基于生物量的油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型

油菜越冬前的形态建成是油菜苗后期乃至整个生长中、后期的物质基础,叶片是该期最重要的营养器官。为了明确油菜植株的形态结构要素与器官生物量的关系,以3个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,于2011—2013年分别设置品种和肥料试验、品种、肥料和密度试验、品种试验,越冬前测定油菜植株不同叶位叶片形态指标,分析油菜主茎叶片形态参数与叶片干物重的关系,构建了基于生物量的油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型。建模后以独立试验数据检验,除短柄长、叶切角和叶弦角、不施肥品种叶片干物重分配系数值(partitioning coefficient of leaf blade dry weight,CPLB)误差较大外,油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型观察值与模拟值一致性较好,所建模型可靠性较高,具有一定的解释性。     

北方旱寒区北移冬油菜生长发育特性

采用多点试验,对冬油菜在原种植区(天水)与北移种植区(张掖等)的主要气候因子、越冬率、生育时期及经济性状进行分析比较。研究结果表明,冬油菜北移后越冬率由原种植区的93.0%~100.0%降为40.0%~95.0%;生育期由280~284 d延至287~289 d,其冬前与冬后生长期缩短,而越冬期延长1倍左右,即140 d左右,整个生长期呈"短-长-短"的特点,即营养生长有效期缩短及营养生长至生殖生长的过渡期均缩短;株高与分枝部位降低,分枝数减少,单株角果数减少,但千粒重、角粒数等相对增加。冬油菜北移后产量发生了较大变化,抗寒性弱的早熟品种天油8号由原种植区的2 518.8 kg hm-2降为1 666.5 kg hm-2,减产34.0%,而抗寒性强的晚熟品种陇油6号等由原种植区的741 kg hm-2增加到3 333 kg hm-2,增幅349.5%。由于生长在相对恶劣的气候生态条件下,越冬期漫长而极端低温低,北移冬油菜栽培品种必须具备优异的抗寒性,同时采用合理播期和密度,保证冬前营养生长期和营养生长量,以确保安全越冬。     

Effect of Climatic Variation on Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) at Different Dates of Sowing

Although experiments have previously been carried out to determine the optimum sowing time of sesame, very few attempts have been made to determine the effects of macro and micro climatic variation on yield. Thus a field experiment was conducted at the University Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, India on an Entisol (alluvial, sandy loam) in the summer seasons of 1996 and 1997 to assess the effects of macro and micro climatic variations on yield of sesame for various dates of sowing. The number of seeds per capsule of sesame was highest in the crop sown on 19 February, although up to the 18 April sowing there was no significant variation. There was no appreciable variation in thousand-seed weight with date of sowing. Crops sown on 19 February and 1 March produced statistically similar yields. The average reduction in yield of sesame was 78.5 and 213 %, respectively, for crops sown on 10 February and 28 April, compared with the crop sown on 19 February. The cultivar Rama produced higher yields than B-67 and Kanke-1. Ambient temperature above 30 °C up to 100 % flowering had a direct positive effect on sesame yield. Crop exposure to 60–70, 70–80 and  80 % relative humidity up to 100 % flowering had a direct negative effect. Temperature profile at 50 days after emergence (DAE), relative humidity at 60 DAE, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 30 and 40 DAE within the crop canopy had direct positive effects on yield. Regression models suggested that temperature profile and PAR within the crop canopy produced 72 and 35 % variation in yield, respectively.     

Genetic diversity of Brassica carinata with emphasis on the interspecific crossability with B. rapa

Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n = 34) possesses many good agronomic characters and, to provide more genetic information about this species and utilize it further, 110 accessions of B. carinata were tested for genetic variation by using 233 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, so that a dendrogram could be constructed. To combine the good traits of B. carinata and B. rapa (AA, 2n = 20) with those of B. napus (AACC, 2n = 38) which is the major rapeseed variety in China, interspecific crosses between these two species have been made which have resulted in 276 doubled hybrids (AABBCC). These hexaploids combine positive characters and can be used for crossing with B. napus . Brassica carinata as the female parents exhibited extensive differences in interspecific crossability and 20 high crossability accessions were identified. The Poisson Regression Model analysis result (P < 0.0255) indicated that such differences were due to the genotype of the accessions. Accessions with high crossability could promote gene flow within the genus Brassica .     

