西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石微结构及生长特性

根据我国鱿钓船2007、2008和2010年在西南大西洋作业期间采集的3462尾阿根廷滑柔鱼样本(其中2007年308尾、2008年262尾、2010年2 892尾),测量了491枚耳石外部形态参数和耳石重量(雌性274枚、雄性217枚),结合耳石的日轮,对耳石微结构及其生长特性进行了研究。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石的生长纹由明暗相间的环纹组成,耳石中心为黑色,呈水滴形;从核心到侧区边缘,轮纹宽度由窄至宽,亮度由明至暗;侧区到北区边缘,轮纹则由宽至窄,亮度由暗至明。根据生长纹的宽度和颜色的明暗,可将整个耳石分为3个区域,即后核心区、暗区、外围区。不同群体间耳石总长(TSL)和最大宽度(MW)的生长存在显著性差异,但性别间无差异。冬季产卵群TSL和MW的生长适合用线性函数表示,秋季产卵群则适合用对数函数表示。耳石重量(SW)的生长存在群体和性别间差异,冬季产卵群雌、雄个体SW的生长分别适合用幂函数和指数函数表示,秋季产卵群则分别适合用指数函数和对数函数表示。两个群体的TSL、MW、绝对生长率和相对生长率都随着日龄的增加而先增加后减小,而SW的绝对生长率则随着年龄增加而增加,相对生长率则随着年龄增加而先增加后减小。同一年龄段内冬季产卵群的绝对和相对生长率基本上都大于秋季产卵群,雌性个体的绝对和相对生长率要大于雄性个体。     

茎柔鱼耳石和角质颚微结构及轮纹判读

为了研究耳石和角质颚微结构在茎柔鱼年龄鉴定中的应用,实验根据2013年7—10月中国鱿钓船在秘鲁外海(79°57’~83°24’W、10°54’~15°09’S)采集的茎柔鱼样本,提取出39尾茎柔鱼的耳石、上角质颚和下角质颚,对其微结构进行分析,并对微结构的生长纹进行计数及其差异性比较。结果显示,角质颚微结构头盖背侧区域的生长纹较为完整,通过观察头盖背侧边缘的生长纹可以消除喙部被腐蚀所产生的影响;下角质颚与上角质颚的微结构十分相似,均具有喙部纵向生长纹和喙部截面纵轴,然而,在形态和色素沉着等方面又有所不同。分析认为,耳石轮纹数与上颚轮纹数、耳石轮纹数与下颚轮纹数以及上颚轮纹数与下颚轮纹数均呈线性相关关系,并且直线的斜率与1差异性不显著(P>0.01),相关系数均接近1。研究表明,上、下角质颚微结构均能较好地估算茎柔鱼的日龄,角质颚可被用于头足类年龄与生长的研究。     

达里湖瓦氏雅罗鱼耳石质量与年龄关系

2017年5月—2018年1月,在内蒙古达里湖采集瓦氏雅罗鱼404尾,取出微耳石清洗、烘干、称量质量后,先用热熔胶定于载玻片上打磨后,再热熔胶高温熔化取下耳石,用透光率更高的透明指甲油固定、打磨,至出现清晰轮纹,读取鱼类年龄.分别采用4种方程(直线、幂函数、指数函数和多项式)回归拟合耳石质量与体长、年龄之间的关系,得出...     

东太平洋茎柔鱼的耳石微结构

根据采集于东太平洋哥斯达黎加、秘鲁和智利外海的茎柔鱼耳石样本,分析了其生长纹、标记轮和其他异常结构。结果显示,耳石生长纹由明暗相间的环纹组成,按照生长纹宽度的不同可分为后核心区、暗区和外围区3个明显的生长区。通过对后核心区和暗区生长纹的计数显示,哥斯达黎加、秘鲁和智利外海3个海区的茎柔鱼仔鱼的年龄分别约为26、32和33日龄,稚鱼的年龄分别约为86、84和88日龄。茎柔鱼的耳石微结构中存在7类标记轮,它们的形成与茎柔鱼自身的内源节律(孵化、交配、产卵等)和外部环境压力(温度骤变、捕食者攻击等)等因素有关。研究还在个别茎柔鱼的耳石中发现一些不规则的异常结构(副核心、附生长纹、附中心)和生长纹方向颠倒的现象,推断它们的形成可能是由于外力作用使得耳石被破坏或耳石脱离原先的位置所造成的。     

大银鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究↑（*）

１９９５年对内蒙莫力庙水库的大银鱼耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。大银鱼人工受精卵孵出仔鱼、剖出其听囊内一时圆形矢耳石，其制片在光镜下观察，耳石形态经历了由圆形、椭圆形到梨形的变化过程。耳石长半径与鱼体长呈线性相关，其关系式为Ｙ＝４．７９８ｘ－２０．８８７（ｒ＝０．９６５０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。孵出后第二天耳石上出现第一个日轮，正常条件下，每天形成一轮。孵化后天数可用耳石日轮数加１表示，其表达式为Ｄ＝Ｎ＋１，耳石上的日轮数变幅为２６７－３４５。日轮间距有规律性变化，依据日龄和相关体长、体重资料进行了大银鱼生长特性研究。     

