontogenetic: modern monkeys learn so much of their social behavior, and learn their behavior toward food and toward other species through social example. The second is phylogenetic: some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature.     

Plasmodium malariae: transmission from monkey to man by mosquito bite

Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were infected by feeding on New World monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus, infected with a Nigerian strain of Plasmodium malariae. The infection was passed to human volunteers through the bites of these mosquitoes, demonstrating the practicability of using a simian host for infection of mosquitoes with a third species of human malaria parasite and of the use of such mosquitoes to transmit the infection from monkey to man.     

香猪采食前后胃液分泌与血浆胃泌素浓度的变化

在装置长久性隔离小胃和临时性颈静脉插管的香猪试验发现,动物在早晨饲喂前小胃胃液分泌量极少,甚至没有。饲喂后小胃胃液分泌量骤然升高,约３ｈ达到高峰。进食前胃液酸度很低,甚至可达ｐＨ６６。进食后胃液酸度显著升高,ｐＨ在１９左右。游离酸含量比结合酸高３倍,同时胃蛋白酶活性明显增强,可维持５～６ｈ。血浆胃泌素水平正常变动范围在１６７±７８５ｐｇ／ｍｌ,并受进食的影响,进食后１,３ｈ均出现高峰。     

2种胃膜素制备方法的比较

[目的]比较分析制备胃膜素的2种方法，优化制备方法，为工业化规模生产提供试验依据。[方法]以猪胃黏膜为材料，采用单产工艺和联产工艺提取胃膜素，比较分析2种制备方法所得胃膜素的性状、得率、总氮含量和还原性物质含量的差异。[结果]2种方法提取的胃膜素在黏度、酸度、干燥失重和炽灼残渣等方面差异不大，总氮含量和还原性物质含量也无明显差异，均符合国家标准。单产工艺胃膜素得率较高，平均达3．5％，联产工艺得率偏低，仅有1．7％，但联产工艺可以得到副产品胃蛋白酶。[结论]单产工艺的得率高于联产工艺，联产工艺可以同时得到副产品。     

Novel viral sequences related to human T-cell leukemia virus in T cells of a seropositive baboon

Antibodies reactive with proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) can be found in Old World monkeys. A T-lymphocyte cell line established from a seropositive baboon (Papio cynocephalus) was analyzed for the presence of viral DNA sequences. The provirus found in these cells was related to but distinct from HTLV subgroup I. These results add to recent evidence from human studies that HTLV represents a spectrum of infectious T-lymphotropic retroviruses that includes closely and distantly related members.     

Age of the earliest african anthropoids

The earliest fossil record of African anthropoid primates (monkeys and apes) comes from the Jebel Qatrani Formation in the Fayum depression of Egypt. Reevaluation of both geologic and faunal evidence indicates that this formation was deposited in the early part of the Oligocene Epoch, more than 31 million years ago, earlier than previous estimates. The great antiquity of the fossil higher primates from Egypt accords well with their primitive morphology compared with later Old World higher primates. Thus, the anthropoid primates and hystricomorph rodents from Fayum are also considerably older than the earliest higher primates and rodents from South America.     

ORAL PENICILLIN WITH BASIC ALUMINUM AMINOACETATE

This method appears to be suitable for the oral administration of penicillin. Basic aluminum aminoacetate seems admirably suited for this purpose. It is neutral and buffers gastric acidity to pH 4 to 4.5. While this work was in progress McDermott et al.(6) successfully employed magnesium trisilicate in this manner. Clinical work is now in progress using the combination in infections known to be susceptible to parenteral penicillin therapy.     

Phylogenetic shadowing of primate sequences to find functional regions of the human genome

Nonhuman primates represent the most relevant model organisms to understand the biology of Homo sapiens. The recent divergence and associated overall sequence conservation between individual members of this taxon have nonetheless largely precluded the use of primates in comparative sequence studies. We used sequence comparisons of an extensive set of Old World and New World monkeys and hominoids to identify functional regions in the human genome. Analysis of these data enabled the discovery of primate-specific gene regulatory elements and the demarcation of the exons of multiple genes. Much of the information content of the comprehensive primate sequence comparisons could be captured with a small subset of phylogenetically close primates. These results demonstrate the utility of intraprimate sequence comparisons to discover common mammalian as well as primate-specific functional elements in the human genome, which are unattainable through the evaluation of more evolutionarily distant species.     

The nasotemporal division in primate retina: the neural bases of macular sparing and splitting

In primates, each hemisphere contains a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield; unilateral damage to the visual pathways results in loss of vision in half of the visual field. Apparently similar severe, unilateral lesions to the central visual pathways can result in two qualitatively different central visual field defects termed macular sparing and macular splitting. In macular sparing a 2 degrees to 3 degrees region around the fovea is spared from the effects of unilateral damage to the visual pathways. In macular splitting there is no such spared region and the scotoma produced by unilateral brain damage bisects the fovea. The patterns of decussation of the different classes of retinal ganglion cells in both New World (Saimiri sciureus) and Old World (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys have been determined by horseradish peroxidase injection. In both species the distributions of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells in the central retina are different from those in other mammals and suggest neural bases for macular sparing and splitting, respectively.     