北方白菜型冬油菜的膜脂脂肪酸组分和ATPase活性对温度的响应

为了解北方白菜型冬油菜膜脂脂肪酸和ATPase活性与抗寒性的关系,以抗寒性强的冬油菜品种陇油7号和抗寒性弱的品种天油2号为材料,研究了不同温度处理(25°C、10°C、2°C、–5°C)后叶片和根系膜脂脂肪酸组分和ATPase酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫下2个冬油菜品种叶片和根系膜脂脂肪酸组分相同,叶片中不饱和脂肪酸以亚麻酸为主,根系不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主。随处理温度的降低,2个冬油菜品种叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量呈先降低(10°C,2°C)后增加(–5°C)的趋势;陇油7号根中不饱和脂肪酸含量逐步增加,天油2号则逐步降低;在低温条件下(2°C,–5°C),陇油7号膜脂U/S比值、IUFA值高于天油2号;ATPase活性表现为陇油7号逐渐高于天油2号。说明2个冬油菜品种的膜脂在低温响应上存在一定差异,低温下不饱和脂肪酸含量和ATPase活性的提高是强抗寒冬油菜品种在北方旱寒区严酷环境条件下能安全越冬的重要原因。     

北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬的临界指标分析

利用2011-2014年北方13个省、市、区48个不同生态点试验的数据,分析不同品种在不同生态点的越冬率、产量变化,越冬率与产量的相关性,旨在研究白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬安全性,确定北方冬油菜通用的安全越冬的越冬率临界值,明确影响北方冬油菜越冬率的主要因子。结果表明,不同白菜型冬油菜品种在北方不同生态地区越冬率差异较大,产量也差异较大,越冬率变幅为10%~99%,强抗寒品种越冬率>70%。回归分析表明,越冬率与产量存在明显的线性正相关,回归方程符合y=ax+b, 当越冬率<70%时,产量随越冬率的增加而增加,当越冬率为70%时单位面积产量基本趋于稳定, 越冬率大于70%时,越冬率对产量的影响不明显。协方差分析表明,与冬油菜越冬率相关性最为密切的因子是品种,其次是极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤0℃的冬季负积温、纬度、经度等。因此,70%的越冬率可作为北方地区冬油菜通用安全越冬的越冬率临界值,采用强抗寒品种,极端最低气温–31.79℃、冬季气温–7.20℃、年均气温6.38℃、负积温–997.57℃,纬度低于44.83°,经度高于80.34°是保证冬油菜安全越冬的必要条件。     

Efficiency of a novel gametocide amidosulfuron on rapeseed (Brassica napus)

The efficiency of a novel gametocide amidosulfuron, 1-(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin- 2-yl) -3-mesyl (methyl) sulfamoylurea, was evaluated on rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Double application of 0.09–0.12 g/ha amidosulfuron at the uni-nucleate stage of longest buds and 12 days later, made 97.4–100% plants male-sterile in seventeen out of 20 cultivars tested. The shrunken anthers could not release pollen or produced only dysfunctional pollen grains that could not be stained by aceto carmine. The treatment also caused 10–30% reduction on seed setting in comparison to the controls. The purity of hybrid seed from crosses of 'C161 × Huaye' and 'Zhongshuang No.2 × Huaye' based on amidosulfuron was 99.8% and 100.0%, respectively. The results suggested that amidosulfuron is an efficient gametocide for B. napus .     

显性黄籽油菜种子特性研究

本文以甘蓝型显性黄籽油菜为材料,研究了黄籽杂交种和亲本种子特性,结果表明:(1)该黄籽与遗传背景相同的黑籽相比,皮壳率低2.68个百分点、含油量高2.01个百分点、蛋白质高1.60个百分点;黄籽杂交种的含油量比黄籽父本具有明显的杂种优势.对皮壳和胚的分析表明,黄籽皮壳中的含油量和蛋白质含量明显高于黑籽,而胚中增加较少.表明黄籽的含油量和蛋白质含量比黑籽高,主要是因为:黄籽的胚的比例增加,并且黄籽皮壳和胚中的油分含量和蛋白质含量均比黑籽高.(2)在黄籽油中,饱和脂肪酸的含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加,其中,亚麻酸的含量增加最多.(3)黄籽与黑籽的色泽差异,主要是由于花色素和黑色素含量的差异引起,黑籽的花色素和黑色素含量分别是黄籽的4.86倍和4.24倍.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状间的相关性分析

【研究目的】为探讨不同田间环境条件下,同一甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型各品质性状之间的相关关系,【方法】以甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型GH01为材料,研究了由播期与密度形成的9种田间环境条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状间的相关性。【结果】结果表明：黄籽度与胚含油量、种子含油量间呈明显的负相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.6617和r=-0.7458*）,胚含油量与胚蛋白质含量、种子含油量之间仍保持着极其显著的负相关和正相关关系（相关系数分别为r=-0.9071**和r=0.8973**）。【结论】甘蓝型黄籽油菜黄籽度、种子含油量之间的相关关系随供试基因型的不同而发生变化,但另一些品质性状（含油量、蛋白质含量）间的相关关系并不因供试基因型间的差异而改变。     

Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Growth, Yield, Oil Content and Its Fatty Acids to Nitrogen Rates and Application Times

A steady and progressive increase in rapeseed yield was observed with each increment in applied nitrogen rates up to 213 kg/ha in both seasons. As for nitrogen application times, the analyzed data showed that adding a split dose (either 1/2 or 1/3) before the third irrigation was a common part between high yielding treatments in 1985/86 season. Nitrogen rates X application times interaction affected rapeseed yield significantly during the first winter season. The highest seed yield of 2.5 t/ha was obtained by adding 213 kg N/ha in two split doses at sowing and just before the third irrigation. The second yield value of 2.47 t/ha was produced under the same N rate when applied in two split doses before second and third irrigation. However, in the second season (1986/87), rapeseed plants did not exhibit significant responses to nitrogen rates X application times interaction.
Chemical analyses showed that rapeseed oil content and its fatty acids (Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidic and Erucic) percentages were not significantly affected by either nitrogen rates or application times in both seasons. A very low content of Erucic acid (0.1–0.9 %) in all tested sample was noticed.     

春油菜区优质高油高产高抗型油菜品种的示范推广

【目的】为了提高春油菜区油菜生产的商品性、高效性和市场竞争力,使优良品种得到推广应用。【方法】通过育种家+种子公司+基地+农户+科技的机制模式对高油高产优质高抗型油菜品种“鸿油88”在春油菜主产区进行试验示范推广。【结果】结果表明：“鸿油88”在春油菜主产区表现出较强的抗旱性、丰产性、稳定性,具有抵御高温干旱的能力,相对增产潜力大。【结论】从根本上解决春油菜区油菜生产的效益最大化,保障油菜安全生产和供给。     

Genetic variation in phytosterol content of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and development of NIRS calibration equations

Rapeseed oil is one of the richest natural sources of phytosterols, known to reduce the LDL-cholesterol levels, one of the major cardiovascular disease risk factors. Increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed could give an added value to the oil and derived products. Our objective was to analyse the genetic variation of phytosterol content in modern winter rapeseed cultivars and resynthesized lines following field experiments and to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic (NIRS) calibration for high throughput estimation of phytosterol content. Phytosterol content as analysed by gas–liquid chromatography ranged from 3565 to 4800 mg/kg seed for modern cultivars and from 2079 to 4329 mg/kg seed for resynthesized lines. The NIRS calibration showed a high fraction of explained variance in cross-validation of 0.81 for total phytosterol content and the standard error of cross-validation was 241 mg/kg. The results show that the cultivars contain already high phytosterol contents. The NIRS calibrations developed for total phytosterol content should be useful for germplasm screening and in breeding programmes aimed at increasing the phytosterol content in rapeseed.     

Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): II. Crosses between European winter and Chinese semi-winter lines

Chinese semi-winter rapeseed is genetically diverse from European winter rapeseed. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the potential of semi-winter rapeseed for winter rapeseed hybrid breeding, (2) to assess the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) vs. specific combining ability (SCA) among combinations between Chinese semi-winter and European winter rapeseed, and (3) to compare the strategies to predict heterosis based on parental genetic distance (GD) estimated from AFLP marker data and GCA for hybrid performance. Four winter male sterile lines from Germany as testers were crossed with 14 Chinese semi-winter rapeseed lines to develop 56 hybrids, which were evaluated together with their parents and commercial hybrids for seed yield, oil content and protein content under three environments in Germany. The Chinese parental lines were not adapted to local environmental conditions as demonstrated by lacking winter hardiness and poor seed yields per se . However, the hybrids between the Chinese parents and the adapted winter rapeseed lines exhibited high heterosis for seed yield. About 20% of the hybrids were significantly superior to the respective hybrid control under three environments. Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance since the variance components of GCA were higher as compared with SCA. The correlation between parental GD and hybrid performance was found to be low whereas the correlation between GCA and hybrid performance was high and significant, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 for seed yield, 0.87 for oil content, and 0.91 for protein content, indicating that GCA can predict hybrid performance. These results demonstrate that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in winter rapeseed hybrid breeding programmes in Europe.     

