高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基变异与加工品质关系的研究

用扬麦１５８分别与强面筋品种安农９１９２和Ｋａｒｌ组配成２个杂交组合,分析了其Ｆ４代９３个株系的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成及有关品质性状,研究了不同的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及亚基组合对品质性状的影响。结果表明,Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌ的等位变异（亚基１和Ｎ）Ｇｌｕ－ｄｌ的等位变异（亚基５＋１０和２＋１２）对ＳＤＳ沉淀值、和面时间、耐揉性和ＧＭＰ含量有显著影响,对蛋白质含量、和面图峰高的影响较小。亚基１和５＋１０与强     

山东省推广小麦品种HMW-GS组成及其对沉淀值的影响

以山东省近年 来推广种植 的 ２４ 个小麦 品种为材 料,用 Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ－ Ｐ Ａ Ｇ Ｅ 技术,对 高分子量 谷蛋白亚基构成、不同等位基因间亚基变 异及出现频率进行了系统分析,并研究了高分 子量谷蛋白亚基 构成对沉淀值的影响。结果表明,山东省的小麦品种 Ｈ Ｍ Ｗ － Ｇ Ｓ主要有两类：１ Ｂ,７＋ ８,１ Ｄ,２＋ １２ 和 １ Ｂ,７＋ ９,１ Ｄ,２＋ １２。在 １ Ａ、１ Ｂ 和 １ Ｄ 三个位点出现频率最 多的有 Ｎｕｌｌ（７０．８３％ ）、７＋ ８（５０％ ）、２＋ １２（７５％ ）。 Ｇｌｕ － Ａｌ 位点的 ２ 和 １ 及 Ｇｌｕ－ Ｄ１ 位点的 ５＋ １０ 亚基 对小麦沉淀值有显著的正向作用。     

小麦品种HMW谷蛋白亚基组成的数量分析

对４５个小麦品种的高分子量（ＨＭＷ）谷蛋白亚基组成的数量分析结果表明,多元统计分析中的数量化理论可用来确定ＨＭＷ谷蛋白的亚基组成（定性因子）与品种面包烘烤体积之间的定量关系。两者之间存在着真实的线性定量关系,其复相关系数达到１％的显著水平,说明依此进行烘烤品质的预测是可行的,并可对面包体积的预测值进行评价定级,从而确定品种的烘烤品质等级。不同的ＨＭＷ谷蛋白亚基编码位点或不同亚基对面包体积的效应差异显著,其大小依次分别为：Ｇｌｕ—Ｂ１＞Ｇｌｕ—Ｄ１＞Ｇｌｕ—Ａ１;１Ａ位点１＞２＊＞Ｎ;１Ｂ位点１３＋１６＞１７＋１８＞７＋８＞７＋９;１Ｄ位点５＋１０＞２＋１２。     

小麦双单倍体种子贮存麦谷蛋白高分子量亚基和农艺性状的关系

用ｂｏｌｂｏｓｕｍ技术检验来自中国春×农林６１的Ｆ１代产生的５２个双单倍体系（ＤＨ）的麦谷蛋白高分子量（ＨＭＷ）亚基等位基因和农艺性状间的关系。同时，研究这些ＤＨ的赤霉素不敏感半矮等位基因的效应。中国春编码麦谷蛋白ＨＭＷ亚基的等位基因是Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌｃ和Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌａ，农林６１则是Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌｂ和Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｆ．ＤＨ系按两种ＨＭＷ亚基位点重组可分为四组，仅Ｇｌｕ－Ａｌｃ·Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｆ较其余三种基因型植株较高和抽穗时间较长．农林６１携带有ＧＡ不敏感等位基因Ｇａｉ／Ｒｈｔ２，而中国春对ＧＡ敏感。按Ｇａｉ／Ｒｈｔ２位点又可将这些ＤＨ系分为两组。凡是Ｇａｌ／Ｒｈｔ２的基因型植株都显著较ｇａｉ／ｒｈｔＺ植株矮，籽粒产量则显著提高。Ｇｌｕ—Ａｌｃ和Ｇｌｕ—Ｄｌｆ促进株高的结合效应几乎被Ｇａｉ／Ｒｈｔ２降低株高的效应所抵消。这些结果说明麦谷蛋白基因位点的选择显著影响普通小麦某些农艺性状的表达。     

