A study on the geographic variation and selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis

On the basis of the results from the geographic provenance test of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve of our university, a study on the geographic varition and the primary selection of the best provenance ofLarix olgensis was carried out. The main results are as follows: I.The different provenances ofLarix olgensis have rich and wide genetic variation, and exist a linear correlation with latitude and longitude in collection area. General trends are enumerated below: Provenances at lower latitude and more west longitude have lighter thousand seed weight, short growth period, higher increment, wide branches, rich leaves and crown as well as worst adaptabillity. It is a dual-way variation along with two directions of latitude and longitude, and also embodies a change gradually in climate condition from south to north. The temperatures in seed production site, especially the mean temperature in January and ≥10 °C accumulated temperature, are important factors that produce geographic variation forlarix olgensis. 2. The variation of different provenances in periodic biological phenomena and growth rhythm trends are that: 1 both of the provenances from Changbai Mt. (III) and Dashitou(IV) at low latitude belong to the centralized growth type, and have shout growth period, the difference between these two provenances is that the provenance from Changbai Mt. grows well in all time, Dashitou provennce is well only in later period; 2 the provenance from Baidao Mt. (II) at middle latitude belongs to even growth type and has longer grpwth period, this provenance has higher increment in early and later periods relatively; 3 Xiaobeihu provenance at high latitude is a growth type among II. III and IV provenances and has a general growth period, the provenance grows better in middle time and worse in later time. 3. The best provenance in Liangshui Natural Reserve and its meighbourhood is Dashitou Procenance, which growth in height, diameter and volume has exceeded 16. 28%, 46. 27%, 30. 58%, 78. 20, 82. 00% as well as 392. 00% by comparison with the mean value of the contrast and the worst provenance respectively, The result from the height growth of three, five, seven and nine years oldLarix olgensis by using the method of order correlation analysis demonstrates that it is possible to make early selection of the provenance. Meanwhile, data from juvenile and mature oflarix olgensis plantation also prove the reliability of the early selection. 4. The provenance heritabilities of nine years oldlarix olgensis in Liangshui Natural Reserve are follows: The heritability of the height growth (h²) is 0.79; The heritability of the diameter breast height (h²) is 0.791; The geretic gain is 24.5% and 40.36% respectively.     

Geographic Variation Pattern of Larix olgensis

INTRODUCTIONLarIkolgcnsis'\"itI1fastgro\`1I1al1dhigI1utiIiza-tion\'aIue,isamainrcforcstationspccicsintl1cnorthcn1mountainofnortl1castpartofCl1il1a.Ductoitsl1igl1ecologlcaldi\'crsity'lndistributio11arca-long-til11cnatu-ralselcctlonandgcncticdiffercl1tiatio…     

Effect of low temperature on pollen vitality ofLarix olgensis

After the treatment of pollen oflarix olgensis at the different low temperature, the pollen vitality was observed by using fluorescent staining method. Several conclusions were obtained: 1) 0°C–3°C is the best temperature range for storing pollen ofLarix olgensis. 2) At the same temperature, humidity is the key factor influencing the pollen vitality. 3) Different clones shows different resistance to low temperature. Among the ten clones 2# clone shows the highest resistance.     

Study on prediction model of seed crop ofLarix olgensis seed orchard

By taking three forecasting methods (sample trees, sample branches and climate factors prediction) the forecasting equation of seed were established through correlation analysis and regression analysis on seed crop of Qingshan and QinheLarix olgensis seed orchard. The research results showed that it gave more accurate prediction with less working load by taking pistillate numbers of four sample branches at middle layer of crown to predicate seed crop. And the short-term prediction equation of this method was established. The correlation analysis between seed crop and climate factors showed that the relative humidity May and June, annual evaporative amount, and accumulated temperature above 10°C, possess the highest effect on bud differentiation and seed crop, then the middle-term predication equation of climate factors was established.     

Bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation ofLarix olgensis

Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetative propagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990, and later the bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation also has been studied. The result is as follows: (1) Cuttings from physiologically juvenile trees are easy to root, and develop better roots. In addition, there are many methods to enhance the cuttings rooting. (2) The good time for seedling transplanting is in the middle of August. Treatments with plant hormones and rare-earth compounds can improve the seedling survival rate, and the survival rate of the seedlings soaked in chelate rare-earth molybdenum compound (300×10⁻⁶) for 3 hours reached 94.00%, 19.49% higher than that of the control. (3) Methods of maintaining juvenility such as hedging, is essential to further developments for operational planting of vegetative propagates. Hedges in 5 years old can produce 91.75 shoots per tree, exceeding the control to 152.2%. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Study on photosynthetic characteristics ofLarix olgensis Henry at Erlongshan Forest Farm

Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and respiration rate (R) of different directions and levels of crownof Larix olgensis Henry, growing at Erlongshan Forest Farm, were different. Pn of 14-year-oldL. olgensis was the biggest at the west of crown, and the lowest at the east of crown. Diurnal process of Pn of the south of crown showed monopeak curve pattern. Diurnal processes of Pn and R of 7-year-old and 16-year-oldL. olgensis showed bipeak curve pattern. Seasonal process of Pn ofL. ol-gensis showed monopeak curve pattern. Light compensation and saturation points ofL. olgensis were 18 and 1080 μ molm⁻² s⁻¹ respectively. Chlorophyll content of different directions and levels of crown ofL. olgensis were different. Chlorophyll content increased with the passage of time (May 22 – September 13), and reached its biggest content at August, then decreased. Seasonal process of chlorophyll content, like that of Pn, showed monopeak curve pattern. Chlorophyll content related to Pn positively.     

The occurrence and development of the adventitious roots forming green shoot cutting ofLarix olgensis

The experiment with the green shoot cutting propagation ofLarix olgensis was made in the Maoer Mountain Forestry Farm on July 5, 1990. After the callus formed of the cutting base before adventitious roots came out the materials were collected from the cutting base and fixed in FAA solution. By the paraffin sections and anatomical observation, the results indicted that it needed 40 days from the cutting to the rooting. The induced primordium of the cutting was endogenous in origin, which came from: (1) vascular cambium of the callus, and became roots; (2) meristematic cell population in the intersect between the cambium and xylem ray of the cutting base. There were extruding, crushing process and enzymolysis when the adventitious roots broke through the outer layers in two rooting types.     

Study on physiological characteristics ofLarix olgensis andFraxinus manshurica under controlled conditions

The net photosythetical rate, respiration rate, light compensation point and light saturation point ofLarix olgensis andFraxinus manshurica were measured by Model-865 Co² Infrared Analyzer under controlled conditions (in coviron phytotron). For net photosythetical rate ofLarix ogensis andFraxinus manshurica, the optimum air temperature was 25, 28 °C respectively, the optimum soil water potantial was −20, −10 kPa repectively, the optimum soil water content was 20.31 %, 23.42% respectively, and the optimum air humidity was 90%. The optimum soil water potantial of respiration rate was −30 kPa. The light compensation point for the two species was 3.36, 4.8 μ mol / m²s respectively and light saturation was 804, 880 μ mol / m²s. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Comparative study on drought resistance ofLarix olgensis Henry andPinus sylvestris var.mongolica (I)

Water potential (ϕ w) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) ofLarix olgensis andPinus. sylvestris var.mongolica decreased with the decrease of soil water content. ϕ w and Pn ofL. olgensis changed hardly during the first 9 days after stopping watering, then decreased sharply at the 10th day Pn ofP. sylvestris varmongolica decreased slightly during the first 8 days, then decreased sharply at the 9th day. Their respiration rate, chlorophyll content and their a/b ratio changed hardly. The following 3 conclusions were obtained and discussed exhaustively. (1) ϕ w can be used to direct watering as a sensitive index of judging whetherL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica lacking water. (2) The decrease of Pn ofL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica when drought had nothing to do with chlorophyll. (3)P. sylvestris var.mongolica had morphological drought resistance, while Lolgensis had physiological drought resistance, and their drought resistance was discussed comparatively first time.     