Genetic analysis on oil content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

High oil content is one of the most important characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) breeding. In order to understand the genetic basis of seed oil content, a series of reciprocal crosses between rapeseed parents with high oil content (53110, 61616 and 6F313), medium-oil content (Zhongshuang 9) and low oil content (51070 and 93275) were conducted. It was found that the oil content of F₁ hybrid seeds in rapeseed was mainly controlled by the maternal genotype. The maternal effect value of oil content was estimated to be 0.86. The pollen parent had a xenia effect on oil content, estimated to be 0.14 which changed the mean value by 1.86 percent. The inheritance of oil content was studied in a set of 8 × 8 diallel crosses of different varieties. The results indicated that the inheritance of oil content could be explained by an additive-dominant-epistasis model. Although the dominant and additive effects played major roles and accounted for more than 70% of the total variance, there was also a small epistatic effect. The broad and narrow sense heritability of oil content was 83.88 and 36.94%, respectively. Based on the oil content differences between the reciprocal crosses in the same offspring generation (F₁ and F₂) in rapeseed, it could be concluded that there were significant cytoplasmic effects on oil content. In this study, two lines with significantly cytoplasmic effects, either positive or negative, were selected.     

Vergleichende Streßphysiologie von Tepary-Bohnen (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) als "Minor Crop" und Mwezi Moja-Bohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris, GLP 1004) als Hochleistungsleguminose im tropischen Landbau

Comparative stress physiology of tepary beans ( Phaseolus acutifolius ) as "minor crop" and mwezi moja beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) as high-yielding variety in tropical agriculture
The study deals with the ecophysiological demands of the "minor pulse" tepary beans ( Phaseolus acutifolius ) – possessing a high nutritional value – as well as of the high-yielding kenyan bean variety mwezi moja ( Phaseolus vulgaris, GLP 1004 ).
Special reference is dedicated on the drought resistance of the crops in order to make recommendations for potential cultivation in the semi-arid and arid drylands of South and Southeast Kenya.
Newly constructed growth containers gave possibilities to simulate different durations and intensities of water stress under controlled environmental conditions in climatic chamber experiments.
It was observed and recorded that teparies possess different mechanisms of morphological and physiological adaptation to high temperature and water stress, apparently including the ability of osmotic adjustment. The patterns of adaptation to water stress are combined with defined hydrature periods closely connected with the reduction of soil moisture.
There was no evidence of morphological adaptation of mwezi moja leaves to water stress. It was observed and recorded that there is a partial drought resistance within the upper leaf unit, apparently caused by osmotic adjustment.
The crop seems to be less adapted than tepary beans to marginal cropping areas (e.g. in agroecological zone, AE2, L 6 or LM 6; ace. to: J ätzold and S chmidt 1982/83) of the drylands due to high crop water requirements (about 30 % more than the "minor pulse"), low drought resistance and a high relative yield decrease under water stress – in spite of a short vegetation cycle (about 60–65 days).     

杂交油菜新品种扬优8号的特征特性及栽培技术

杂种优势利用是提高油菜产量水平的重要手段。为了提高油菜产量及产油量,江苏里下河地区农科所利用油菜细胞质雄性不育系,经过近十年努力,选育出杂交油菜新品种扬优8号。该品种在江苏省区试中,表现突出：产量高,一般产量可达200kg/667m2;稳产性好,参加试验的几年间产量变幅小;品质优,符合国家双低标准;抗逆性较强。是一个优秀的杂交油菜新品种。为了配合该品种的推广应用,对其相关高产保优栽培技术进行了研究,并提出了具体的栽培措施。     

Effect of maturity and temperature on breeding for mid-oleic soybean lines under the high heat conditions of the Mississippi Delta,USA

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed is an important source of oil for human consumption. Increasing the percentage of oleic acid in soybean seed oil is an important breeding objective because increasing the oleic acid content improves the oxidative stability of the oil. Extensive literature shows that temperature during seed-fill is positively correlated with the content of oleic acid in soybeans. In addition, it was shown that a maturity QTL was linked to an oleic acid QTL. The Mississippi Delta in the USA is a hot environment where soybean harvest begins in August, which is the hottest part of the season. The purpose of this research was to determine the possibility of developing both early- and late-maturing lines with consistent >?50% oleic acid content in Mississippi. We selected early and late segregants from three genetically different breeding populations also segregating for mid-oleic acid derived from crosses to germplasm N98-4445A, a non-transgenic freely available line with >?50% oleic acid. The selected lines were grown in 2 years in three trials at Stoneville, MS. Results indicated that no late-maturing lines (MG V) met the targeted mid-oleic acid level, whereas MG III and early MG IV lines with oleic acid over 50% were obtained. No maturity-alone effect on oleic acid content was observed, due to the bias of the strong negative correlation between maturity date and mean temperature during seed-fill. This study demonstrated that breeders can effectively develop early soybeans with oleic acid levels greater than 50% for the midsouthern USA.     