小麦双单倍体种子贮存麦谷蛋白高分子量亚苦和农艺性状的关系

用ｂｕｌｂｏｓｕｍ技术检验来自中国春×农林６１的Ｆ１代产生的５２个双单倍体系（ＤＨ）的麦谷蛋白高分子量（ＨＭＷ）亚基等位基因和农艺性状间的关系。同时，研究这些ＤＨ的赤霉素不敏感半矮等位基因的效应。中国春编码麦谷蛋白ＨＭＷ亚基的等位基因是Ｇｌｕ－ＡＬｃ和Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌａ，农林６１则是Ｇｌｕ－ＡＬｂ和Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｆ。ＤＨ系按两种ＨＭＷ亚基的位点重组可分为四组，仅ＧＬｕ－Ａｌｃ·Ｇｌｕ－Ｄｌｆ较其余三咱基     

山东省推广小麦品种HMW—GS组成及其对沉淀值的影响

以山东省近年来推广种植的２４个小麦品种为材料,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ技术,对高分子量谷蛋白亚基构成,不同等位基因间亚基变异及出现频率进行了系统分析,并研究了高分子量谷蛋白亚基构成对沉淀的影响,结果表明,山东省的小麦品种ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ主要有两类,１Ｂ,７＋８,１Ｄ,２＋１２和１Ｂ,７＋９,１Ｄ,２＋１２。在１Ａ,１Ｂ和１Ｄ三个位点出现频率最多的有Ｎｕｌｌ（７０．８３％）,７＋８（５０％）,２＋１２（７５％     

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的编号,基因,带谱及品质权重

（１）１－１２号高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的分子量依次递减，２号亚基在５％胶中易分辨，１３－１６号亚基介于７号和８号亚基之间；（２）１号、２号、Ｎ和２５号亚基由１ＡＬ上的Ｇｌｕ－Ａ１位点上的４个等位基因所控制；     

离子束诱导小偃８１突变系麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白遗传变异分析

为给离子束诱变技术在小麦品质育种方面的应用提供理论依据,以Ｎ⁺ （３０Ｋｅｖ）注入诱导获得的小偃８１突变系Ｍ４ 代种子为材料,采用ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ 和ＡＰＡＧＥ 技术对其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白进行系统分析。结果表明,在供试材料中,检测到３个高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基缺失系：１Ａｘ１缺失系、１Ｂｘ１４＋１Ｂｙ１５缺失系和１Ｄｘ２＋１Ｄｙ１２缺失系,出现频率由大到小依次为１Ａｘ１＞１Ｂｘ１４＋１Ｂｙ１５＞１Ｄｘ２＋１Ｄｙ１２。检测到５种醇溶蛋白变异类型,其中,１Ａｘ１ 缺失系有３ 种突变类型,１Ｂｘ１４＋１Ｂｙ１５ 缺失系和１Ｄｘ２＋１Ｄｙ１２缺失系各有１种突变类型,ω区变异类型最多,其次是α和γ区,β区没有发现变异类型,在５种变异类型中有一条相同的变异谱带。以上结果说明,Ｎ⁺离子束注入能有效地诱导小麦种子高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白的变异,并能够在后代中稳定遗传。     