中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼的耳石微结构与日轮形成特征

以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)亲鱼为材料,在实验室养殖条件下以人工孵化的丰年虫(Eubranchipus vernalis)为仔、稚鱼饵料,通过已知日龄法观察其耳石的微结构,分析其日轮形成特征。结果表明,仔、稚鱼的微耳石和矢耳石一般由1个中心核和1个耳石原基组成,少数存在多个中心核或原基现象,星耳石中心核和原基区分不明显。微耳石和矢耳石中心核直径分别为(37.73±5.34)μm和(39.78±7.11)μm,耳石原基直径分别为(16.29±3.46)μm和(17.09±3.88)μm。矢耳石和星耳石轮纹清晰度、规律性、周期性和完整性不及微耳石;微耳石第1条日轮在仔鱼出膜后第2天形成,以后每天沉积1轮。30日龄稚鱼微耳石轮纹数(N)与日龄(T)的关系符合直线模型,相关关系式为:N=1.0016T-0.8753(R2=0.9961,P<0.01,n=197),线性方程斜率与1无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在微耳石和矢耳石样本中共观察到孵化标记轮和转移标记轮2种,其中孵化标记轮的出现率分别为78.68%和83.33%,转移标记轮的出现率分别为29.95%和48.98%。60尾33日龄稚鱼微耳石的生长轮宽度变化范围0.522~2.244μm,平均为(1.087±0.231)μm。     

渤海当年生小黄鱼矢耳石微结构特征

以渤海海域采集的小黄鱼(Larimichthy polyactis)幼鱼为研究对象,分析其矢耳石的微结构特征。结果显示,小黄鱼矢耳石中心核呈圆形,平均直径为(24.35±0.72) μm,核内耳石原基为深黑色的圆形结构,平均直径为(12.07±0.58) μm,第1日轮距中心核的距离为(14.11±1.08) μm。初次摄食标记轮出现在第4条日轮处,标记轮暗带颜色加深、清晰可辨,该标记轮距中心核的距离为(20.67±2.28) μm。小黄鱼矢耳石前20条日轮,轮纹由圆环状逐渐变为椭圆,沿最长轴方向的轮纹宽度变化范围为6.51~14.37 μm,且随着日龄的增加而逐渐变宽;20~40条日轮间轮纹宽度呈显著升高,40~85日龄轮纹宽度变化相对平稳,第56~60条轮纹处出现轮纹,平均宽度最大值为41.59 μm。在小黄鱼矢耳石日轮沉积过程中,伴随着亚日轮结构的形成,亚日轮清晰度差,轮纹宽度较窄且波动较大,在显微镜下对视野轻微调焦时会暂时性“消失”。本研究对小黄鱼的矢耳石特征结构进行了分析,以期为野生小黄鱼及其他鱼种的日轮判断提供参考。     

叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮形成特征

对实验室人工繁殖的叉尾斗鱼(Macropodus opercularis)仔鱼耳石形态发育与日轮进行了观察研究.结果显示,叉尾斗鱼微耳石和矢耳石在胚胎时已出现.微耳石在仔鱼刚孵化时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为近椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为中部圆凸两端较尖的菱形;矢耳石在仔鱼刚孵出时为圆盘状,随仔鱼发育转变为椭圆形,孵出后19 d转变为一端略尖的桃形;星耳石在仔鱼孵出后第19天才出现,呈中部略凹的椭圆形.叉尾斗鱼仔鱼耳石长径(包括微耳石和矢耳石)与鱼体全长(TL,mm)呈线性相关.仔鱼耳石上第一个轮纹在孵出后第2天形成,其后每日形成1个新轮纹,生长轮数目与仔鱼日龄(D)呈线性相关,且线性方程斜率接近于1.结论认为,叉尾斗鱼仔鱼星耳石出现时间晚,矢耳石形态在后期出现较大变化,而微耳石在胚胎时即形成,形态稳定;日轮可读性较好,故更适合做日轮研究的材料.本研究旨在为叉尾斗鱼自然种群年龄结构调查及其资源保护提供基础数据.     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼年龄和生长的研究

本研究采用2002年11月～2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部海域(30°～34°N、126°E以西)所获取的鲐鱼渔获样品,合计采集777ind,通过对鲐鱼耳石生长轮的观察和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长。结果表明叉长与体重的关系雌雄间没有显著性差异;所鉴定鲐鱼年龄组成为1～3龄鱼,共3个年龄序列,并补充20世纪80年代4～5龄鱼对鲐鱼的生长规律进行研究,采用Walford方法拟合,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.31993、451.3514和-1.20307;鲐鱼的生长拐点年龄为2.7yr,拐点体重为450g,拐点叉长为320mm。比较分析东海群系鲐鱼的渔业生物学历史状况,在目前所能观察得到的鲐鱼年龄段内(1～3龄),东海区鲐鱼个体平均叉长比20世纪80年代的都要小;与闽南、粤东近海地方群系的相比,东海群系的平均叉长在鲐鱼的整个生长阶段都明显的大。     

鳙仔—幼鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究↑（*）

催产获得受精卵，从胚胎发育后期到秋季鱼种出塘的孵化饲养过程中，连续取样剖出矢耳后，其制片在光镜下观察耳石形态，大小，轮纹排列及其间距变化，部分耳石在扫描电镜下观察轮纹的细微结构，用实测体长体重和日轮退算体长及计算体重比较研究了生长特性。耳石形态经历了由圆形，椭圆形，菱形到梨形的变化过程，耳石直径与全长呈线性相关，其关系式为ｙ＝－０．１９４４＋０．０３８８ｘ。孵出后第二天出现第一个日轮，之后每日形成     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).