Effects of minimal temperatures on low-linolenic rapeseed oil fatty-acid composition

Rapeseed oil is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) and has a low content in saturated fatty acids. It is therefore considered as a very healthy edible oil. However, its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content makes it sensitive to temperature oxidation and therefore not suitable for deep-frying. Low-linolenic varieties with C18:3 content lower than 3.5% have been bred, but a large variability of alpha-linolenic acid content has been often observed in agricultural production of these new lines. Identifying factors affecting the fatty acid profile of oilseed rape should make it possible to produce rapeseed with alpha-linolenic acid content lower than 2.5% and therefore more suitable for frying and other uses in the food industry.Fatty acid composition is affected by environmental conditions, temperature being the main factor. Previous works showed that for conventional double-low rapeseed varieties, low minimal temperatures during the 60 days following the onset of flowering were related to higher alpha-linolenic acid contents.Monitoring the fatty acid profile in low-linolenic varieties from the beginning of seed filling to full maturity showed that alpha-linolenic acid synthesis occurred mainly between 550 and 850 degree-days (base 0 °C) after the onset of flowering, that is during the 20 first days of seed filling in Swiss conditions, i.e. 41–60 days after the onset of flowering. During this period, the determination coefficient of a second order regression between final alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) content and minimal daily temperature was even better, with R² = 0.87. A significant positive relation was also found for the regression between minimal temperature and oleic acid (C18:1) content for the cultivar Splendor (R² = 0.77) but no correlation could evidence a relation between temperature and linoleic acid (C18:2) content.An easier way to show the relationship between linolenic acid content and minimal temperatures is based on the assumption that fatty acid desaturases regulated by temperature are active at low temperatures only. It consists in counting how many times during this period daily minimal temperature reaches a minimal threshold temperature of 13 °C. The relationship between final alpha-linolenic acid content and the number of days with minimal temperature below 13 °C is as good as the one presented before, i.e. with a determination coefficient, R² = 0.85. This simple model could be used to determine the growing areas with low linolenic acid content.     

Suitability of Canopy Temperature Depression in a Temperate Climate with Drought‐Stressed Winter Rye,Determined with Three Infrared Measurement Devices

Canopy temperature has been recognised as an indicator of crop water status and may thus be a useful secondary trait in selecting for yield under dry conditions. The aim of this study was to test the suitability of canopy temperature depression (CTD = T_air ? T_canopy) in a temperate climate with winter rye, by means of three infrared (IR) temperature measuring devices. In the years 2011 and 2012, 16 winter rye genotypes were examined under drought stress conditions in a rainout shelter and under well‐watered conditions. In each year, the CTD was determined several times during the growth period using two IR thermometers and an IR camera. By means of CTD, it was possible to detect drought stress and to differentiate between water regimes. The three measurement devices showed comparable results, despite greatly different costs. Under drought‐stress conditions, a significant positive correlation between grain yield and CTD was found on most measurement dates in 2011 and on some dates in 2012. When the CTD was pooled across water regimes, a significant positive correlation between grain yield and CTD was obtained on every measurement date. However, as genotypic differences for CTD were non‐existent, the correlations are less meaningful. The missing genotypic differences for CTD were rather caused by the limited genetic variability of the genotypes used in this study, than by climatic conditions. Due to this limitation, we were not able to make a concluding statement about the CTD in a temperature climate, although the results are quite promising and indicate that the CTD can potentially be used in a temperate climate.     

不同条件下粮食油料散落性的探讨

利用传统的木板法和固定漏斗法测定不同水分、杂质大豆、稻谷和油菜籽在不同材料上的自流角、静止角。结果表明:不同含水量的稻谷,随着含水量的增加,其自流角在增大;不同杂质含量的稻谷,随着含杂量的增加,其自流角在增大;不同材质的板材,随着摩擦力的增加,其自流角也在增大。不同含水量的稻谷,随着含水量的增加,其静止角在增大;不同杂质含量的稻谷,随着含杂量的增加,其静止角也在增大。相同水分的大豆、稻谷、油菜籽,稻谷的摩擦力最大,自流角和静止角也最大;大豆、稻谷、油菜籽相比,大豆粒大、饱满、表面光滑,油菜籽次之,因此,在外界条件相同情况下,大豆的散落性最好,油菜籽次之,稻谷最差。