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的编号、基因、带谱及品质权重

①１～１２ 号高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的分子量依次递减,２ 号亚基在 ５％ 胶中易分辨, １３ ～１６号亚基介于 ７ 号和 ８ 号亚基之间;②１ 号、２ 号、 Ｎ 和 ２５ 号亚基由 １ Ａ Ｌ 上的 Ｇｌｕ Ａ１ 位点上的 ４ 个等 位基因所控制;③１ 号、２ 号、５ 号、１０ 号、１７ 号、１８ 号亚基有利 于提高面包品质,应 予组合利用。黄淮主 栽品种 中均无 １７ 号、１８ 号亚 基,有待引 进导入;④ 高分子量 麦谷蛋白 亚基的组 成决定着面 包品 质变异 的４３％ 左右,它与蛋白质含量共同决定着面包品质 变异的 ６８％ 左右,其它品质影响因子仅占 ３２％ 左右。     

小麦谷蛋白亚基及其基因多态性研究进展

本文主要介绍了小麦高、低分子量谷蛋白亚基及其控制基因的研究进展情况，包括各种不同的研究技术以及相应的研究结果。除了传统的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ技术以外，分子标记技术以及免疫化学技术都在该领域中得到日益广泛的应用，并取得了关于亚基及基因的多态笥和快速鉴别方法一系列重的研究进展。     

Effect of nitrogen application rate on content of glutenin macropolymer and high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grains of two winter wheat cultivars

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in grain protein content were selected to study the effect of N application rate on changes in contents of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) during grain filling. Contents of GMP and HMW-GS were much higher in the high GPC cultivar, Xuzhou 26, than those in low GPC cultivar, Ningmai 9. N increased contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Xuzhou 26 with N rate between 0 and 300 kg ha⁻¹, while at the very high N rate of 300 kg ha⁻¹ the contents of GMP and HMW-GS in Ningmai 9 decreased. The high contents of GMP and HMW-GS at maturity were closely related to the rapid increase in contents of GMP and HMW-GS during the initial period of their synthesis. HMW-GS and GMP content were closely correlated. The total HMW-GS content was important in determining GMP content than the content of any HMW-GS pair or any individual HMW-GS present in the selected cultivars. The pattern of response of GMP content to N application rate was closely related to the regulatory effect of N on HMW-GS synthesis.     

从小麦谷蛋白大聚合体与HMW GS的关系

为了探索小麦谷蛋白大聚合体对小麦品质的影响,采用SDSPAGE方法,分析了166个来自不同地区的小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMWGS）的组成,并对不同亚基与小麦谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）的关系进行了分析。结果表明,所用小麦材料HMWGS的变异类型丰富,但亚基组合仍以N/7+9/2+12为主。HMWGS对面粉GMP含量有显著影响,GluA1位点亚基1>N,GluB1位点亚基13+16>7+9或7+8或14+15或17+18,GluD1位点亚基5+10>2+12,其他亚基差异不显著。说明含亚基1、13+16和5+10的品种能形成较多的GMP。HMWGS评分与面粉GMP含量的相关系数为0.288,达到极显著水平。     

冬春季夜间增温对冬小麦植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质形成的影响

为明确非对称性增温对小麦籽粒品质的影响及其机理,以不同品质类型的扬麦13（弱筋）和烟农19（中筋）为材料,采用大田模拟增温的方法研究了冬春季夜间增温对小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其与植株氮代谢的关系。结果表明,冬季增温（WT）、春季增温（ST）及冬春季持续增温（WST）均不同程度地提高了冬小麦籽粒蛋白质、麦谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）、高分子量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基含量,且均以WST处理效应最大。同时,各增温处理对籽粒谷蛋白含量的提高幅度最大,并提高了谷醇比。各夜间增温处理均增加了开花期旗叶面积,提高了氮含量,增强了孕穗至花后21 d旗叶的硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性,说明夜间增温促进了叶片生长,增强了植株氮素同化能力。夜间增温处理显著提高了小麦植株氮素积累量及贮存氮素转运量,从而增加了氮素向籽粒的分配,促进了籽粒蛋白质合成。因此,冬春季夜间增温提高了小麦氮素吸收同化能力及氮素在籽粒中的分配比例,从而提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,且冬春季持续增温对籽粒蛋白质形成有更大的促进效应。     