The effect of low temperature adversity on male flowers and pollen inLarix olgensis

The electric conductivity of pollen life-force and male flowers ofLarix olgemis on condition of low temperature adversity has been respectively measured by means of fluorescent dying method and conductivity method in 1992 and 1994. The results indicate that: (1) If the same clonal pollen is treated at equal time at different low temperatures, there are significant differences in pollen life-force, the pollen life-force is the largest between O°C and -3°C, in higher or lower temperature range, the pollen life-force will decrease. The measurement of electric conductivity of male flowers proves that the low temperature of below -3°C is the main reason that the cell membrane is damaged and the pollen life-force decreases. (2) The same clonal pollen life-force at the same low temperature will gradually decrease with the increasing of frozen time. Its main reason is that suffocation and losing body fluid result in the damage of cell membrane, the measurement of electric conductivity of male flowers can prove that. (3) If pollen is treated with the same low temperature, the humidity will be the main factor of affecting pollen life-force. (4) There are significant differences inLarix olgensis’s resistance against low temperature in its different growth stage, the male flower’s resistance of near pollen spreading period is low. (5) The resistance is different within clones. (6) The resistance against low temperature ofLarix can be increased by means of chemical treatment.     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Provenance trials ofJuglans mandshurica

The data of provenance trial onJuglans mandshurica young tree were investigated and studied from different provenance. Analysis methods of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze these data. The following conclusons were obtained: (1) The difference of growth characters ofJuglans mandshurica is relatively significant among provenances: (2) The result of first trial has indicated thatJulans mandshurica growth trend expresses two-way gradual change trend with different longitude and latitude. but the second trial has no obvious gradual change trend. Height ofJuglans mandshurica is negatively correlated with elevation. (3) The provenance of Shulan. Mao’ershan and Baishishan were selected as superior provenance of afforestational seeds for Mao’ershan and its brink region. Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong     

兴安落叶松种源区划及优良种源选择

对兴安落叶松17个种源的树高、胸径和材积等生长性状进行方差分析的结果表明：种源间差异显著或极显著，并通过相关分析研究了兴安落叶松地理变异规律。兴安落叶松的生长性状主要受3个因子的影响。经度和海拔为主，纬度为辅，呈现出水平和垂直双向连续渐变的特点。对生长性状和各种源的地理位置进行聚类分析，划分为3个种源区：大兴安岭南、西、北部种源区；小兴安岭北部、大兴安岭东部种源区；小兴安岭东南部种源区。对各种源的生长性状进行了多重比较，选出乌伊岭和友好种源为帽儿山及其毗邻地区的最佳种源。     

Intraspecific geographic variation and primary selection on the best provenance ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica

This paper summarizes the result from the provenance test of eight years oldPinus sylvestris var.mongolica in Liangshui Natural Reserve comprehensively. The main contents include:(l) the geographic variation of the growth characters ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica, tends to negative change gradually at latitude and has obvious climatic nature, (2) no significant difference exists in the morphological adaptability and resistant characteristics and so on; (3)on the basis of the geographic variation study on the growth characteristics, the provenances ofPinus sylvestris var.mongolica were classified into two geographic populations and two subpopulations as follows: the northern population of the Daxing’an Mountain (I) and the southern population of the Daxing’an Mountain as well as the Xiaoxing’an Mountain (II), which includes Honghuarji subpopulation (II -1) and Kalunshan subpopulation (II-2). (4) the height growth rhythm was analyzed according to the divided population and subpopulation; (5) the best provenance was selected for the Liangshui Natural Reserve and its neighborhood according to the results from SSR test of the growth characteristics (the breast height diameter and height of eight year old trees), the possibility of the early provenance selection was also verified by the method of order correlation analysis on the height growth of three, five, seven and eight years old provenances.     