汉逊德巴利酵母菌在胃酸、肠胆盐环境的耐受性研究

为探究汉逊德巴利酵母菌在酸性、胆盐环境及人工胃肠液下的存活情况,采用活菌计数法,分别在p H值1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5,胆盐浓度0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的PDA液体培养基,人工胃液作用0、2、4 h,以及人工肠液作用0、2、4、6、8、10 h环境下,测定汉逊德巴利酵母菌的活菌数。结果表明:耐酸试验中,该菌株在p H值1.0没有存活,p H值1.5、2.0、2.5活菌数与对照组比较下降明显(P0.01);耐胆盐试验中,该菌株在0.4%的高胆盐浓度下仍然存活,活菌数随胆盐浓度增加而降低;人工胃液试验中,与0 h比较,2 h、4 h活菌数显著增加(P0.01);人工肠液试验中,随着处理时间的延长,该菌株活菌数先升后降,但都比0 h活菌数增加。可见,汉逊德巴利酵母菌能够耐受较高的酸性环境和较高的胆盐环境,并在人工胃肠液环境下具有较高的存活能力,符合研制新型微生态制剂的条件。     

黄缘盒龟消化道的组织学研究

[目的]对黄缘盒龟消化道进行组织学研究.[方法]应用石蜡切片和显微照像技术,对黄缘盒龟的食管、胃、小肠和大肠进行了组织学观察.[结果]消化道管壁均由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜构成.食管具有纵行皱襞,可见杯状细胞,有丰富的弥散淋巴组织和一些孤立淋巴小结,未见食管腺.胃有大量的胃腺,胃腺细胞可分成2类：一类是体积较大的细胞,胞核较大,胞质嗜碱性;另一类是体积较小的细胞,胞核较小,胞质嗜酸性.肌层特别发达.小肠的表面有大量绒毛,绒毛中未见中央乳糜管.绒毛上皮细胞由吸收细胞和杯状细胞组成.肠腺由柱状细胞和少量杯状细胞构成.大肠具有粘膜皱襞和较多的杯状细胞,无绒毛,可见许多分散的淋巴小结,外膜较厚.[结论]消化道各部分的差异主要在粘膜层和肌层.     

ORAL PENICILLIN--A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS MODES OF ADMINISTRATION

A comparison of penicillin excretion when equivalent quantities of the drug are given orally or parenterally indicates that approximately 60 per cent. urinary excretion occurs after parenteral administration, whereas 14 per cent. urinary excretion occurs following oral ingestion. That destruction by gastric acidity is not primarily responsible for this difference is indicated by the fact that administration of penicillin directly into the duodenum does not greatly alter the amount of penicillin excretion. Evidence indicating that the majority of orally administered penicillin is destroyed by the body proper is discussed.     

枇杷果实酸度的通径分析

对枇杷果实中有机酸组分与酸度(可滴定酸)进行了通径分析.结果表明:苹果酸含量对酸度的贡献率最大,通径系数Px1→Y=0.613 9;异柠檬酸通过对苹果酸的影响(Px4→x1→r=0.446 0)而引起果实酸度的改变作用;异柠檬酸含量直接作用(Px4→Y=0.324 8);奎尼酸含量对酸度的影响并不明显.富马酸含量对酸度是负贡献,但它对酸度的直接通径系数(Px6=-0.062 0)的绝对值小于剩余通径系数(P6=0.174 4),对酸度影响作用很小.     

The perception of rational, goal-directed action in nonhuman primates

Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago.     

福建九仙山自然保护区云雾水、雨水的酸度分析

本文利用2003年在福建九仙山收集的云雾水和雨水酸度监测资料，对云雾水和雨水酸度的时空分布特征和化学组分进行分析，结果表明：2003年福建九仙山云雾水和雨水严重酸化，云雾水出现强酸的机会比雨水高出近一倍；云雾水、雨水的酸度和酸雨出现率随季节而变化；西风影响时云雾水的酸度最大，北风时雨水为酸性，东南风时出现强酸雨的机会最多；云雾水和雨水受海洋因素影响明显，阴离子以Cl^-、阳离子以NH4^＋；为主，云雾水的致酸离子与碱性离子比值明显大于雨水．     

福建九仙山自然保护区云雾水、雨水的酸度分析

本文利用2003年在福建九仙山收集的云雾水和雨水酸度监测资料,对云雾水和雨水酸度的时空分布特征和化学组分进行分析,结果表明:2003年福建九仙山云雾水和雨水严重酸化,云雾水出现强酸的机会比雨水高出近一倍;云雾水、雨水的酸度和酸雨出现率随季节而变化;西风影响时云雾水的酸度最大,北风时雨水为酸性,东南风时出现强酸雨的机会最多;云雾水和雨水受海洋因素影响明显,阴离子以C l-、阳离子以NH+4为主,云雾水的致酸离子与碱性离子比值明显大于雨水.     

无水乙醇酸度对稻谷脂肪酸值测定的影响

选取不同酸度的无水乙醇,在其他实验条件相同的情况下,测定同一稻谷样品的脂肪酸值,探寻无水乙醇酸度对脂肪酸值的影响情况。结果表明无水乙醇的酸度对脂肪酸的提取是有影响的。