新疆冬小麦谷蛋白亚基组成及其与新疆拉面加工品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品质育种提供参考依据,选取109份新疆冬小麦品种(系),研究了其麦谷蛋白亚基组成及其与新疆拉面加工品质的关系.结果表明,新疆冬小麦品种(系)麦谷蛋白亚基以N、7+8、2+12、Glu-A3c、Glu-B3a和Glu-B3j为主,在其各自位点的分布频率分别为40.37％、51.38％、54.13％、63.30％、20.18％和22.02％.籽粒蛋白质平均含量和湿面筋平均含量分别为15.38％和33.18％,变异系数较小,分别为6.70％和6.33％;沉淀值和8min宽度变异系数较大,分别为22.85％和61.27％.就单个亚基对新疆拉面加工品质的贡献而言,Glu-A1位点,l＞2*＞N;Glu-B1位点,7+8＞6+8＞7+9;Glu-D1位点,5+10＞2+12;Glu-B3位点,Glu-B3g＞ Glu-B3a＞Glu-B3i＞Glu-B3d＞ Glu-B3j;合有1、7+8、5+10和Glu-A3c亚基的品种(系)在拉面评价中具有较高得分.在新疆拉面专用品种选育时,应避免亲本含有N、6+8和Glu-B3j等亚基的使用.     

HMW-GS affect the properties of glutenin particles in GMP and thus flour quality

Using a unique set of deletion lines, (Olympic×Gabo, varying in high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition, but with the same genetic background) it was shown that the presence of glutenin particles in glutenin macropolymer (GMP) is directly related to the presence of certain HMW-GS. In the absence of HMW-GS only a small amount of insoluble glutenin protein (GMP) could be recovered from the flour that contained only LMW-GS. No particles were observed in this fraction. When one subunit (HMW-GS Glu-Ax1) was present some particles could be observed, but when two or more HMW-GS were present particles could be clearly identified. The amount of GMP increased with the increasing number of HMW-GS. All particles had the same LMW-GS composition irrespective of HMW-GS-composition. Since the relative proportion of LMW-GS in GMP was dependent on the number of HMW-GS, we postulate that LMW-GS become part of GMP through disulfide cross-linking with HMW-GS. GMP wet weight is correlated with the average HMW density of the glutenin particle. These data were combined with previously published technological data from the same set of wheats. Significant statistical relationships were observed between optimal mixing time and glutenin particle size and between thimble-loaf height and GMP content. Taken together, these studies suggest that glutenin HMW-GS composition affects flour technological properties through glutenin particle size.     

野生二粒小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基的多态性分析

采用十二烷基磺酸钠 -聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS- PAGE)方法 ,对 172份来自以色列的野生二粒小麦的高分子量谷蛋白亚基 (HWM- GS)组成进行了鉴定和分析。结果发现 ,这 172份野生二粒小麦 1B染色体上的HMW- GS有 19种变异类型 ,比普通小麦 1B染色体上 HMW- GS的变异类型丰富得多 ,其中有 8种 (6 * 8* ,6 8* ,2 2 ,6 * 8,7* 9,7* 9* ,7* 8* ,7* 8)为普通小麦中不常见类型 ,各个亚基的分布频率不同 ,17 18亚基分布频率最高 (2 9.6 5 % ) ,并且存在 3种普通小麦中不存在的特殊亚基 (图 1中加 ?的类型 ) ;1A染色体上的 HMW- GS有4种变异类型 ,其中一个亚基 (自定义为 1* )以前未见报道。发现野生二粒小麦 HMW- GS组成中 Glu- B1位点的 17 18亚基和 Glu- A1位点的 1亚基出现频率比普通小麦中出现的频率高。这些试验数据可为野生二粒小麦上特异HMW- GS的进一步研究与利用提供理论依据。     