Study on the provenance ofFraxinus mandshurica

This paper studied that the significant difference exists among the ten provenances of 9-year-oldFraxinus mandshurica stand. The rule of geographic variation is that dual continuous changes with longitude and latitude, and the provenance in the southwest range grows rapidly. There are positive significant correlation when the tree growth is influenced by ≥10°C accumulated temperature, duration of sunshine and annual precipitation. So it is suggested that Lushuihe and Maoershan provenances should be employed first in Maoershan Forest Farm and its neighborhoods. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

A STUDY ON THE GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION ANDSELECTIONOFTHEBEST PROVENANCE OF LARIX OLGENSIS

Kuangdiancounty,Liaoningprovince,northtoconjunctiveateabetweenMulingandZhixi'Hei1ongiiangprovince,weattotheeastenedgeofShongliaoplainandeasttoJapeneseseashore'larixolgensisoccursgenerallyintheChangbaiMt,ThegeographiccoordinateisNorthlatitude4o"3o,-45"oo'andEastlongitudel26o3o,-l3lo4l'.Inrecentyears,thecultivationofthisspecisshowsthetendencytowardhigher1atitude,eventheintroductionbelow4oOmatthefootofmountaininthesoutheastslopeinDaxinganMt.issuccess.Therefore,astudyongenetictraits,thetenden…     

红皮云杉生长与材质性状的地理变异和遗传表现

以来自中国东北地区帽儿山(45°20'N, 127°30'E)、凉水(47°10'N, 128°53'E)和加格达奇(50°24'N, 124°07'E)的19年生红皮云杉种源试验林8个种源为材料,测定和分析了种源间高生长、径生长和材质性状(管胞长度、管胞直径、年轮宽度和木材密度)的遗传变异.结果表明:红皮云杉种源间在高生长和径生长上存在显著的差异,且这种差异随着树木年龄的增加具有不同的地理适应性.如帽儿山和凉水试验地种源的生长性状在10年生时与地理经度呈一定的正相关,当试验林达到15和19年生时种源的生长与纬度和海拔出现显著的相关性.此外,还发现红皮云杉材质性状在种源间也存在显著变异.种源生长与材质性状间存在一定的相关关系,如种源的高径生长与管胞直径和年轮宽之间存在正相关,而与管胞壁厚和木材密度之间却存在一定程度的负相关.最后对以上生长与材质性状种源间的遗传表现进行了探讨,目的是为今后红皮云杉单板与纸浆材综合选择提供更有用的信息.     

Morphological variance and natural types' division of plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.

The phenotypic characteristics of the plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii such as stem form, branch angle, branch/stem ratio, branch density, the crown width, crown length, number of short branch over 5-cm branch segment in length, and the leaf number of each short branch were investigated in seed orchard in the Changcheng Mountain, Shaanxi Province. According to the morphological characters, the plus tree clones ofLarix principis-rupprechtii were classified into 4 natural types: the narrow-dense-crown type, wide-dense-crown type, wide-sparse-crown type, and the narrow-sparse-crown type. The result of the cluster analysis showed there was a very significant difference in tree growth among the four natural types. While comparing the tree growth of four natural types for the last ten years, it was found that the performance order of various types from good to bad is as follows: the narrow-dense crown type > the wide-dense crown type > the wide-sparse crown type > the narrow-sparse crown type. The plus trees of narrow-dense-crown, as a fine type, should be paid great attention to production and prepared to popularize. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, Senior engineer of Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Growth variation and early selection ofBetula platyphylla in natural stands

The stem analysis ofBetula platyphylla in natural forest at the Maoershan Forest Experimental Station of Northeast Forestry University, showed that the growth variation of the trees, including height and diameter breast height, decreases with the increase of the age. There is the turning point for the growth variation of the tree from acute change to relative stability when the trees are in eighteen years old. There are significant differences among the height, diameter and volume growth of the trees at that time. Therefore, the optimal age for early selection of this species in natural stands is eighteen years old (18 a). Diameter is used as main index for selection and height growth as auxiliary one. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

长白落叶松人工林生长模型的研究

根据黑龙江省孟家岗林场、江山娇林场的固定标准地及吉林省松江河地工的团状枝解析样地调查数据,基于Ｋｏｒｆ生长方程,导出了落叶松人工林分自然稀疏模型和断面积生长 此为核心构造了满足相窝必蝗树高曲线预估模型、林分收获预估模型落地松人工林生长模型系统,用由这４个模型构成的模型系统可模型不同林分的平均胸径、每公顷株数、林分断面积及林分蓄积的生长过程,并与实际林分很接近