利用多重PCR技术鉴定小麦背景中的1BL·1RS易位和Glu D1d基因

高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMWGS）对小麦面粉加工品质有促进作用,尤其是GluD1d 基因编码的1Dx5+1Dy10亚基能增加面团的筋度和弹性。小麦背景中的1BL·1RS易位对小麦面粉加工品质有显著的负面影响。因此,在小麦品质育种中如何判定小麦背景中是否含有1BL·1RS易位和HMWGS的GluD1d基因具有重要意义。本研究利用3对分别检测1BL·1RS易位、GluB3和GluD1位点的共显性特异标记,结合SDSPAGE鉴定,对16份已知遗传背景和GluD1x等位基因材料及38株（周麦18×烟农19）F₂群体进行了分析,探索出适合同时鉴定小麦背景中1BL·1RS易位和GluD1d基因的多重PCR技术实验体系,并采用该体系对国内外352份小麦品种（系）进行了鉴定。结果表明,该体系是同时鉴定小麦背景中1BL·1RS易位和GluD1d基因的一种非常有效、简便可行的实验方法,可在标记辅助选择（MAS）育种中应用。     

In vitro Polymerisation of High and Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits with Molecular Oxygen

None of the oxidation conditions in previous work on polymerisation of wheat glutenin subunits with inorganic oxidants allowed for complete polymerisation. We here investigated the polymerisation efficiencies of molecular oxygen (slow-acting oxidant), and potassium iodate (fast-acting oxidant). On a small scale, both polymerised the glutenin subunits very efficiently under the conditions used. Only low levels of residual monomer were left in polymerised glutenin subunit mixtures and the resulting polymers were almost exclusively of very high molecular weight. Oxygen was used in further preparative scale polymerisation. Up-scaling lowered the polymerisation efficiency and also resulted in the formation of lower molecular weight polymers. Similarly to observations in small scale polymerisation, low molecular weight glutenin subunits polymerised more efficiently than high molecular weight glutenin subunits. Preparative scale polymerisation of high and low molecular weight subunits and subsequent addition of the resulting mixture to a base flour decreased both maximum resistance and extensibility. Because the oxidised subunits contained a high level of insoluble polymer, the decrease in maximum resistance upon polymer addition was unexpected. A well-defined reason for the dough weakening effect of the polymer cannot be given.     

Functional Properties of LowMrWheat Proteins.III. Effects on Composition of the Glutenin Macropolymer During Dough Mixing and Resting

The effect of lowM_rwheat protein addition on the amount and composition of the glutenin macropolymer (GMP) of dough was investigated for the three wheat cultivars Obelisk (weak), Camp Remy (medium strong) and Rektor (strong). During mixing, the amounts of high and lowM_rglutenin subunit classes, and of the individual subunits decreased. The proportion of highM_rglutenin subunits decreased and that of lowM_rglutenin subunits increased, indicating an inhomogeneous distribution of the two subunit classes within the polymers present in GMP. During resting, the amounts of the glutenin subunit classes and of individual subunits increased. Meanwhile, the proportion of highM_rglutenin subunits in GMP increased. LowM_rwheat protein addition retarded re-polymerisation in that the amounts of glutenin subunit classes and of individual highM_rglutenin subunits in GMP increased less than without addition. The proportion of highM_rglutenin subunits in GMP directly after mixing was also decreased by lowM_rwheat protein addition, and the proportion increased faster during dough resting, compared with the GMP in dough without lowM_rwheat protein addition. Eventually, after 90 or 135 min resting, no differences existed in the proportions in GMP from doughs with and without lowM_rwheat protein addition. LowM_rwheat protein addition had no specific effect on individual highM_rglutenin subunits, nor on the x-type/y-type subunit ratio in the GMP. In contrast, with increasing lowM_rwheat protein addition, a highly significant reduction in the subunit 10 or 12/subunit 9 ratio in GMP was observed. This finding is in line with the decrease in this ratio directly after mixing in GMP of the dough without lowM_rwheat protein addition. Since no specific effects were observed, it can be concluded that the lowM_rwheat protein acts rather unspecifically on the GMP of dough.